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Vertebrates
Birds and Mammals
Ch. 35
Class Aves:
• _________________
• Body – head, neck, trunk, and tail
• 2 pairs of limbs – forelimbs are wings, hind limbs are legs
• Strong, light bones with many filled with air spaces. Bones are reinforced in a
lattice-like structure
• _________________heart
• Lungs with _________________
• Variety of Beaks or bills present
• No urinary bladder
• _________________with _________________eggs and young are cared for by
parents
• _________________– with a high body temperature compared to other
vertebrates
• Beaks and feet show many adaptations to many different environments
• All organ systems are as well developed as those of mammals
• Biologists believe birds to have evolved from reptiles
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Feathers – modified scales
Scales on legs and feet
_______________– a fossil bird with both features of reptiles and birds
– Believed to be a link between reptiles and birds
The evolution of flight: These _________________bones may have predated
flight, as clearly indicated by the fossil record, then they must have had some
function on the ground. The probable ancestors of birds were agile, ___________
dinosaurs that also would have benefited from a light frame.
Feathers
• Protection, _________________, _________________, display
• Pigments give colour – male is usually brighter than female – plays a role in
mating behaviour
• Parts of the feather:
– ________________ – hollow
part of shaft attached to a skin
follicle
– ________________ – flat part
supported by central shaft
– ________________ – spread out
diagonally from shaft
– ________________ – overlap the
barb next to it and are held
together by tiny hooks
• Feathers are non-living when fully
grown
• Molting occurs usually in late summer
• ________________ - feathers can be water proof by adding oil to the feathers
with their beaks from an ________________ near the base of the tail
– Hooking barbs back together is also part of this process
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Types of Feathers
• ________________ – insulate and protect body
• ________________ – contour feathers extending from the body
– On wings - support during ________________
– On tail – acts like a ________________
• ________________ – short shafts, long barbs, no hooks = soft – insulate by
trapping air
Respiratory System – ________________
• Provide large amounts of oxygen
• Air sacs – increase surface area and lung volume – also provide buoyancy
because they contain ________________
• Air flow
– Nostrils  trachea  bronchus  bronchi  lungs  air sacs
– Oxygen-poor air enters anterior air sacs  lungs  bronchi  bronchus
 trachea  nostrils
•
One-way air flow = ________________
Note that the air sacs penetrate the hollow long bones. The "flow-through" design of the
avian respiratory system allows birds to sustain high activity levels for longer periods
than mammals and to survive at ______________ where the partial pressure of oxygen is
insufficient for mammalian existence
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Circulatory System – ________________
• ________________ – no mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
• Important in generating and regulating ________________ = endothermic
Digestive System
• ________________ - eat large amounts of food to obtain energy for flight
– Some take in as much food as 30% of their body weight per day
• Food: mouth  esophagus crop  gizzard  intestines  cloaca
– ______________ – stores and softens food
– ______________ – 2nd part of stomach containing stones (swallowed by
bird) to grind up food
– ___________ – digestion completed and nutrients absorbed into the blood
Excretory System
• ________________ remove nitrogenous wastes to form uric acid
• Uric acid and fecal matter combine into semisolid paste-like substance
Nervous System
• Large brain and well organized
– ________________ – coordinates muscles = precision flying
• Poor sense of smell and taste
• Sight, hearing, and balance are highly developed
Reproductive System – ________________
• Most do not have ________________ sex organs – the cloaca of each must be in
contact with the sperm transferring to the female
• The chicken egg: fill in what you think is important –
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Avian egg - Bird reproduction is superficially similar to mammalian reproduction.
The birds copulate, the egg is fertilized and the embryo matures.
• Of course, in mammals that maturation occurs in the ________________, while
in birds it occurs in the ________________.
– That is why bird eggs are so large and contain a ___________ (which is a
source of energy for they embryo during maturation). They have to do the
job of a ___________ (i.e. providing a safe place to mature) and the
__________(i.e. providing food and nutrients for the developing embryo).
– So every time you eat an egg, you are eating all of the energy necessary
for a chicken embryo to mature.
Question1: Why do birds need large amounts of food?
Answer1
Question2: What are some similarities between birds and mammals
Answer2:
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Mammals
Class: _________________ – may have evolved from ________________
Characteristics from other animals
• Nourish young with milk by ________________glands
• The body covering (integument layer) is ________________
Other features of mammals
• ________________heart and are endothermic
• ________________– a internal muscular wall separating the chest and abdomen
cavities
• Highly developed brains and other organ systems
• Well differentiated ________________
The diaphragm is a thin dome-shaped
muscle which separates the
________________cavity (lungs and heart)
from the ________________cavity
(intestines, stomach, liver, etc.). It is
involved in respiration, drawing downward
in the chest on inhalation, and pushing
upward in exhalation.
Types of mammals
Order ________________– egg laying mammals (most reptile-like mammals)
• Only 2 species of this order:
– ________________ and Echidna
________________– pouched animals – young are born immature and complete their
development inside mother’s pouch
________________mammals – largest and most successful mammals
• Young develop completely in ________________
• Young are born more advanced than marsupials
Placental Mammals
Order: ________________– insect eaters, small, live underground, and have a common
opening – cloaca (shrews, moles, hedgehogs – 4 or 5 families, 390 species)
Order: ________________– large, gnawing incisor teeth which continually grow
• Many carry ________________
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Order: ________________– rabbits and hares
• The major differences between rabbits and hares include: 1.) their methods in
avoiding predators (rabbits hide in dense vegetation or burrows; hares have longer
legs and try to outrun predators), and 2.) the characteristics of their young at birth
(newborn rabbits ("kittens") are born ________________and with their eyes
closed; newborn hares ("leverets") are ________________- their eyes are open
and they can move around with some degree of coordination
Order ________________– flying mammals – bats
• Only mammal capable of real flight
• ________________with skin stretched over 4 long fingers for wings
• Most feed on insects, others on fruit, pollen, small animals, and a few feed on
blood of cattle (vampire bat) – can spread disease
• Use sonar-like ________________to navigate
Order: ________________– mammals without ________________
• mainly found in Central and South America
• Anteaters, ________________and sloths
• Long claws, long ________________
Order: ________________– mammals with ________________
Order: ________________– ungulates (hoofed mammals and herbivores) with even
number of toes
• Pigs, deer, antelope, cattle, giraffes
Order: ________________– odd number of toes
• E.g. horses
Order: ________________– meat eaters – cats, dogs, skunks…
• Most are strong, fast, and have sharp claws and teeth
• Very good sense of ________________and usually are intelligent with hunting
________________________________
Order: ________________– ________________mammals feeding on fish
• Fins are modified as flippers with streamlined body shaped
• Live births and breath ________________
• Walruses, seals, sea lions
Order: ________________- aquatic mammals, flippers but no hind limbs
• Whales, porpoises, dolphins -largest whales feed on plankton using horny plates
called baleen
• Have ________________but can hold their breath very long
• Have ________________
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Primates and Human Origin
Order __________________: - monkeys, humans, apes
• Grasping hands to manipulate objects
• Nails instead of claws
• __________________– allows grasping of objects
• Most live in trees
• Most intelligent of mammals with large, well developed and complex brain
• Good sense of sight
__________________– the scientific study of past human cultures by analyzing the
material remains (sites and artifacts) that people left behind; also including the study of
the origin of humans
__________________- the scientific study of past human cultures by analyzing the
material remains (sites and artifacts) that people left behind.
How do humans and other primates differ?
Skull – humans have much _______________, therefore the skull needs to be larger
(gorilla’s skull capacity = 450cm3, human’s is about 1450cm3
– It is also __________________
Jaws and Teeth - humans – __________________, with distinct chins and smaller teeth
Other primates – heavier, rectangular jaws, with larger teeth
__________________– opening in skull where __________________enters
– Humans – opening is ________ the
skull allowing skull to be on top of
column
– _____________ – opening is
toward the back of the skull
• The position of the foramen magnum
determines if the primate had
______________________ or not
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Bipedal Locomotion – ability to walk on
_________________
• This is possible due to pelvis being
adapted for upright posture serving
as a sight for attachment for long
____________________
• It’s bowl-like shape also serves to
support internal organs
– ______________________
is over top of pelvis and
legs
Human Origins????
There is a common misconception that humans evolved from __________ like those
living today. It has been shown that this is impossible. One theory states that both
humans and apes have evolved from a ________________, but extinct, primitive primate
_____________ –primate human ancestors and the rest of the human line or family,
starting from Australopithecus
_________________________ afarensis – “Lucy”
• Lived ~2.8 to 3.8 mya
• Bipedal pelvis
• __________________brain and jaw
scientist believe that __________________evolved before increased brain size
Australopithecus __________________–“ape of southern Africa”
• lived ~ 2 to 3 mya
• ~ 1metre tall, 25kg
• __________________
• Brain was larger than a gorilla
• May have been __________________
Australopithecus __________________– lived ~ 2.2 – 1.4 mya
• More muscular and heavier jaw than africanus
• Believed to have fed on vegetation
• Became extinct and __________________to be ancestor of modern humans
__________________– found in east Africa
• Made tools, therefore named Homo – “__________________”
• Lived ~ 1.6 to 2.2 mya
• more human-like teeth and __________________than Australopithecus
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Homo __________________– lived ~ 1.5 mya to 250 000 ya
• May be descendents of H. habalis
• Fossil remains in Africa, Europe, and Asia
• First to use fire and lived in __________________
• Larger brain than H. habilis but smaller than modern humans
• May be ancestors to __________________– modern humans (~250 000 ya)
__________________– early type of H. sapiens classified: H. sapiens neanderthalensis
• First appeared ~ 130 000ya and found in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Africa
• __________________and ~1.5m tall
• Large, heavy eyebrow ridges
• Brain was about the same size as modern humans but shaped differently
• Lived in __________________in caves or simple rock shelters
• Used fire and made tools, weapons, and clothing
• Capable of speech but not as advanced as ours
• Hunted __________________, rhinoceroses, and other big game by surrounding
prey – this could leave them with some serious injuries
• __________________their dead
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_______________– replaced Neanderthals ~ 35 000ya – may have killed them off
Fossils found in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
Lived in groups in caves or dwellings made of ___________________________
Skeletons and brain size similar to modern humans
Tools: awls, axes, knives, fishhooks….
Sewn clothing from animal hides
Buried dead with ritual
Before Cro-Magnon – evolutionary changes were _____________ E.g. brain size
After Cro-Magnon –____________________________________changes
Question1: Why do scientists disagree about how humans evolved?
Answer1:
Question2: Why is H. erectus considered closer to humans than H. habilis is?
Answer2:
Question3: What makes primates well adapted to life in trees?
Answer3:
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