Download 7th Grade Microbiology Study Guide

7th Grade Microbiology Study Guide
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VocabularyFlagella – long, thin, whip-like structure that helps some protists move from place to
place.
Cilia – short thread-like structures that stick out from the cell membrane and help the
organism move quickly in any direction.
Aerobe – an organism that uses oxygen for respiration
Anaerobe – an organism that does not use oxgen, or cannot live in an oxygenated
environment.
Pathogen – an organism that causes disease.
Protist – a one-celled or many-celled eukaryotic organism that lives in moist or wet
places.
Euglenoids – plant-like protists that also have characteristics of animals.
Diatoms – plant-like protists that form glasslike boxes around themselves.
Dinoflagellates – algae that produce a toxin that is harmful to humans and have two
flagella that cause it to have a spinning motion.
Protozoans – one-celled, animal-like protists that live in water or soil, or on living and
dead organisms.
Ascus – little saclike reproductive structures in which sac fungi produce spores.
Hyphae – many-celled, threadlike tubes that form the body of a fungus.
Mycorrizae – a network of hyphae and roots that help plants absorb more of certain
nutrients from the soil.
Sporangium – round spore case of zygotic fungi
Saprophyte – organism that gets food by absorbing dead and rotting tissues of other
organisms.
Concepts1. Euglena- moves with a flagellum, plant-like, contains chloroplasts.
Amoeba- moves with a psuedopod, is animal-like.
Paramecium- moves with cilia, has an oral groove and both a micronucleus and a
macronucleus, and is animal-like.
2.
Animal like
Plant like
Fungus like
Called protozoans, do not
Has chlorophyll, makes
Produce spores, eat dead
have cell walls, move
own food, cell walls, and
organisms or as parasites,
around with cilia, flagella,
structures to hold in place
can have cell walls, can
or pseudopods, eats other
often move with
organisms
pseudopods
Paramecium, Amoeba
Euglena, Algae
Slime molds, water molds,
downy mildew
3. Archaebacteria- live in areas that have extreme temperatures and/or pressure.
Eubacteria- live everywhere else.
4.
Cocci
Baccili
Spirillia
5. Bacteria have to have:
Ribosomes- to make proteins
Nucleus- as a control center and to contain DNA
Cytoplasm- to suspend organelles
Cell membrane and/or cell wall- to contain everything
6. Some bacteria may have a gelatin capsule, a slime layer, or a flagellum.
7. Bacteria reproduce asexually through fission, and sexually by exchanging genetic
material through thin tubes that pass through both bacteria.
8. Some bacteria produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemical
reactions, others eat other bacteria, and some eat dead material. (Producers,
consumers, and recyclers).
9. Aerobes- need oxygen for respiration and to break down food.
Anaerobes- lives in places without oxygen- often cannot survive if oxygen is
present.
10. Cyanobacteria live together in long chains. They are important because they
produce oxygen in the water, but can also be harmful by taking all the nutrients in
the water. They make their own food through photosynthesis, have clorophyll,
and also have a blue pigment that gives them their color.
11. Consumer bacteria are categorized by whether they test positive for Gram’s
stain. Gram’s stain is absorbed by the cell wall, so the thicker cell walled bacteria
are grouped together and have a purple color. Thinner walls, or bacteria that have
no cell walls, are pink, and are grouped separately.
12. Beneficial bacteria- nitrogen fixers, saprophytes, intestinal bacteria, bacteria that
break down wastes, bacteria used to make dairy products and other foods.
13. Antibiotics stop bacteria growth and harm bacteria. Penicillin prevents bacteria
from forming cell walls.
14. Saprophytic bacteria can be used for composting, water treatment, and
bioremediation.
15. Nitrogen fixing bacteria take nitrogen from the air and converts it into forms other
plants and animals can use.
16. Pathogens are harmful organisms. Toxins are harmful substances.
17. Pasteurization is the process of heating food to a temperature that kills most
bacteria, but doesn’t affect the flavor.
18. A vaccine is made from dead bacteria or damaged particles taken from bacterial
cell walls. When injected into the blood stream, it allows the white blood cells to
recognize the bacteria.
19. Protists reproduce asexually through cell division (mitosis) or meiosis.
20. Dinoflagellates have two flagella that cause the organism to spin when in motion.
21. The three colors of algae are green, brown, and red.
22. Red algae live in salt water up to 20 meters deep, green algae live in fresh water,
and brown algae live in cool saltwater environments, like the Pacific ocean.
23. An algal bloom is when algae reproduce rapidly. If dinoflagellates bloom, other
organisms like oysters and shellfish that eat the dinoflagellates can have a large
build up of toxin that harm humans when they are eaten.
24. Diatoms have industrial uses like road paint and filters, and also can be used in
cosmetics and salve.
25. A Paramecium has cilia, an oral groove, and two nuclei, the micronucleus and
macronucleus.
26. A pseudopod is an extension of cytoplasm that drags the organism along.
27. Protozoans can be transferred to humans through a mosquito bite or through
drinking infested water.
28. The three types of fungus-like protists are slime molds, water molds, and downy
mildew.
29. Common characteristics of fungi include cell walls, have hyphae, break down
dead material (are saprophytes) and often are immobile.
30. Fungi reproduce through the use of spores and meiosis.
31.- 32. The three groups are sac fungi (they have an ascus), club fungi (like
mushrooms) and zygotic fungi (have sporangium.
33. A lichen is an organism made up of a fungus and either a green alga or
cyanobacterium. The fungus gets food made by the alga (or cyanobacterium),
and the alga (or cyanobacterium) is protected by the fungus. They are important
because they are a food source for many animals, they help produce soil by
breaking down rock.
34. Some fungi are beneficial because they help make food, recycle waste, and some
are even antibiotics. Other fungi are harmful because they destroy crops or are
parasitic.