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■ Why would Hitler appear so attractive to the Germans? • What would Hitler promise the German people? HOW DID GERMAN AGGRESSION IN EUROPE CONTRIBUTE TO THE START OF WWII? • Jan. 1933, Hitler becomes chancellor of German government; head of Nazi Party • March 1933, Hitler has dictatorial powers over “Third Reich” • Nazi Germany valued Aryan race, sterilized “inferiors,” hated Jews • March 1938: annexed Austria - Anschluss • Sept 1938: “received” Sudetenland in exchange for no further territorial claims Munich Conference • November 9 & 10: Kristillnacht WHAT HAPPENED AS A RESULT OF GERMANY’S INCREASING AGGRESSION? • March 1939: Germany grabs rest of Czechoslovakia • August 1939: Nonaggression Pact signed by Germany and Soviet Union • September 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland = blitzkrieg START OF WAR • Britain declared war on Germany • Sept 17, 1939: Soviets invaded eastern Poland, later Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Finland • April-May 1940: Germany invaded Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France; air assault against Britain summer & fall • U-boat attacks against merchant marines in Atlantic HOW DID ITALIAN AGGRESSION CONTRIBUTE TO THE START OF WWII? • 1922: Mussolini to power, fascist • 1935: Attacked Italian Somalia and Ethiopia • Used mustard gas dropped from air which killed 15,000 soldiers, men, women & children • bombed Spanish cities with Germany during Spanish Civil War • June 10, 1940: Italy declares war on Allies, attacked France WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR? 1930s – Communists vs Fascists & Nationalists – 1936 Civil War erupted Rising European powers chose sides in war Fascist Italy & Nazi Germany aided the Nationalists & General Francisco Franco Republicans (Communists) aided by the Soviet Union & U.S. volunteers 1939 Franco’s Nationalists defeated Republicans = Fascist dictator HOW DID JAPANESE AGGRESSION CONTRIBUTE TO THE START OF WWII? • 1931: Invaded Manchuria and created Manchukuo • 1936: joined Germany & Italy’s pledge to resist Communist International • July 1937: declared war on China, rape of Nanking • Nov 1938: Japan rejected US’s Open Door in China • July 1940: pro-expansionist gov’t and Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • Sept 1940: Tripartite Pact: mutual assistance • July 1941: Japanese into French Indochina • Oct 1941: General Tojo becomes Prime Minister HOW AMERICA’S POLICY OF ISOLATIONISM IMPACT U.S. FOREIGN POLICY? • Isolationism strong during 1930s – Not pacifists – America First Committee • Good Neighbor Policy: Isolate Americas from war • 1933: Due to Japanese military build-up, FDR calls for largest peacetime naval construction • 1935: Army enlarged, 1938: Navy & Air Force • Neutrality Act 1937: cash & carry of nonmilitary goods bought from U.S. by nations at war, NOT to be transported under American flag • 1938: American soldiers fought in Spanish Civil War with the Abraham Lincoln Brigade • 1939: Neutrality Act updated, budget established to explore atomic power • June-Oct 1940: Research partnerships between civilian & military science, defense budget exploded • July 1940: Began oil embargo against Japan • Sept 1940: traded bases for naval destroyers with G.B.; Selective Service Act; restricted iron & scrap metals to Japan; Flying Tigers & planes to China • Mar-May 1941: Lend-Lease with G.B.; U.S. troops to Greenland, air & naval patrols, “national emergency” • July 1941: sent troops to Iceland; frozen Japanese assets, severely reduced Japanese oil shipments • Aug 1941: Japan warned against more expansion • Oct 1941: Reuben James sunk by u-boat; Soviets eligible for lend-lease • Nov 1941: U.S. knew that Japan was planning attack, but not where; approved arming of merchant ships • Dec 8, 1941: America declares war on Japan after Pearl Harbor is attacked WHAT HAPPENED TO REFUGEES FROM EUROPE? • Mar 1938: Hitler expelling Jews from Germany, Austria • 1933-38: 60,000 fled Germany, Austria, Italy for U.S. • Windfall of scientists, writers, mathematicians to United States • American restrictions worse than 1924 • FDR tried to let more refugees in • 1938-41: 60,000 fewer refugees allowed in than law allowed. WHAT WERE THE MAJOR BATTLES AND EVENTS OF WORLD WAR II? Who fought on which side? • “Grand Alliance”- U.S., G.B., Soviet Union (major players) • Axis - Germany, Italy and Japan WHAT HAPPENED DURING THE EARLY WAR WITH GERMANY? • Battle of the Atlantic - Great Britain sank Germany’s super battleship Bismarck May 7, 1941 Significance: Caused Germany to focus on U-boat - “Happy time” for Germany 1940 & 1941 U.S. & G.B. unable to form convoys “wolf pack” - Americans used aircraft, radar, convoys to destroy U-boats - Enigma – Germany’s code in 1941, broken by Allies • Stalin pressing for 2nd front in 1942-43 – why? - Germany attacked Soviet Union - Battle of Stalingrad Winter 1942-43 decimated civilian population & countryside Germany can no longer fight on eastern front - Soviet Union had more casualties than any other nation *** ? this time period caused Soviet Union to mistrust U.S. & G.B.? • “Operation Torch”- Allies to attack Nazis in N. Africa --Nov 1942 - Americans unprepared to fight in European invasion - Darlan Deal: in exchange for becoming Gov of French N. Africa, he surrendered (Vichy) French forces – saved American lives - Kasserine Pass, Tunisia – serious defeat for Americans, Patton regrouped – Significance: Americans get experience; end of war in N. Africa – May 1943 ■ Casablanca meeting of Churchill & FDR Jan 1943 Allies decide to go into Sicily & Italy Encourage Italians to depose Mussolini – July 1943 Germans remain in Italy - a battleground until April 1945 P-51 Mustang fighter – range 800 miles, faster, superior to German counterparts Bataan Death March April/May 1942 What happened during the early war in the Pacific? ■ Japanese attack American airfields at Manila in Philippines; Guam; Wake Island; Hong Kong; Singapore, Malaya; Dutch East Indies; Burma; Philippines falls (May 6) • First American strategy – two broad offensives ■ MacArthur from Australia to Philippines; Nimitz from Hawaii towards Japan • Douglas MacArthur leaves thousands of soldiers on Philippines: “I shall return.” – Bataan Death March April/May 1942 • Doolittle Raid – April 1942 – significance – improved America’s morale * worried Japan’s leaders, result - Japan’s leaders make military mistakes ■ Battle of Coral Sea – May 1942 – first important Allie victory ■ **Battle of Midway significance -- stopped Japan’s naval attacks and placed Japan on defensive – **new kind of naval warfare – aircraft carriers, not battleships were key - inspired F6F Hellcat airplane – by 1943 established American control in Pacific – intelligence officers valued - broke Japanese code • Americans use radar against Japanese • **Guadalcanal - 1st American ground offensive in Pacific Aug 1942 Feb 1943 Result – Island hopping strategy Soviets push out Germans = Allies send more resources to Pacific What was happening with the War in Europe? • July 1943 – Britain bombs Hamburg, Germany - 30,000 killed • U.S. bombs Europe during day • **Germans fire V-1 & V-2 rockets * new era of bombing • Jan 1944: FDR creates War Refugee Board • Tehran, Iran meeting of Churchill, FDR & Stalin – Decided to cross the English channel to invade France Operation Overlord **June 6, 1944 -- D-Day on Normandy Beaches – Invaded France quickly • February 1945: U.S. carpet-bombs cities – Dresden firestorm kills 35,000, doesn’t destroy morale – **U.S. military accepts bombing as strategy • **Battle of the Bulge - Dec 16, 1944 – Ardennes Forest, bloodiest battle • March 1945- U.S. troops into Germany, Russians coming from East • U.S. troops discover concentration camps • May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders WHAT OTHER MEETINGS OCCURRED AMONG THE “BIG THREE?” Yalta Conference – FDR, Churchill, Stalin divide up Germany Soviet Union will declare war on Japan after Germany defeated Germany divided into 4 sectors Potsdam Conference – Truman, Churchill/Clement Atlee, Stalin “unconditional surrender” of Japan WHAT WERE AMERICAN ACTIONS DURING THE LATER WAR IN THE PACIFIC? • Early 1944: Nimitz captures Gilbert & Marshall islands; Aug 1944 – Guam Use of code talkers – Navajo language • 1944 MacArthur returns to Philippines – **first time use of kamikaze attacks – Battle of Leyte Gulf • **March 1945 U.S. fire-bombs Tokyo – Curtis LeMay • **April 1945 High U.S. casualties on Okinawa - affects U.S. future plans WHY USE THE ATOMIC BOMB? • Uranium fission discovered in Berlin in Dec 1938 • Aug 1939 Einstein wrote to FDR explaining nuclear fission • 1941: discovery of plutonium; FDR wants scientists to build a bomb • Enrico Fermi supervises 1st atomic-pile chain reaction • Manhattan Project: led by J. Robert Oppenheimer – top secret; to design and develop nuclear weapons • Truman drops bomb: **August 6, 1945 Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima; Aug 9, 1945 “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki • Aug 14, 1945 Japan surrenders; August 15 – V-J Day WHAT HAPPENED TO JAPANESE AMERICANS DURING WWII? • Moved to relocation camps -- Executive Order 9066; Feb 1942 – fear of espionage in California – most were American citizens – forced to live in barracks and desert areas • Korematsu v the United States -- challenged Japanese internment • 33,000 Japanese Americans served in military WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF WORLD WAR II? • Increase in college graduates & home ownership due to Serviceman’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill) • American power & economic output # 1 • Set stage for rapid growth in technology & medicine penicillin, new drugs for malaria, new blood products ■ Women – new experiences in military and nonmilitary occupations • Soldiers struggle to adapt to home life African American soldiers faced Jim Crow & discrimation in South Experienced different race relations in Europe • Creation of United Nations • Truman Doctrine & Containment Policy • Marshall Plan • Cold War • 1948: Creation of independent Israel Arguments over dropping A-bomb ARGUMENTS FOR DROPPING • ARGUMENTS AGAINST DROPPING • To end the war • Japanese were exploring peace • Conventional bombing would • Racism towards Japanese have continued • Should do bomb demonstration first • Tokyo rejected Potsdam • Using bomb would hurt U.S. moral • U.S. would have used bomb position against Germany • Nuclear arms race would happen • Only 2 bombs available ■ • Keep Soviets in line ■ • Invasion of Japan would have cost many U.S. lives Spent $$ on bomb & had to use