Download AP Euro Definitions Quarter 4 - Grosse Pointe Public School System

AP European History
Definitions for Quarter 4 Terms
Chapter 26
Dr. David Livingston: first white man to do humanitarian and religious work in south
and central Africa
H. M. Stanley: found Livingston (thought dead) and his newspaper reports spurred
interest in Africa
“White Man’s Burden” : The idea that the “civilized” Europeans had an obligation to
uplift and civilize “backward” peoples. Came from a poem by Rudyard Kipling
Rudyard Kipling: author of the phrase, “White Man’s Burden”
Belgian Congo: Stanley was hired by King Leopold II of Belgium to claim tribal lands
in Africa for the king. For a time, this was Leopold’s personal playground although
Belgian soldiers were used to subjugate the natives
Leopold II:
King
Kng of Belgium who hired Stanley to acquire territory in Africa for the
Berlin Conference (1884): Hosted by Bismarck and Ferry to determine the rules of
colonization in the Old World. Resulted in the Scramble for Africa
Battle of Omdurman: (1898) General Horatio H. Kitchener defeated Sudanese
tribesmen and killed 11,000 with machine guns.
Fashoda Incident: Almost brought the British and French to war over the Sudan
Cecil Rhodes: Prime Minister of the Cape Colony who came up with the Cape to Cairo
Dream
Boer Wars: between the British and the descendants of early Eutch settlers in South
Africa
Kruger Telegram: sent by Kaiser Wilhelm II congratulating the Boers for repelling a
British attack without help from Germany
Opium Wars: between the British and the Chinese. The first one ended with the Treaty
of Nanking which awarded Hong Kong to the Brits
Treaty of Nanking: ended the first Opium war and awarded Hong Kong to the Brits
Sino-Japanese War: 1894-95 Japan took Formosa from China and insisted on Korea’s
independence
British East India Company: was given authority over India after the Seven Years’
War and was forced to deal with the Sepoy Mutiny
Sepoy Mutiny: 1857-1858 Insurrection of Hindu and Muslim soldiers in British army
spread to Northern and Central India. Short-term cause: British use of animal fat to
grease rifle cartridges
Indian National Congress: founded by educated Indians in 1885 who demanded
independence and self-government
Indochina: French sphere of influence b y the 1880s and includes Vietnam, Cambodia
and Laos
Boxer Rebellion: 1901 Members of a secret Chinese organization committed to driving
foreigners and their influence out of China
Russo-Japanese War: 1904-05 settled by the Treaty of Portsmouth and awarded the
Japanese Korea and the Russian sphere of influence in Manchuria
Chapter 27
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy prior to WWI
Anglo-Japanese Alliance: between Britain and Japan. The Brits were concerned about
Russia’s possible future ambitions in India
Triple Entente: England, France and Russia prior to WWI
Russia-German Reinsurgence Treaty: an agreement by each (1880’s-90’s) to remain
neutral in the event that the other went to war
Dreadnaught: a super warship with awesome firing range
Lay Down Your Arms by Suttner. An effort to inspire pacifism in the face of the arms
race prior to WWI. Suttner was the forst woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize
Kruger Telegram: Kaiser Wilhelm II sent this to the Boers in Africa congratulating
them for repelling a British attack without German help
Algeciras Conference: Teddy Roosevelt mediated an end to a conflict between
Germany and France in Morocco
Pan-Slavism: an effort by Russia to unite all of the Slavic people in the Balkan
Peninsula under Russian leadership
Young Turks:
hoped to reform the Ottoman Empire and make it a modern state
1st Balkan Crisis/War: Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece combined to drive the Ottomans out
of the Balkan Peninsula
Second Balkan War: Bulgaria believed it had been cheated out of territory after the first
Balkan War and went to war with Serbia
Archduke Ferdinand: his assassination by Gavrilo Princip sparked WWI
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
Allies: England, France, Russia (later the U.S.)
Western Front: was established at the very beginning of the war with the failure of the
Schlieffen Plan
Schlieffen Plan: Gemany’s Plan at the beginning of WWI to march through Belgium
and circle around Paris and then double-back to Russia before it could mobilize
Battle of the Marne (1914) After Germany came within sight of Paris, French and
British forces pushed the Germans back establishing the Western Front until the end of
the war
Battle of Verdun: 1916 French General Petain a national hero as a result
Battle of the Somme: 1916 British and French offensive broke through the German
lines
All Quiet on the Western Front: Erich Remarque (1929) Film depicting the horrors of
trench warfare
General Hindenburg: with Ludendorf defeated the Russians at Tannenburg
General Ludendorf: see above
T.E. Lawrence: (Lawrence of Arabia) a British officer who gained the support of
Arab tribes against the Ottoman Turks
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Russia agreed to give up much territory to the Germans in
order to drop out of the war
U-boats: German submarines considered to be uncivilized warfare
Lusitania: British luxury passenger liner sunk by a u-boat
Archangel Expedition: Allied soldiers sent to interfere in the Russian Revolution
ostensively to prevent war materials from falling into the hands of the Germans. Some
ended up fighting with the Mensheviks against the Bolsheviks
Clemenceau: Led France during WWI
Zimmerman Telegram: sent from Zimmerman, a Geman Minister, to Mexico offering
Mexico the lost lands to the North if Mexico would go to war with the U.S. in the event
that the U.S. tried to enter WWI
Balfour Note: The British promised to help establish an independent Jewish state in the
Holy Land in exchange for support during WWI
Woodrow Wilson: President of the U.S. who brought the U.S. into WWI. Was also the
author of the 14 Points
The Fourteen Points: Wilson’s plan for peace
Paris Peace Conference: where the big winners of WWI hammered out the Treaty of
Versailles
Big Four: England (Lloyd George), France (Clemenceau), Italy (Orlando), the U.S.
(Wilson)
Versailles Treaty: Ended WWI. Included League of Nations, Article 231, Reparations,
and led to WWII
Article 231: Part of the Treaty of Versailles which said that Germany accepte4d full
responsibility for the war
League of Nations: Wilson’s 14th Point. Where nations could meet as equals to talk out
their differences rather than resorting to war. The U.S., the Soviet Union, and Germany
did not belong
John Maynard Keynes: wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace in 1919
predicting that Germany’s harsh terms would lead to a poor European economy then to
political upheaval
Easter Rebellion 1916: Caused by the Irish who did not want to wait until after the war
for Irish Home Rule
Tsar Alexander I: author of the Holy Alliance after the defeat of Napoleon
Holy Alliance: Alexander I of Russia wanted the great powers to promise to treat each
other with Christian principles in mind. The Pope, England, and the Ottomans did not
sign and very few took the Holy Alliance seriously
Decembrist Uprising: The first example of the upper class challenging the Czar’s
authority. Young military officers who wanted a constitutional monarchy tried to prevent
Nicholas I from taking power
Nicholas I: crushed the Decembrist Uprising, issued the Organic Statute, and embroiled
Russia in the Crimean War
Slavophiles: believed in the genius of the Russian Mir
Alexander II took Russia out of the Crimean War by accepting The Four Points, freed
the serfs with the Emancipation Act of 1861, and tried to industrialize Russia
Mirs: Russia’s rural agricultural communities where land was held in common
Zemstoves: an unsuccessful effort by Alexander II to offer more democratic local
government
Bakunin: one of the most famous of the Russian anarchists
Alexander III: built the trans-Siberian railroad and had some success industrializing
Russia
Treaty of Portsmouth: negotiated by Teddy Roosevelt. Ended the Russo-Japanese
War. Awarded Korea and Russia’s sphere of influence in Manchuria to the Japanese
Revolution of 1905: Began with Bloody Sunday in which peasants and workers
marched on the Winter Palace to ask the Czar for reforms. Guards fired on the crowd and
then a general strike brought Russia to a standstill causing Nicholas II to negotiate with
the malcontents
October Manifests: created the Duma and guaranteed freedom of speech and religion in
Russia
Duma: a Russian assembly with advisory powers created by the October manifesto
Peter Stolypin: was assassinated by Russian nobles who resented his liberal efforts to
break down the mirs and to reward and give assistance to enterprising peasants (kulaks)
Vladimir Lenin: led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution and created the Worker
Soviets. He was the heir to Marxist philosophy and the first leader of the Soviet Union
Mensheviks: the white Russians who wanted to delay the Russian Revolution until after
the evolution of capitalism
Bolsheviks: the red Russians who believed that a successful socialist revolution could
occur even in a “backward” country like Russia
Leon Trotsky: led the Red Army and was one of Lenin’s closest associates
February Revolution: resulted in the abdication of the Czar and his and his family’s
arrest. The government was led by Kerensky and was a combination of former Duma
leaders and the Petrograd Soviet
Rasputin: a mystic who had undo influence over the last of the Romanovs
Kerensky: was Russia’s leader directly after the abdication of the Czar but was ousted
by Lenin as a result of the October Revolution
Petrograd Soviet: were responsible for ousting the Czar and served as part of the
provisional government prior to Lenin’s takeover
Kornilov Affair: 1917 Conservatives threatened to overthrow the Kerensky
government
October Revolution: Lenin and the Bolsheviks forced Kerensky out of power
Politburo: Was formed to organize the Bolshevik revolution. Led by Lenin, Trotsky,
Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin
Red Army: (Bolshevik) was led by Trotsky
Cheka: the Bolshevik secret police
Communist Party: a new name acquired by the Bolsheviks
Reds/Whites: Bolsheviks/ Mensheviks (often with many other groups)
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic: (1922) The world’s first communist country
Chapter 28
Friedrich Nietzsche: important critic of the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Wrote
Will to Power and Thus Spake Zarathustra. Said, “God is Dead.”
Henri Bergson: In the 1890’s he had convinced many young people that immediate
experience and intuition were as important as rational and scientific thinking for
understanding reality
Georges Sorel: gave us Syndicalism: a manifestation of anarchism
Syndicalism: Syndicalism: a manifestation of anarchism. It foreshadowed the
Bolshevik Revolution and the control of an elite few in Russia
Sigmund Freud: Father of psychoanalysis. Freudian psychology emphasized the
greedy, irrational nature of humans
Paul Valery: Poet. Spoke of the “cruelly injured mind” besieged by doubts & suffering
from anxieties due to economic, political, social disruptions of the 1920’s
Ludwig Wittgenstein: Part of the “Vienna Circle” of the 1920’s and 30’s
Developed Logical Empiricism (logical positivism): Philosophy is the only logical
clarification of thought
Logical Empiricism: See above. Abstract concepts: God, freedom, morality, etc. are
senseless since they cannot be tested by scientific experiment or demonstrated by the
logic of mathematics. Only experience is worth analyzing
Oswald Spengler: 1880-1936 The Decline of the West
Every culture experiences a life cycle of growth and decline Western civilization is in
old age Rise of the Eastern races
T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land Depicted a world of growing desolation
Considered the most famous long poem of the 20th century
Erich Remarque: All Quiet on the Western Front Novel detailing the horrors of trench
warfare during WWI
Franz Kafka: Portrayed helpless individuals destroyed by inexplicably hostile and
surreal forces. The Trial, The Castle, The Metamorphosis
Existentialism: life is absurd with no inherent meaning
John-Paul Sartre: Wrote that life had no meaning and that humans simply exist
Albert Camus: said that people have to find meaning by taking action against that with
which they disagree
George Orwell: 1984 The concept of “Big Brother” and his totalitarian state
Used a new kind of language, sophisticated technology and psychological terror to strip a
weak individual of the last shred of human dignity
Max Planck: Gave us the basis for quantum physics
Albert Einstein: Theory of Relativity Nothing is absolute except the speed of light
Ernest Rutherford: split the atom
Werner Heisenberg: Gave us The Principle of Uncertainty also The Heisenberg
Principle: The dynamics of an experiment alters the state of the subject
Bauhaus Movement: A break with traditional architecture; clean, light, airy, elegant
Walter Gropius: a member of the Bauhaus Movement. Designed the Fagus Shoe
Factory
Pablo Picasso: Father of Cubism. Painted Guernica
Wassily Kandinsky: Known for non-representational art
Dadaism: art that mirrored the belief that the world did not make sense. Nonsensical
like Mona Lisa with a moustache by Marcel Duchamp
Surrealism: influenced by Freud. Psychological, nightmarish
Salvador Dali: Surrealist. Painted Persistence of Memory
Igor Stravinsky: Most important composer of the 20th century Rite of Spring
Arnold Schonberg: pioneered 12-tone technique
Weimar Republic: the government established in Germany immediately following
WWI
SPD: The Democratic Socialist Party in Germany. Was the largest political faction in
Germany in 1914
Spartacists: a group of communists led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht took
control of Berlin for 1 week in Jan. 1919
Freikorps: paramilitary groups in Germany supporting the Weimar Republic
Treaty of Versailles: Ended WWI. Included reparation payments, Article 231, and
redrew the map of Europe
Article 231: Part of the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was forced to accept the entire
responsibility for WWI
John Maynard Keynes: wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace
Diktat: “Stab in the Back” Most Germans believed that the Weimar Republic made a
big mistake signing the Treaty of Versailles in light of Article 231
Ruhr Crisis: 1923 Germany could not keep up with its reparations payments and the
French occupied the Ruhr Valley
Raymond Poincare: The leader of France who ordered the above
Locarno Pact: 1925 Germany and other European nations agreed to settle disputes
peacefully
Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928 62 nations outlawed war except in self-defense (but no
enforcement) The U.S. was also a signatory nation
Representation of the People Act (1928): English Parliament lowered the voting age
for women to 21
General Strike 1926: England: workers supported miners who feared a dramatic drop
in their wages…failed
Labour Party: took power for 9 months in 1924. Led by Ramsey McDonald
Replaced the Liberal party as main opponent to conservatives (England)
Irish Question: What to do about Northern Ireland? October 1921 Irish Free State
created. Ulster withdrew
Stock Market Crash 1929: U.S. stock market crash triggered depression in U.S. and it
spread world-wide
Great Depression: Production decline in every country except Russia (command
economy there)
New Deal: FDR’s program designed to combat the depression in the U.S.
Keynesian Economics: prop up economy through public works programs and subsidies
Popular Front: (coalition of republicans, socialists, communists and radicals against the
threat of fascism. Popular Front led by Leon Blum (France)
Chapter 29
Totalitarianism: a government in which the individual is totally subordinate to the state
Fascism: A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator,
stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship,
and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism.
Communism: a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all
property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to
the state.
Lenin: the first leader of the Soviet Union
Comintern: 1919 was created (aka The Third International) to serve as the first step of
the International movement: Workers of the world Unite!
War Communism: the concept of total war as applied to the Russian Revolution
Cheka: The Bolshevik secret police
Kronstadt Rebellion: Mutiny by previously pro-Bolshevik sailors at the Kronstadt
naval base (1921)
NEP: Lenin’s New Economic Policy tried to eliminate some of the harsher aspects of
War Communism involving a “necessary step backward”
USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Joseph Stalin: Leader of the USSR after Lenin (1927-53)
Leon Trotsky: led the Red Army but fell out of favor when Stallin took power and was
hunted down and executed by Stalin’s agents
Five Year Plans: Stalin’s efforts to improve the USSR’s productivity and economy
Collectivization: Individual peasant farms were consolidated into large, state-controlled
farms. Brought socialism to the countryside and the peasants under control of the state.
Kulaks: enterprising peasants who revisited collectivization and who were liquidated by
Stalin
Central Committee: part of the government structure under Stalin. Was just below the
Politburo
Politburo: Stalin’s closest advisors; about 12 members. Discussed policy and
personnel
Great Terror: Government-sponsored terror was used on peasants, leading communists,
& ordinary apparent reason people often for no The “Great Terror” resulted in 8 million
arrests (USSR)
Old Bolsheviks: followers of Lenin who were tried and executed by Stalin’s agents
Purges: (Stalin) Millions were killed or disappeared or sent to forced labor camps called
Gulags
Gulags: Forced labor camps (Stalin)
Benito Mussolini: Led the fascists in Italy
Il Duce: Mussolini
Fascist Party: Mussolini’s party characterized by conservativism and nationalism
Black Shirts: Paramilitary forces that attacked Communists, Socialists, and other
enemies of the fascists
Lateran Pact: Mussolini’s deal with the Pope. The Church recognized the legitimacy of
Mussolini’s government in exchange for $92 million for Church lands
Nazism: Extreme nationalism and racism coupled with the desire to conquer other
nations
Aryan Race: The Nazis believed that the race of Germanic peoples was superior to
other races
NAZI: National Socialist German Workers Party
Brown Shirts: (aka the SA) were a Nazi paramilitary group that terrorized political
opponents on the streets. Became the private army of the Nazis and were very loyal to
Hitler
Mein Kamph: Became the blueprint for Hitler’s future plans. Written by Hitler
Lebenstraum: (living space): Germans should expand east, remove the Jews, and turn
the Slavs into slave labor
Fuhrer: Leader-dictator
Third Reich: 1933-45 Hitler’s Germany
Reichstag Fire: occurred during the violent electoral campaign of 1933
The incident was used by the Nazis to crack down on the communists
Joseph Goebels: Hitler’s minister of propaganda
Leni Riefenstal: film maker who glorified Hitler and Nazi Party in Triumph of the Will
Triumph of the Will: see above
SS: Hitler’s elite, personal guard
Heinrigh Himmler: led the SS
Night of the Long Knives: the slaughter of the SA by the SS
Gestapo: Hitler’s political police
Hitler Youth: At first; voluntary Soon membership was mandatory
Children were encouraged to turn in their teachers or even their parents if they seemed
disloyal to the state
Nuremberg Laws: 1935 deprived Jews of all rights of citizenship and worse
Kriastallnacht: Night of the broken glass. Hitler ordered an attack on all Jewish
communities
Holocaust: 6 million European Jews were eventually killed during WWII
The “Final Solution”
Final Solution: See above
Manchuria 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria in violation of the 9-Power Treaty, the
charter of the League of Nations and the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Ethiopia 1935: Italy invaded Ethiopia 1935. Used modern weapons
500,000 Ethiopians died, 5,000 Italians
Spanish Civil War: Spain’s constitutional monarchy under Juan Carlos was challenged
by Fascist, Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco: Led the Fascists in Spain against King Juan Carlos. Was aided by
Hitler and Mussolini during the Spanish Civil War
Rome-Berlin Axis: Formed between Germany and Italy as a response to successful
military cooperation in Spain
Rhineland 1936: German troops occupied the demilitarized Rhineland in violation of
the Treaty of Versailles
Appeasement: (Neville Chamberlain) the Brits and the French allowed Hitler to take
Austria and the Sudetenland without repercussions
Neville Chamberlain: British Prime Minister responsible for the policy of appeasement
Polish Corridor: former German territory that had been given to Poland for access to
the sea. Hitler’s attack on the corridor was the beginning of the blitzkrieg which began
WWII
Danzig: Port city at the tip of the Polish Corridor which had been goverened by the
League of Nations since the end of WWI
German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact: A ten-year neutrality agreement between Hitler
and Stalin prior to the attack on Poland. Privately: Agreed to divide Poland between
them
Blitzkrieg: Lightening War. Began with Hitler’s attack on Poland
Vichy France: The German puppet government in S. France led by Petain
Charles DeGaulle: Led the Free French during WWII
Tripartite Pact: Japan joined Rome-Berlin Axis in 1940
Battle of Britain: after the fall of France the Germans began bombing England in
preparation for an invasion
Lebensraum; Living Space. Hitler’s plan to settle Germans in Poland and other lands to
the east and the Slavic people would act as servants to the Aryans
Atlantic Charter: FDR and Churchill agreed that when and if the U.S. entered the war,
the primary goal would be to defeat Hitler
Lend-Lease: Allowed FDR to circumvent U.S. neutrality laws in order to send aid to the
allies against Hitler
Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 Attack by Japan brought the U.S. into the war
Grand Alliance: formed in 1942 Britain, USSR, the U.S. and 42 other nations
Wannsee Conference: Hitler’s formal plan for liquidating the Jews
Auschwitz: one of several Nazi death camps
El Alamein: Nov. 1942: British forces led by Montgomery drove the Germans (led by
Rommel (the Desert Fox) out of Egypt
D-Day: aka Operation Overlord June 6, 1944120,000 troops crossed the channel to
beaches of Normandy in France...amphibious assault
Battle of the Bulge: Dec. 1944 Hitler tried to break through the Allied lines
Hiroshima: The U.S. dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945
Nagasaki: The U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki Aug. 9, 1945
Tehran Conference: (U.S., Brits, USSR 1943) Allies agreed to invasion of W. Europe
(D-Day,) Stalin agreed to go against Japan after Hitler was defeated, Stalin insisted on
occupying E. Europe
Yalta Conference: (aka Sellout at Yalta) Stalin promised free elections after brief
occupation of E. Europe
Planned United Nations
Stalin agreed to enter war against Japan within 3 months after defeat of Germany
Zones for divided Germany decided on
Potsdam Conference: 1945 Truman, Atlee, Stalin reversed on free elections in Eastern
Europe
Agreed on war crimes trials: Nuremburg Trials
Reparations from each zone of Germany
Chapter 30
Iron Curtain: from a speech by Churchill. Alerted the West to future conflict with
Russia. The Iron Curtain prevented the free exchange of people and ideas between the
East and the West.
Truman Doctrine: Established the U.S. Policy of Containment that lasted for four
decades. The U.S. would assist free peoples requesting aid against aggressive
communism.
Containment : Western (U.S.) policy to prevent the spread of communism to Western
Europe
Marshall Plan: European reconstruction: the U.S. sent $13 billion in aid (no strings) to
help rebuild war-torn Europe
Berlin Airlift: U.S. and others 11 month airlift 277,000 flights to keep West Berliners
alive (Food, Rx, Coal) after Stalin blocked the roads from the West to West Berlin
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty organization (1949) Collective security organization:
U.S., Canada, and European democracies (12 members total) An attack on one = an
attack on all
Warsaw Pact: (1955) Response of USSR after West Germany joined NATO in 1954.
USSR and Eastern Bloc countries arranged for collective security
Hydrogen Bomb: USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb in 1949
Hydrogen Bomb: U.S. 1952 then USSR 1953
Eastern Bloc: Eastern European countries controlled by the USSR after WWII
Joseph Stalin:
leader of the USSR after Lenin and before Khrushchev (1927-53)
Josip Broz Tito: communist leader of Yugoslavia during the cold war
Nikita Khrushchev: Led the USSR from 1953-1964. Author of Peaceful co-existence
and Gosplan
De-Stalinization: 1956 at 20th Party Congress Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s crimes in
a secret anti-Stalin speech. Wanted to raise the standard of living in the USSR before
spreading communism to the rest of the world
Gosplan: Khrushchev’s plan to shift the focus from military and heavy industry to
agriculture and consumer goods
Boris Pasternak: wrote Dr. Zhivago
Alexander Solzhenitsyn: portrayed the grim life of a Stalinist gulag in One Day in the
Life of Ivan Denisovitch
Hungarian Uprising 1956: Students and workers in Budapest installed a liberal
Communist reformer as new leader…Imre Nagy. Was crushed by Soviets
Sputnik: 1957 first man-made satellite in space (Soviet) Began the Space Race
Peaceful Coexistence: Khrushchev wanted to concentrate on improving USSR’s
economy rather than the spreading of communism to the rest of the world. Relations
improved between the East and the West in the 50’s
Geneva Conference 1955: USSR, U.S., France, Britain met to discuss disarmament
No agreement reached
U-2 Incident: 1960 American U-2 spy plane was shot down over USSR
Berlin Wall: Built by Khrushchev when the West refused to give their sector to the
USSR. Divided Berlin 1961-89
Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962: The U.S. placed a naval blockade against Soviet ships
coming to Cuba to prevent the completion of a Soviet missile base in Cuba
Leonid Brezhnev: 1964-82 Replaced Khrushchev as leader of the USSR. Avoided
direct confrontation with the U.S.
Prague Spring: Alexander Dubcek of Czechoslovakia was elected brought “Prague
Spring” Wanted democratic reform; freedom of speech “Socialism with a human face”
Movement was crushed by the Soviets in 1968
Alexander Dubcek: see above
Brezhnev Doctrine: the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any
socialist country whenever they saw the need.
Willy Brandt: W. Germany’s Chancellor 1969-1974 began to improve relations with
Eastern Europe with his “Eastern Initiative”
Ostpolitik: Brandt negotiated treaties with the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland: formally
accepting state boundaries and mutual renunciation of force or threat of force. Eased
tensions and inspired Détente between the U.S. and the USSR
Détente: inspired by Brandt’s Ostpolitic. Nixon and his Sec. of State, Kissinger worked
to ease tensions with the USSR.
SALT I: Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty: 1972 Nixon and Brezhnev signed a treaty
to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles and to reduce the # of same to 200 for each
power
Helsinki Conference: 1975 The Final Act Officially ended WWII by finally
legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries for Eastern European countries
Afghanistan: 1979 The Soviets invaded Afghanistan ending Détente.
Solidarity: Led by Lech Walesa in Poland. A movement toward reform supported by
most working class, the West and the Pope (John Paul II) but driven underground by the
Soviets 1979
Pope John Paul II: Former Polish Cardinal. Supported Solidarity in Poland
Lech Walessa: Led the solidarity movement in Poland
Atlantic Conference: the U.S., Britain and W. Germany (Reagan, Thatcher, Kohl) all
committed to support liberal efforts in Eastern Europe
Margaret Thatcher: English Prime Minister 1979 Was committed to fighting
communism along eith Reagan and Kohl. The Iron Maiden
Helmut Kohl: West Germany Chancellor. Pro-American. Came to power in 1982 as the
leader of the conservative Christian Democrats. Worked closely with Thatcher and
Reagan
Peristroika: brainchild of Mikhail Gorbachev. (Soviet leader 1985-89) economic
reform. Adopted some free-market policies…unsuccessfully
INF Treaty 1987: Gorbachev and Reagan All intermediate-range nuclear missiles
banned
START Treaty 1990: Gorbachev and George Bush
Would cut 10% of U.S. and 25% of USSR’s nukes and both to limit ICBM warheads
Revolutions of 1989: ended communist control of Eastern Europe: Poland, Berlin Wall,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Albania
German Reunification: 1990 after the end of the Berlin Wall economies of E and W
Germany were unified and $ poured into the Eastern part(causing much resentment by
West Germans)
Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia. A general strike resulted in the fall of the
communist government
Vaclaw Havel: a dissident playwright, became president of Czechoslovakia as a result
of the Velvet Revolution
Nicholi Ceausescu: Oppressive dictator in Romania, Ceausescu was ousted from power
and was assassinated
Fall of the Soviet Union: 1991 Yeltsin (President of Russia) and liberal allies declared
Russia independent and withdrew from Soviet Union
By December 25 Soviet Union dissolved into 15 independent states
Boris Yeltsen: President of Russia outlawed communist party in Russia giving rise to
the fall of the Soviet Union
Chechnya: beginning in 1991 Rebellion of a tiny Muslim Republic within Russia
looking for independence. Russia tried to stomp it out. Problems continue
Vladimir Putin: (former KGB) replaced and hand-picked by Yeltsin as President of
Russia in 2000
De-colonization: a wave of nationalism in European colonies caused many to demand
and often to fight for their independence
Gandhi: spiritual leader in India known for passive resistance and instrumental in India
gaining independence from England soon after WWII
Dien Bien Phu: Decisive battle between the French and Vietnam convincing the French
that it was time to let that colony go at which time it became an American problem
British Commonwealth: some former British colonies agreed to a loose alliance with
the Brits
Mao-Mao: a Kenyan group of freedom fighters to oust the British
Slobodan Milosevic: 1990 President of Yugoslavia. Wanted a Serbian-dominated
country. Sparked a civil war in Yugoslavia
Croatia: with Slovenia declared its independence from Yugoslavia after Milosevic took
power in Yugoslavia
Bosnia-Herezegovina: 1992 declared independence from Yugoslavia after Milosevic
took power sparking civil war
Slovenia: with Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia after Milosevic took
power
Ethnic Cleansing: Bosnian Serbs tried to liquidate or remove Muslims: shelled cities,
confiscating and destroying homes & property, gang rape, murder
Several hundred thousand Bosnians killed
Dayton Agreements: 1995 Agreement to divide Bosnia between Muslims and Serbs
was enforced by U.S. and NATO troops
Kosovo: 1999 Milosevic tried to ethnically cleanse Kosovo (a province of Serbia) of
ethnic Albanians
Irish Republican Army (IRA): bombed English cities; wanted Northern Ireland
(Ulster) returned to Ireland Considered a terrorist organization by 1960’s
Basques: aka ETA terrorized Spain in an effort for independence
Guest Workers: a major source of tension among European conservatives
North African immigrants to France Turkish immigrants to Germany and Austria
Caused increase of xenophobia
Jean-Marie Le Pen: the most outspoken Frenchman against both immigration and
French integration into the EU
Jorg Haider: led the right-wing Austrian Freedom Party which opposed immigration
Caused the EU to demand that he step down
Chapter 31
Bretton Woods Conference: 1944 Lay the foundations for the modern international
monetary system
International Monetary Fund: 1945 Was designed to provide short-term loans to
struggling countries to prevent economic crisis and anarchy
GATT: General Agreements of Tariff and Trade lowered tariffs and other trade
restrictions to stimulate international trade
World Bank: Provided long-term loans to countries for economic growth
United Nations: provided for a place where all nations could meet as equals to discuss
their problems (1945) The Security Council has the power to impose sancetions
De Gualle: led the Free French movement during WWII and was president of the 4th and
5th French Republics
Christian Democrats: emerged as a dominant political movement in several countries
after WWII
French Fourth Republic: 1946-58 Real power was in the legislature. Executive (de
Gualle) was weak, ceremonial
Labour Party: took power in England 1945. Led by Atlee. Began to establish a
welfare stste
Catholic Party: big influence in France. Fairly progressive when compared to Christian
Dempcrats
Clement Atlee: PM after Churchill. Led the Labour Party in England in 1945
Jean Monnet: one of the organizers of the European Common Market
Conrad Adenaur: Led West Germany after 1949. Led the Christian Democrats
Economic Miracle: Due to the impact of the U.S> Marshall Plan but was also due to the
elimination of economic barriers (like tariffs)
Erhard: West German Finance minister who combined a free market economy with
extensive social welfare
Council of Europe: represented nearly all European countries. Was an effort to unify
politically, economically and militarily. Economics mose successful
Mixed Economy: a free market economy blended with socialism
ECSC: European Coal and Steel Community
Was an international organization to control and integrate European coal and steel
production Members: France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and
Luxembourg
Schuman Plan: Organized by French (Monnet) and German (Schuman)
Created the ECSC: the European Coal and Steel Community
The Six: member nations of the ECSC
EEC: European Economic Community created by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Was an
effort to bind the Six so closely together economically that war amongst them would be
unthinkable
Common Market: an effort to make European nations a single economic entity
Treaty of Rome 1957: Created the EEC and Euratom
Euratom: to develop and regulate nuclear energy
COMECOM: the Soviet version of Euratom
French Fifth Republic: gave the executive much more power than 4th Republic. Was
led by Charles de Gualle.
EU: European Union: German Chancellor Kohl and French President Mitterand wanted
to extend the EU to include a single European currency and a common defense and
foreign policy
Maastricht Treaty: 1991 The Eurodollar was introduced. Became the single currency
of the EU in 2002…except for England
Euro: The single European currency of the EU except for England
OPEC: 1973 Organization of Oil Exporting Countries. Arab oil states punished nations
supporting Israel in Yom Kippur War. OPEC resulted in an energy crisis for much of the
rest of the world
Stagflation: 1970’s in U.S. and Europe. Increasing unemployment during increased
inflationary period…unusual
Mitterand: French President who helped to found the EU
Big Science: During WWII and beyond for the first time purely theoretical science
merged with practical technology. Characterized by the atomic bomb, space race, etc.
Sputnik: The world’s first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957 also
launched the Space Race
Yuri Gagarin: Soviet Cosmonaut. First to orbit the earth. 1961
Brain Drain: 1950’s and 60’s the best and brightest European scientists went to the U.S.
Consumerism: Rising standard of living in 50’s and 60’s = the “Gadget” revolution:
washers, dryers, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, TV’s, Stereos
Counter-Culture: Rebellion against parents; authority
Baby Boom after WWII had a distinctive and international youth culture
Vatican II: 1962-65 the most important council of the Catholic Church since the
Council of Trent (mid-16th Century)
Allowed for the use of the vernacular in the liturgy
Scripture became the Foundation of the Catholic Church
Declared that (though the Catholic Church was the true Church) other Christian groups
were to be respected
French Student Revolt: 1968 Students dissatisfied with university curriculum,
overcrowding, competition for grades appealed for help from the working class and a
general strike threatened the 5th French Republic. Was crushed by government troops
Women’s Rights Movement: 1949 Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex and then
(U.S.) Betty Freidan’s The Feminine Mystique inspired the movement for women’s
equality
De Beauvoir: wrote The Second Sex: Argued that women were in essence free but had
almost always been trapped by inflexible and limiting conditions