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Earth/Environmental Science Essential Vocabulary Chapter 17 1. Ozone-the naturally occurring trace gases that make up or atmosphere 2. Troposphere- the lowermost layer of the atmosphere; It is generally characterized by a decrease in temperature with height. 3. Stratosphere- the layer of the atmosphere immediately above the troposphere, characterized by increasing temperatures with height, due to the concentration of ozone 4. Mesosphere- the layer of the atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere and characterized by decreasing temperatures with height 5. Thermosphere- the region of the atmosphere immediately above the mesosphere and characterized by increasing temperatures due to absorption of very short-wave solar energy by oxygen 6. Summer solstice- the solstice that occurs on June 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere and on December 21 or 22 in the Southern Hemisphere 7. Winter solstice- the solstice that occurs on December 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere and on June 21 or 22 in the Southern Hemisphere 8. Autumnal equinox- the equinox that occurs on September 22 or 23 in the Northern Hemisphere and on March 21 or 22 in the Southern Hemisphere 9. Spring equinox- the equinox that occurs on March 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere 10. Heat- thermal energy transferred from one object to another 11. Temperature- a measure of the average kinetic energy of individual atoms or molecules in a substance 12. Conduction- the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity; Energy is transferred through collisions from one molecule to another. 13. Convection- the transfer of heat by the movement of a mass or substance; It can take place only in fluids. 14. Radiation- the transfer of energy (heat through space by electromagnetic waves) 15. Reflection- the process whereby light bounces back from an object at the same angle at which it encounters a surface and with the same intensity 16. Scattering- the redirecting (in all directions) of light by small particles and gas molecules in the atmosphere 17. Greenhouse effect- the heating of Earth’s surface and atmosphere from solar radiation being absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere, mainly by water vapor and carbon dioxide 18. Albedo- the fraction of total radiation that is reflected back by a surface 19. Isotherm- a line connecting points of equal temperature