Download The Road to Revolution Main Idea A series of increasingly restrictive

The Road to Revolution
Main Idea
A series of increasingly restrictive laws angered many American colonists, leading to rebellion
against Britain.
Reading Focus
• Why did Great Britain pass new laws in America?
•
How did the colonists respond to the new laws? How did their response lead to even
stricter measures?
•
Why did the First Continental Congress meet?
•
What was the significance of the battles at Lexington and Concord?
Britain Passes New Laws
Grenville and the Sugar Act
• French and Indian War left Britain with large _________________. British army of
10,000 was left in the colonies.
• England said the army was to ___________________ the colonists, but the colonists
thought the soldiers were there to ________________________________ them.
• Prime Minister ________________ wanted colonists to pay for British troops through the
_________________________________________, which taxed sugar and molasses
imported from the French and Spanish West Indies.
• Northern merchants felt this would hurt _________ trade. Other colonists resented
____________________________________________________________ in Parliament.
The Stamp Act brings protests
• Parliament passed the Stamp Act as another way to bring in money from the colonies.
• Required a government tax stamp on certain _________________________: contracts
and licenses, ___________________, almanacs, printed sermons, and playing _________
• Colonists protested openly.
• ___________________________________________________ organized by the
Massachusetts Assembly to send a petition to the king and Parliament
•
_______________________________________, made up of unskilled workers, artisans,
small farmers, merchants, and lawyers, organized boycott of British goods and put
pressure on merchants who did not join the boycott.
• Stamp Act repealed after British merchants saw sales drop because of the ____________
Townshend Acts
• Taxed lead, paint, paper, glass, and _____________ that were imported from Britain
• Brought back _________________________________________________, which were
written orders that allowed customs officers the right to search colonial homes for
smuggled goods
The Colonists Respond
The Boston Massacre
• Boston merchants joined with merchants in Philadelphia and New York, along with some
southern merchants and planters, in _________________________________ agreements
• Most of the Townshend Acts were ____________________ in March 1770, except for
_______________ tax.
• In Boston, where tensions were already high, colonists began throwing snowballs at a
British sentry guarding the customs house. After British solders arrived to help, they fired
into the crowd, killing ________.
• ____________________________________ introduced the idea of
____________________________________________________________ to spread the
news of British injustices from colony to colony.
• Became basis of a political network to unify the colonies
Colonists Protest
• Colonial boycotts left a British tea company with millions of pounds of unsold tea. The
_______________________ (1773) enabled the company to sell tea directly to colonists.
• Many colonists did not buy the tea.
• In December 1773 about 70 colonists boarded British ships loaded with the tea and
dumped it into Boston Harbor. - ____________________________________________
• Parliament passed the ______________________ Acts to punish the rebellious colonists.
They were known by the colonists as the ______________________________________.
• Closed the port of __________________
• Gave the royal governor more control over Massachusetts
• Imposed more rules for ____________________________ soldiers
• The __________________________________________ expanded the province of
Quebec southward to the Ohio river and west to the Mississippi.
• The Roman Catholic Church would be legal.
• French Catholics were guaranteed their rights.
• American colonists thought the act limited their chances to live on the _______________
frontier.
First Continental Congress
September 1774
• Brought colonists together as Americans
• All delegates agreed that Parliament was exerting too much control.
• It issued a ____________________________________________________ protesting
Great Britain’s actions.
• Agreed not to ____________________ or use British goods
• Agreed to stop _________________________ to Britain
• Formed a force of ________________________________________, colonial soldiers
who would be ready to resist a British attack with short notice
The Battles of Lexington & Concord
• Minutemen in Massachusetts were drilling on their village commons and stockpiling
gunpowder and weapons.
• British General ________________ knew colonial militias were preparing for a conflict.
• In April 1775 King George III ordered Gage to arrest colonial leaders, especially Samuel
Adams and __________________________________________________, and to capture
the colonists’ ______________________________.
• Colonists’ gunpowder was stockpiled in Concord, a town west of Boston.
• On the night of April 17, 1775, 700 British troops left Boston for Concord.
• Secret system of alarm riders was in place to warn of any unusual activity of British
troops.
“The British are coming!”
• Paul Revere and _______________________________ set off for Lexington to warn
Adams and Hancock.
• After warning the leaders, they headed to Concord.
_________________________________, another alarm rider, met them on the road.
Then the British surrounded them and tried to arrest all of them.
• Prescott escaped to warn the minutemen at Concord. Dawes also escaped.
• Revere was _______________________. When they heard the militia guns, the soldiers
let Revere go, but without his horse.
The Battle
• About ______ armed British soldiers reached Lexington to face _____ minutemen.
• British captain ordered them to leave, then the militia was charged.
• Minutemen fled, eight Americans were killed.
• The British went on to _____________________ where hundreds of minutemen awaited.
• After gunfire was exchanged, the British _________________________ toward Boston.
• Along the way, the militia fired at the British from under cover.
• At the end of the day, British casualties far ______________________________ colonial
casualties.
Declaring Independence
Main Idea
The French and Indian War established British dominance in North America but put a strain on
the relationship with the colonists.
Reading Focus
• How did France develop an empire in North America?
•
Why did Spain and England clash in North America?
•
What were major events in the French and Indian War?
•
What were the effects of the French and Indian War on all those involved?
Second Continental Congress Takes Action
• Formed the Continental Army
• Appointed ___________________________________________ commander in chief
• Issued a Continental (national) currency
• Wrote __________________________________________________________________
• Proposed reconciliation with King George III in the _______________________ Petition
• King George III declared colonies to be in rebellion
• Parliament passed law banning colonial _______________ outside the British Empire.
More Violence in Boston
The siege of Boston
• After the battles at Lexington and Concord, British troops withdrew back into Boston.
• Several thousand British troops occupied the town.
• The Americans had a larger army of about 15,000 militia from all over New England.
• First major battle of the Revolutionary War, the _________________________________
on June 17, 1775
• British General _______________ was planning to occupy the hills overlooking Boston
when his reinforcements arrived.
• Colonial force quickly built a fort on Breed’s Hill.
• Some 2,500 British troops stormed the hill twice.
•
The colonists were short of ammunition; they waited until the enemy was a few yards
away, then fired with deadly aim.
• On the third British attempt, the colonists ran out of ____________________________.
They retreated to nearby Bunker Hill.
• The British won, but the defense at the Battle of Bunker Hill _______________________
the colonists’ resistance.
George Washington
• Commanded the Continental Army in Boston after the Battle of Bunker Hill.
– By March 1776, he was ready to recapture Boston.
– Forced the British to __________________________ the city
– British sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia, along with about 1,100
_____________________ - colonists sided with the king and Britain.
Other battles
• Winter 1775–1776, Benedict Arnold led an unsuccessful attack on the city of
___________________.
• February 1776, Scottish Loyalists attacked a colonial force at Moores Creek, North
Carolina.
• Well-armed colonists were waiting, and their victory ended British control in
_______________________________________________.
• In June, British ships attacked a fort near _________________________, South Carolina,
but the fort’s commander held them off.
The Declaration of Independence
More colonists supporting independence
• Were angry at the king’s reaction to the Olive Branch Petition
• They learned that the British were recruiting ______________________________ and
______________________________________________________ to fight against them.
• They heard that the king was hiring _______________________ soldiers from the
German state of Hesse.
• When the Continental Congress met again, it opened seaports to foreign trade except with
Britain.
Revolutionary ideology
• The colonists still thought of themselves as ___________________.
• They believed they were entitled to all the rights that British citizens had claimed over
the years.
• John Locke’s idea of ___________________________ was part of their revolutionary
ideology.
A matter of Common Sense
• Early in 1776 Thomas Paine published a pamphlet called ________________________.
• Condemned monarchy and particularly the rule of George III
• Called for an American declaration of independence, not just a protest against taxes
• The pamphlet sold more than _____________________ copies. It was one of the first
American bestsellers.
Virginia calls for independence
• In May 1776 the Virginia Convention of Delegates issued the ____________________
_______________________________, the first official call for American independence.
• Influenced the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, and many state
constitutions
• Richard Henry Lee of Virginia then presented three resolutions to the Continental
Congress.
– The colonies should be ____________________________________________.
– Americans needed to form foreign ____________________________ for support.
– The colonies needed to form a plan for _________________________
• Writing the Declaration
• The Continental Congress organized a committee to write a draft of a declaration of
independence.
• John Adams, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin
Franklin. Jefferson was chosen to write the draft.
• On ___________________, 1776, Congress approved final document and voted to
declare independence.
• On July 4, they approved the entire document.
Reactions to Independence
• Colonists living on the ___________________ frontier not a part of the political quarrels
• A fight for independence would expose them to Indian attack since fighting would draw
men away from the defense of the frontier.
• Many frontier settlers did not support the fight for independence.
• A quarter of the colonists remained loyal to Great Britain and the king; Patriots called
them ______________________________.
• Loyalists were strong in _______________________ colonies.
• Loyalist sympathies were strong among people who had been government officials or
belonged to the Anglican Church.
• Patriots harassed Loyalists.
• Loyalists fought with the British.
• Others left the country for other British lands.
• Some simply lived quietly and avoided politics.
•
After the American Revolution ended, perhaps ____________________ Loyalists left the
United States, mainly to settle in Canada.
The Revolutionary War Begins
The Main Idea
While the colonies and the British began with different strengths and weaknesses, the
Revolutionary War demonstrated Washington’s great leadership.
Reading Focus
• What groups of people played a part in the Revolutionary War?
•
What major revolutionary battles took place in the North?
•
In what ways was the Battle of Saratoga a British setback?
•
How did Washington’s leadership at Valley Forge influence the course of the
Revolutionary War?
The People behind the American Revolution
Continental Army
Strengths
• Strong military ______________________________
• Fighting on ___________ territory
• Alliance with _________________
Weaknesses
• Small, untrained ___________________________
• Shortages of __________________________
• ________________________ central government
British Army
Strengths
• _______________________________________ military
• Ample resources
• Alliances with Loyalists
Weaknesses
• Fighting in unfamiliar territory
• Fighting far from home
Women’s Roles
• Active in _____________________________ and other protests
• Cared for _____________________________ in their homes
• Raised ___________________________ to supply the army with food and clothing
• At home, women knit wool stockings and made bandages for the troops.
• Some melted down their pewter pots and pitchers to make ___________________.
• As in all wars, women kept their homes, farms, and shops running while the men were at
war.
African American Roles
• Free and enslaved fought on ______________ sides of the war.
• Some offers of _______________ in exchange for military service came from both sides.
• Continental Army’s need for soldiers overcame prejudice.
• New England regiments had the most African Americans.
• African American soldiers generally received the same pay, clothing, and rations as
whites.
• Most had _______________________ duties, were kept at low ____________, and were
not encouraged to re-enlist.
The Role of Native Americans
• Four of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League helped the _______________________.
• Oneidas and Tuscaroras sided with the Americans.
• On the frontiers, Loyalists and Native Americans sometimes fought ________________.
– In the mountains of Virginia and the Carolinas, the _____________________
attacked some settlements.
– Patriot militias fought back fiercely and tried to force the Cherokees to move
west.
Revolutionary Battles in the North
• After his defeat in Boston, _______________________ returned to New York in August
1776 with a force of more than 300 ships and approximately 30,000 British soldiers.
• Rebels were offered a ___________________ if they would give in and promise loyalty.
Washington refused.
• Howe captured Long Island and took many Americans prisoner.
• In the fall, Howe’s army forced Washington to _____________________ from
Manhattan to New Jersey.
• In European warfare, armies did not fight in the _________________.
• Howe’s men were in Princeton while the Hessians were in Trenton.
• Washington __________________________ follow European warfare.
• On Christmas night 1776 he and his men crossed the ___________________________
River to Trenton and took the Hessians, capturing weapons and ammunition.
•
•
•
They drove the British out of Princeton.
Spring 1777—Britain’s plan was to cut New England off from the rest of the colonies.
Howe attacked ____________________________________ with an army of 15,000. In
September he met Washington and his army of 11,000 in southeastern Pennsylvania. The
British won the Battle of Brandywine Creek, but the Americans escaped without serious
casualties.
• Howe captured Philadelphia, where he and his troops settled comfortably for the winter.
• The ________________________________________________________ fled the city.
• Washington and his exhausted troops settled into quarters at ______________________,
Pennsylvania, for the winter of 1777–1778.
A British Setback at Saratoga
• Burgoyne’s army recaptured Fort Ticonderoga on July 5, 1777, a serious loss for the
Americans.
• In early August, British attacked Fort Stanwix in one of the bloodiest battles of the war.
An American force arrived to hold the fort.
• Burgoyne’s force was now short of supplies.
• In early October, Burgoyne and his 5,000 men were at __________________, New York,
surrounded by an American force of 17,000 under General Gates.
• After trying to break through Continental lines, he _____________________ on October
17, 1777.
• The _________________________________________________________________ is
considered the turning point of the Revolutionary War.
Washington’s Leadership at Valley Forge
• The winter of 1777–1778 at ______________________________________ was the low
point of the Revolution for the Continental Army.
• Bitter winter weather with inadequate housing
• Food was __________________________________.
• Soldiers in worn, ragged uniforms
• Many of the men became ill, and ___________________________________ died.
• The winter at Valley Forge was a tough test of Washington’s leadership.
• His firm character and common sense helped hold the troops together. He always
managed to keep a national army in the field.
• His men _____________________________________ him.
• Money Problems
o Congress did not have the power to ________ people.
o Congress and the states printed paper money with little to back it up. As a result,
it was worthless, and prices soared. This situation is known as
_________________________________.
o Some farmers and merchants chose to ____________________ with the British,
who had gold and silver coin.
•
o Resulted in the food _______________________________ at Valley Forge
Help
o Several European officers joined the American cause.
o ____________________________________________________________ of the
Prussian army drilled Washington’s troops at Valley Forge.
o ____________________________________________________________ was an
aide to Washington
An American Victory
Main Idea
A strengthened Continental Army, along with European allies, helped the colonists achieve a
victory at Yorktown.
Reading Focus
• What Revolutionary War battles took place in the West and South?
•
Why did France and other European nations assist the Americans?
•
What led to the British surrender at Yorktown?
•
How did the Revolution affect American culture?
Revolutionary Battles in the West and South
• In 1779 the Americans won some important victories in the area north and west of the
Ohio River.
• In 1778 ______________________________________________ led a small force down
the Ohio River and captured the British settlements at Fort Kaskaskia and Cahokia on the
Mississippi River in present-day Illinois.
• In 1779 he and his men captured the fort and its commander at Vincennes in the Battle of
Vincennes.
1778 — British shifted their strategy
• Because the British believed that Loyalist sympathies were strongest in the ___________,
they planned a campaign there.
• They discovered that Patriots were as strong and determined in Virginia as in New
England.
• Though many Loyalists lived in the Carolinas and Georgia, they were often reluctant to
help.
• The British also faced frequent surprise __________________ by small bands of Patriots.
• In March 1781 colonial troops met British commander ___________________________
and his army in a battle at Guilford Court House, North Carolina. Cornwallis won, but
British losses were so great that he stopped the campaign.
America’s European Allies
• Americans wanted recognition as a __________________________ nation from Europe.
• European nations could also provide the Americans with money and supplies to fight the
war.
• _____________________________ became America’s strongest ally, but help also came
from Spain and the Netherlands.
• France liked seeing its old enemy losing part of its empire.
• It also hoped that a British defeat in America would help restore French power in
________________________________.
• Initially France sent gunpowder, artillery, and muskets to the Patriots.
• In 1776 ____________________________ went to Paris to seek more help from France.
• Because of __________________________ victory and Franklin’s diplomacy, France
signed two treaties.
• One formally recognized the United States as a nation.
• The other treaty promised military help.
o In 1780 the French government sent a 6,000-soldier army to help the Americans.
They were led by a French general, the _________________________________.
• Help from Spain
o Spain joined the war in 1779 as an ally of France.
o Bernardo de Gálvez was the Spanish governor of ________________________.
– Attacked British forts on the Mississippi and along the Gulf Coast in West
Florida, which had once belonged to Spain
– Defeated the British in Baton Rouge, Natchez, Mobile, and Pensacola
• January 1781—Washington and Rochambeau received word that Benedict Arnold had
become a ___________________.
• Arnold was leading British troops in raids on Patriot warehouses in Virginia.
• Washington sent _____________________________ to stop him.
• After giving up his Carolina campaign, General Cornwallis moved into Virginia.
• Lafayette’s forces forced the British to the coast.
• July 1781—Cornwallis took his army to the Yorktown Peninsula in _________________
Bay, built a fort, and waited for British ships to take them to Charleston or New York.
Victory at Yorktown
A siege at Yorktown
• Washington saw an opportunity to trap Cornwallis.
• French Admiral ______________________________ established a blockade in
Chesapeake Bay, preventing British ships from rescuing Cornwallis’s men.
• ______________________________ kept Cornwallis’s army trapped on the peninsula.
• Washington and Rochambeau traveled south with a huge French and American army.
•
•
•
•
Cornwallis, with 7,000 troops, faced a combined French and American army of more
than 17,000.
The Battle of ______________________________________ lasted about three weeks.
Cornwallis _________________________________ on October 19, 1781.
The war for independence was over.
The War Ends
• The Americans negotiated a peace treaty with Britain; the
____________________________________________ was signed on September 3, 1783.
• It declared the Mississippi River the _________________ boundary of the United States.
• Britain formally recognized the United States as an independent nation.
• Britain agreed to leave its forts in the ______________.
• Spain and France made peace with Britain.
• In return for its help during the war, Spain regained ___________________.
• The United States promised to pay what Americans owed British merchants.
• Loyalists were allowed to claim _________________________ losses.
Revolution Changes America
Women’s rights
• Equality did not include American ____________________.
• The words in the Declaration of Independence applied only to white males.
• Married women still could not sign contracts or own _________________________.
• The law stated that a married woman’s property belonged to her ___________________.
African Americans
• Many African Americans who had fought for the Patriot cause believed they had earned
their freedom.
• In 1780 Pennsylvania passed a law for the _____________________ abolition of slavery.
• During the 1780s the _______________________________ states also abolished slavery.
• After the war, both Virginia and Maryland made it easier to grant freedom to enslaved
people. Several southern states also passed laws ____________________ the slave trade.
Impact on Religion
• Before the war, many colonies had official churches that everyone paid taxes to support.
• New laws endorsed a _____________________________________ of church and state.
• For the Roman Catholic Church, the Revolutionary War led to a certain amount of
_________________________. Catholics had often faced prejudice, but the arrival of
French Catholic soldiers helped change many people’s attitudes.
A New Nation
• The war left the new nation with some problems.
• The Revolution had cost a lot of money, and Congress had _____________________
from foreign sources and American citizens.
•
•
Now the money needed to be repaid.
Setting up a central government to deal with debt and other national issues was going to
be complicated. The Continental Congress would meet again to discuss economic issues
and a new system of government.