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Transcript
The Byzantine Empire World History/Napp “The Western Roman Empire crumbled in the fifth century as it was overrun by invading Germanic tribes. By this time, however, the once great empire had already undergone significant changes. It had been divided into western and eastern empires, and its capital had moved east from Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium. The city would become known as Constantinople after the emperor Constantine, who made it the new capital in A.D. 330. (Byzantium would remain as the name of the entire Eastern Empire.) For nearly a thousand years after the collapse of the Western Empire, Byzantium and its flourishing capital would carry on the glory of Rome. In 527, a high-ranking Byzantine nobleman named Justinian succeeded his uncle to the throne of the Eastern Empire. In an effort to regain Rome’s fading glory, Justinian in 533 sent his best general, Belisarius, to recover North Africa from the invading Germanic tribes. Belisarius and his forces quickly succeeded. Two years later, Belisarius attacked Rome and seized it from a group known as the Ostrogoths. But the city faced repeated attacks by other Germanic tribes. Over the next 16 years, Rome changed hands six times. Like the last of the old Caesars, the Byzantine emperors ruled with absolute power. They headed not just the state but the church as well. They appointed and dismissed bishops at will. Their politics were brutal – and often deadly. Emperors lived under constant risk of assassination. Of the 88 Byzantine emperors, 29 died violently, and 13 abandoned the throne to live in monasteries. A separate government and difficult communications with the West gave the Byzantine Empire its own character. The citizens thought of themselves as sharing in the Roman tradition, but few spoke Latin anymore. Most Byzantines spoke Greek. Having unified the two empires, Justinian set up a panel of legal experts to regulate Byzantium’s increasingly complex society. The panel combed through 400 years of Roman law. It found a number of laws that were outdated and contradictory. The panel created a single, uniform code known as the Justinian Code.” ~ World History Questions: - When did the Western Roman Empire collapse and what happened to the Eastern half? - What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire (formerly the Eastern Roman Empire? - Who was Justinian and why was he significant? - Describe the Byzantine emperors; describe their power. - How were the Byzantines similar to the Romans yet different? - What was the Code of Justinian or the Justinian Code? Constantinople - Justinian launched an ambitious public building program - He rebuilt the crumbling fortifications of Constantinople, as workers constructed a 14-mile stone wall along the city’s coastline and repaired massive fortifications Divisions within Christianity - Christianity had begun to develop differently in the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, due largely to the distance and lack of contact between the regions - In 730, Emperor Leo III banned the use of icons, religious images used by Eastern Christians to aid their devotions - Church building, however, was the emperor’s greatest passion - The emperor viewed the use of icons as idol worship - The crowning glory of his reign was the church called the Hagia Sophia, which means “Holy Wisdom” in Greek - In the West, the pope became involved in this eastern dispute and supported the use of icons - A less obvious but vitally important activity took place: the preservation of Greco-Roman culture - One pope even ordered the excommunication of a Byzantine emperor – that is, he declared the emperor to be an outcast from the Church - Byzantine families valued education – specifically classical learning - The classics of Greek and Roman literature served as textbooks - The modern world owes the Byzantines a huge debt for preserving Greek and Roman learning - In 843, more than 100 years after the controversy began, the empress restored icons to Eastern churches - In 1054, matters came to a head when the pope and the patriarch excommunicated each other in a dispute over religious doctrine - Shortly afterward, Christianity officially split between the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East - Describe the Hagia Sophia. - What did the Byzantines preserve? - Why did a Byzantine Emperor ban icons? - What was the response of the Roman Catholic pope to the banning of icons? - What happened in 1054? Base your answer to the question below on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies. Based on the information provided by this map, which statement about Constantinople is accurate? (1) Africans traded more goods in Constantinople than in any other area. (2) Constantinople was a city located on the Mediterranean Sea. (turn page!) (3) Gold was the primary commodity that China sent to Constantinople. (4) Constantinople was an important trading center. Constantinople was a thriving city in the 1200s mainly because of its location on a major trade route between (1) China and southern Africa (2) the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea (3) the Inca Empire and the Aztec Empire (4) Asia and eastern Europe One of the major achievements of Byzantine Emperor Justinian was that he (1) established a direct trade route with Ghana (2) defended the empire against the spread of Islam (3) brought Roman Catholicism to his empire (4) preserved and transmitted Greek and Roman culture The Justinian Code is considered a milestone because it (1) preserved many ancient Chinese legal decrees in writing (2) served as a model for European legal systems (3) became the first democratic constitution (4) united Muslim and Roman thought Base your answer below on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies. “. . . The circumference of the city of Constantinople is eighteen miles; one-half of the city being bounded by the continent, the other by the sea, two arms of which meet here; the one a branch or outlet of the Russian, the other of the Spanish sea. Great stir and bustle prevails [dominates] at Constantinople in consequence of the conflux [meeting] of many merchants, who resort thither [come there], both by land and by sea, from all parts of the world for purposes of trade, including merchants from Babylon and from Mesopotamia, from Media and Persia, from Egypt and Palestine, as well as from Russia, Hungary, Patzinakia, Budia, Lombardy and Spain. In this respect the city is equalled only by Bagdad, the metropolis of the Mahometans…” ~ Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, Manuel Komroff, ed., Contemporaries of Marco Polo, Boni & Liveright This author would most likely agree with the idea that the (1) size of Constantinople limited trade (2) cities of western Europe were more impressive than Constantinople (3) location of Constantinople contributed to its prosperity (4) government of Constantinople failed to provide order - Identify two significant differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. - Identify two significant similarities between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. - Do you believe these churches could reconcile despite their differences? Explain. 1. * Justinian imposes new code of law. * Completion of Hagia Sophia adds beauty to Constantinople. * Greco-Roman tradition preserved. Which empire is described in these statements? 1. Byzantine 2. Persian 3. Mauryan 4. Ottoman 2. One reason the Justinian Code was significant was that it 1. became the foundation of the modern legal systems of many Western countries 2. established the basis for the development of the Code of Hammurabi 3. incorporated laws from all over Asia and Europe 4. led to the protection of inalienable rights in Roman territories 5. The Code of Hammurabi, the Twelve Tables, and the Justinian Code are examples of 1. religious edicts 2. written laws 3. epic poems 4. democratic constitutions 6. Which region had the greatest influence on the historical and cultural development of the Byzantine Empire? 1. Mesoamerica 2. India 3. Rome 4. Egypt 7. Which development is most closely associated with the beginning of the Byzantine Empire? 1. emergence of the Russian Orthodox Church 2. division of the Roman Empire 3. building of the Hagia Sophia 4. fall of Constantinople 3. The strategic location of the Byzantine Empire allowed control of the key trade routes between the 1. South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca 2. Caspian Sea and the Indian Ocean 3. North Sea and the English Channel 4. Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea 8. A major contribution of the Byzantine Empire was the 1. invention of the wheel and gunpowder 2. participation of citizens in government 3. diffusion of Hindu beliefs 4. preservation of Greek science and Roman engineering 4. One way in which Hammurabi and Justinian are similar is that they successfully 1. established public education systems 2. codified the laws of their empire 3. instituted democratic governments 4. separated church and state 9. Constantinople was a thriving city in the 1200s mainly because of its location on a major trade route between 1. China and southern Africa 2. the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea 3. the Inca Empire and the Aztec Empire 4. Asia and eastern Europe Base your answer to this question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies. Which conclusion about the Roman world around AD 526 can be drawn from the information on this map? 1. The Gauls dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea. 2. Rome was the capital of the entire western region. 3. The eastern region was unified under the Byzantine Empire. 4. The division between eastern and western Rome followed natural boundaries. Which title best completes the partial outline below? I. _________________________________ A. Incorporation of European and Arabic ideas in architecture B. Preservation of Greco-Roman ideas C. Spread of Orthodox Christianity into Russia D. Development of Justinian Code 1. Age of Discovery 2. Byzantine Empire 3. Persian Empire 4. Crusades