Download Why would Hitler appear so attractive to the Germans

■
Why would Hitler appear so attractive to the Germans?
•
What would Hitler promise the German people?
HOW DID GERMAN AGGRESSION IN EUROPE CONTRIBUTE TO THE
START OF WWII?
• Jan. 1933, Hitler becomes chancellor of German government; head of Nazi Party
• March 1933, Hitler has dictatorial powers over “Third Reich”
• Nazi Germany valued Aryan race, sterilized “inferiors,” hated Jews
• March 1938: annexed Austria - Anschluss
• Sept 1938: “received” Sudetenland in exchange for no further territorial claims Munich Conference
• November 9 & 10: Kristillnacht
WHAT HAPPENED AS A RESULT OF GERMANY’S INCREASING
AGGRESSION?
• March 1939: Germany grabs rest of Czechoslovakia
• August 1939: Nonaggression Pact signed by Germany and Soviet Union
• September 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland = blitzkrieg START OF WAR
• Britain declared war on Germany
• Sept 17, 1939: Soviets invaded eastern Poland, later Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania,
Finland
• April-May 1940: Germany invaded Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium,
Luxembourg, France; air assault against Britain summer & fall
• U-boat attacks against merchant marines in Atlantic
HOW DID ITALIAN AGGRESSION CONTRIBUTE TO THE START OF WWII?
• 1922: Mussolini to power, fascist
• 1935: Attacked Italian Somalia and Ethiopia
• Used mustard gas dropped from air which killed 15,000 soldiers, men, women &
children
• bombed Spanish cities with Germany during Spanish Civil War
• June 10, 1940: Italy declares war on Allies, attacked France
WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR?
1930s – Communists vs Fascists & Nationalists – 1936 Civil War erupted
Rising European powers chose sides in war
Fascist Italy & Nazi Germany aided the Nationalists & General Francisco
Franco
Republicans (Communists) aided by the Soviet Union & U.S. volunteers
1939 Franco’s Nationalists defeated Republicans = Fascist dictator
HOW DID JAPANESE AGGRESSION CONTRIBUTE TO THE START OF
WWII?
• 1931: Invaded Manchuria and created Manchukuo
• 1936: joined Germany & Italy’s pledge to resist Communist International
• July 1937: declared war on China, rape of Nanking
• Nov 1938: Japan rejected US’s Open Door in China
• July 1940: pro-expansionist gov’t and Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
• Sept 1940: Tripartite Pact: mutual assistance
• July 1941: Japanese into French Indochina
• Oct 1941: General Tojo becomes Prime Minister
HOW AMERICA’S POLICY OF ISOLATIONISM IMPACT U.S. FOREIGN
POLICY?
• Isolationism strong during 1930s – Not pacifists
– America First Committee
• Good Neighbor Policy: Isolate Americas from war
• 1933: Due to Japanese military build-up, FDR calls for largest peacetime naval
construction
• 1935: Army enlarged, 1938: Navy & Air Force
• Neutrality Act 1937: cash & carry of nonmilitary goods bought from U.S. by
nations at war, NOT to be transported under American flag
• 1938: American soldiers fought in Spanish Civil War with the Abraham Lincoln
Brigade
• 1939: Neutrality Act updated, budget established to explore atomic power
• June-Oct 1940: Research partnerships between civilian & military science, defense
budget exploded
• July 1940: Began oil embargo against Japan
• Sept 1940: traded bases for naval destroyers with G.B.; Selective Service Act;
restricted iron & scrap metals to Japan; Flying Tigers & planes to China
• Mar-May 1941: Lend-Lease with G.B.; U.S. troops to Greenland, air & naval
patrols, “national emergency”
• July 1941: sent troops to Iceland; frozen Japanese assets, severely reduced
Japanese oil shipments
• Aug 1941: Japan warned against more expansion
• Oct 1941: Reuben James sunk by u-boat; Soviets eligible for lend-lease
• Nov 1941: U.S. knew that Japan was planning attack, but not where; approved
arming of merchant ships
• Dec 8, 1941: America declares war on Japan after Pearl Harbor is attacked
WHAT HAPPENED TO REFUGEES FROM EUROPE?
• Mar 1938: Hitler expelling Jews from Germany, Austria
• 1933-38: 60,000 fled Germany, Austria, Italy for U.S.
• Windfall of scientists, writers, mathematicians to United States
• American restrictions worse than 1924
• FDR tried to let more refugees in
• 1938-41: 60,000 fewer refugees allowed in than law allowed.
WHAT WERE THE MAJOR BATTLES AND EVENTS OF WORLD WAR II?
Who fought on which side?
• “Grand Alliance”- U.S., G.B., Soviet Union (major players)
• Axis - Germany, Italy and Japan
WHAT HAPPENED DURING THE EARLY WAR WITH GERMANY?
• Battle of the Atlantic
- Great Britain sank Germany’s super battleship Bismarck May 7, 1941
Significance: Caused Germany to focus on U-boat
- “Happy time” for Germany 1940 & 1941
U.S. & G.B. unable to form convoys
“wolf pack”
- Americans used aircraft, radar, convoys to destroy U-boats
- Enigma – Germany’s code in 1941, broken by Allies
• Stalin pressing for 2nd front in 1942-43 – why?
- Germany attacked Soviet Union
- Battle of Stalingrad Winter 1942-43
decimated civilian population & countryside
Germany can no longer fight on eastern front
- Soviet Union had more casualties than any other nation
*** ? this time period caused Soviet Union to mistrust U.S. & G.B.?
• “Operation Torch”- Allies to attack Nazis in N. Africa --Nov 1942
- Americans unprepared to fight in European invasion
- Darlan Deal: in exchange for becoming Gov of French N. Africa, he
surrendered (Vichy) French forces – saved American lives
- Kasserine Pass, Tunisia – serious defeat for Americans, Patton regrouped
– Significance: Americans get experience; end of war in N. Africa – May 1943
■ Casablanca meeting of Churchill & FDR Jan 1943
Allies decide to go into Sicily & Italy
Encourage Italians to depose Mussolini – July 1943
Germans remain in Italy - a battleground until April 1945
P-51 Mustang fighter – range 800
miles, faster, superior to German
counterparts
Bataan Death March
April/May 1942
What happened during the early war in the Pacific?
■ Japanese attack American airfields at Manila in Philippines; Guam; Wake Island;
Hong Kong; Singapore, Malaya; Dutch East Indies; Burma; Philippines falls (May 6)
• First American strategy – two broad offensives
■ MacArthur from Australia to Philippines; Nimitz from Hawaii towards Japan
• Douglas MacArthur leaves thousands of soldiers on Philippines: “I shall return.”
– Bataan Death March April/May 1942
• Doolittle Raid – April 1942 – significance – improved America’s morale * worried
Japan’s leaders, result - Japan’s leaders make military mistakes
■ Battle of Coral Sea – May 1942 – first important Allie victory
■ **Battle of Midway significance -- stopped Japan’s naval attacks and placed Japan
on defensive
– **new kind of naval warfare – aircraft carriers, not battleships were key
- inspired F6F Hellcat airplane – by 1943 established American control in
Pacific
– intelligence officers valued - broke Japanese code
• Americans use radar against Japanese
• **Guadalcanal - 1st American ground offensive in Pacific Aug 1942 Feb 1943
Result – Island hopping strategy
Soviets push out Germans = Allies send more resources to Pacific
What was happening with the War in Europe?
• July 1943 – Britain bombs Hamburg, Germany - 30,000 killed
• U.S. bombs Europe during day
• **Germans fire V-1 & V-2 rockets * new era of bombing
• Jan 1944: FDR creates War Refugee Board
• Tehran, Iran meeting of Churchill, FDR & Stalin
– Decided to cross the English channel to invade France
Operation Overlord
**June 6, 1944 -- D-Day on Normandy Beaches
– Invaded France quickly
• February 1945: U.S. carpet-bombs cities
– Dresden firestorm kills 35,000, doesn’t destroy morale
– **U.S. military accepts bombing as strategy
• **Battle of the Bulge - Dec 16, 1944
– Ardennes Forest, bloodiest battle
• March 1945- U.S. troops into Germany, Russians coming from East
• U.S. troops discover concentration camps
• May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders
WHAT OTHER MEETINGS OCCURRED AMONG THE “BIG THREE?”
Yalta Conference – FDR, Churchill, Stalin divide up Germany
Soviet Union will declare war on Japan after Germany defeated
Germany divided into 4 sectors
Potsdam Conference – Truman, Churchill/Clement Atlee, Stalin
“unconditional surrender” of Japan
WHAT WERE AMERICAN ACTIONS DURING THE LATER WAR IN THE
PACIFIC?
• Early 1944: Nimitz captures Gilbert & Marshall islands; Aug 1944 – Guam
Use of code talkers – Navajo language
• 1944 MacArthur returns to Philippines
– **first time use of kamikaze attacks – Battle of Leyte Gulf
• **March 1945 U.S. fire-bombs Tokyo – Curtis LeMay
• **April 1945 High U.S. casualties on Okinawa - affects U.S. future plans
WHY USE THE ATOMIC BOMB?
• Uranium fission discovered in Berlin in Dec 1938
• Aug 1939 Einstein wrote to FDR explaining nuclear fission
• 1941: discovery of plutonium; FDR wants scientists to build a bomb
• Enrico Fermi supervises 1st atomic-pile chain reaction
• Manhattan Project: led by J. Robert Oppenheimer
–
top secret; to design and develop nuclear weapons
• Truman drops bomb: **August 6, 1945 Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on
Hiroshima; Aug 9, 1945 “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki
• Aug 14, 1945 Japan surrenders; August 15 – V-J Day
WHAT HAPPENED TO JAPANESE AMERICANS DURING WWII?
• Moved to relocation camps -- Executive Order 9066; Feb 1942
– fear of espionage in California
– most were American citizens
– forced to live in barracks and desert areas
• Korematsu v the United States -- challenged Japanese internment
• 33,000 Japanese Americans served in military
WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF WORLD WAR II?
• Increase in college graduates & home ownership due to Serviceman’s
Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill)
• American power & economic output # 1
• Set stage for rapid growth in technology & medicine
penicillin, new drugs for malaria, new blood products
■ Women – new experiences in military and nonmilitary occupations
• Soldiers struggle to adapt to home life
African American soldiers faced Jim Crow & discrimation in South
Experienced different race relations in Europe
• Creation of United Nations
• Truman Doctrine & Containment Policy
• Marshall Plan
• Cold War
• 1948: Creation of independent Israel
Arguments over dropping A-bomb
ARGUMENTS FOR DROPPING
•
ARGUMENTS AGAINST DROPPING
• To end the war
• Japanese were exploring peace
• Conventional bombing would
• Racism towards Japanese
have continued
• Should do bomb demonstration first
• Tokyo rejected Potsdam
• Using bomb would hurt U.S. moral
• U.S. would have used bomb
position
against Germany
• Nuclear arms race would happen
• Only 2 bombs available
■
• Keep Soviets in line
■
•
Invasion of Japan would have
cost many U.S. lives
Spent $$ on bomb & had to use