Download Name: TEST DATE: Per: ______ Study Guide for Final Exam

Name: __________________________________________________ TEST DATE: __________________________ Per: ______
1.
Study Guide for Final Exam - Ecology, Chemistry of Life, Cell Biology, Molecular Genetics, Heredity
Sketch replication (at the replication fork). Label all strands and indicate direction (5’, 3’)
2.
Thee following is a food web for a meadow habitat that occupies 25.6 km2. The primary producers’ biomass is uniformly
distributed throughout the habitat and totals 1,500 kg/km2.
Developers have approved a project that will permanently reduce the primary
producers’ biomass by 50 percent and remove all rabbits and deer.
What will most likely happen to each species at the completion of the project?
3.
For the diagram
describe what
changes are seen as
time progresses. For
each species explain
why they disappear or
appear over time.
4.
The gene encoding ß -galactosidase, lacZ, in E. coli is part of a coordinately regulated operon containing other genes
required for lactose utilization. Correctly Describe/sketch/label the interactions at the lac operon when lactose IS and IS
NOT being utilized? (The legend below shows the shapes of the molecules you should use in your drawing.)
1
Name: __________________________________________________ TEST DATE: __________________________ Per: ______
5.
An experiment to measure the rate of
respiration in crickets and mice at 10°C and
25°C was performed using a respirometer, an
apparatus that measures changes in gas
volume.
According to the data, the mice at 10°C
demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per
gram of tissue than did the mice at 25°C. Why is this?
According to the data, the crickets at 25°C have greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than do the crickets at
10°C. Why is the trend in oxygen consumption of the mice different to the trends in oxygen consumption among crickets
and?
6.
Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove
excess intracellular water. In an experimental investigation, paramecia were
placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the contractile
vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted
against osmolarity of the solutions, as shown in the graph. Give an explanation
for the graph. (use hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic concepts)
7.
Describe how Sickle-cell Anemia is caused at the DNA and Protein level:
8.
In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for
resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample (Wild-type). Samples were
plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. The results of E. coli
growth are summarized below. The shaded area represents extensive growth of bacteria; dots represent individual
colonies of bacteria. EXPLAIN the results of EACH PLATE (I, II, III, IV)
9.
Describe hydrolysis and dehydration reactions of nucleic acids, amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates.
2
Name: __________________________________________________ TEST DATE: __________________________ Per: ______
10. Describe the steps in Cellular Respiration. Where does each happen? Which require Oxygen?
a.
b.
c.
d.
11. The following shows 3 crossed found in a species of flower.
The data does not show simple dominance or a predictable pattern. What are some reasons this may be?
12. The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is
If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction
proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Describe the movement of water throughout respiration.
13. The figure above shows several steps in the
process of bacteriophage transduction in
bacteria. How does the bacteriophage
change the genetic information of the
bacteria?
14. Figure I to the left shows the growth of an algal species
in a flask of sterilized pond water. If phosphate is added
as indicated, the growth curve changes as shown in
Figure II.
Predict algal growth if nitrate is added instead of
phosphate? In what form do plants use nitrogen, at what
stage of the nitrogen cycle is this?
3
Name: __________________________________________________ TEST DATE: __________________________ Per: ______
15. Use the graph above to calculate the mean rate of population growth
(individuals per day) between day 3 and day 5. Give your answer to the
nearest whole number. (how do you calculate rate?)
16. In a certain species of flowering plant, the purple allele P is dominant to the yellow allele p.
A student performed a cross between a purple-flowered plant and a yellow-flowered plant. When planted, the 146
seeds that were produced from the cross matured into 87 plants with purple flowers and 59 plants with yellow flowers.
Calculate the chi-squared value for the null hypothesis that the purple-flowered parent was heterozygous for the flowercolor gene. Give your answer to the nearest tenth.
OBS
EXP
OBS-EXP
(OBS-EXP)2
(OBS-EXP)2/EXP
17. How much carbon (in g/m2) is released into the atmosphere as a
result of the metabolic activity of herbivores? Give your answer to
the nearest whole number.
18. Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) with a wild-type phenotype
have gray bodies and red eyes. Certain mutations can cause
changes to these traits. Mutant flies may have a black body and/or cinnabar eyes. To study the genetics of these traits,
a researcher crossed a true- breeding wild-type male fly (with gray body and red eyes) with a true- breeding female fly
with a black body and cinnabar eyes. All of the F1 progeny displayed a wild-type phenotype.
Female flies from the F1 generation were crossed
with true-breeding male flies with black bodies and
cinnabar eyes. The table below represents the
expected outcome and the data actually
obtained from the cross. Explain the difference
between the expected data and the actual
numbers observed.
4
Name: __________________________________________________ TEST DATE: __________________________ Per: ______
19. A population of microscopic eukaryotic organisms growing in
a large flask had the growth pattern shown.
Explain the biological factors that determine the shape of the
growth pattern shown above in both period 1 and period 2.
20. Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms.
Explain why eukaryotic cells having internal membranes may provide an advantage over prokaryotic organisms.
21. Illustrate a dipeptide and an amino acid in as they would appear before and after forming a tripeptide as a result of
dehydration reaction? What functional groups identify an amino acid? What is lost?
22. The sequences for two short fragments of DNA are shown above. How do they two segments differ in base pair
differences? How would this affect their structure? How are the bonds that hold them together make them different
structurally?
23. During the infection cycle for a typical retrovirus, such as HIV, which uses RNA as genetic material, How would the
genetic variation in the resulting population of new virus particles be differ from the original? Why?
24. A sample of human blood was placed in a test tube containing
a physiological saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride). This type
of solution is often used intravenously to quickly rehydrate
patients. A drop of the blood from the test tube was placed on
a slide and red blood cells (RBCs) were observed under a
microscope. Which of the pictures in the following diagram
predicts the likely microscope view the laboratory worker would
see? Explain why?
5
Name: __________________________________________________ TEST DATE: __________________________ Per: ______
25. The regulatory sequences of the operon controlling
arabinose metabolism (ara operon) were studied to
determine whether bacteria can respond to changes in
nutrient availability. It is predicted that if those regulatory
sequences are functioning properly, the bacteria will
produce the enzymes involved in arabinose metabolism
(structural genes B, A, and D) in the presence of arabinose.
If a gene that encodes a green fluorescent protein (GFP) is substituted for the structural genes of the operon, activation
of the regulatory sequences can be assayed by GFP expression. A culture of E. coli cells underwent a transformation
procedure with a plasmid containing the regulatory sequences of the ara operon directly upstream of the gene
encoding the GFP. The plasmid also confers ampicillin resistance to bacteria. Samples were then plated on different
types of culture media. (Note: The GFP fluoresces only under UV light, not under white light.) The table below shows the
results.
Why is the GFP expressed by E. coli cells after transformation with the plasmid?
26. What are the figures below demonstrating?
27. What percent of the biomass in the forest
community represented above is tied up in the
shrub layer? Give your answer to the nearest
whole number.
6
Name: __________________________________________________ TEST DATE: __________________________ Per: ______
28. What determines the primary, secondary and the tertiary structure and function of a polypeptide?
29. How many different genotypes are possible from the cross AaBb × AaBb?
30. Describes allosteric inhibition of an enzyme?
31. The occurrence of a particular genetic condition in a family is shown in the pedigree
above. What is the most likely inheritance pattern for the individuals with the condition?
Squares represent males, circles represent females, and shaded symbols represent
individuals who exhibit the condition.
32. Describe how the steps in the experiments by Meselson and Stahl demonstrated semiconservative replication?
33. Milk kept past the expiration date often spoils, tastes sour, and develops stringy curds. What can explain the reason?
34. What occurs in both fermentation and aerobic cellular respiration?
35. Define:
a. Nonsense codon
b. Anticodon
c. Ribosome
d. Exon
e. Poly-A tail
f. plasmids
7
Name: __________________________________________________ TEST DATE: __________________________ Per: ______
36. For each of the following, state at what stage of cell division you would find these chromosomes (meiosis or mitosis)
a. Unpaired unreplicated linear chromosomes
b. Unpaired replicated linear chromosomes
c. Paired replicated linear chromosomes
37. In similar rocky coastal ecosystems where sea otters have disappeared due to human harvesting or killer whale
predation, the kelp forests also disappear and the species diversity of the community decreases drastically. In these
ecosystems, the sea otter can best be described as a
38. What creates cohesion is water? Illustrate this.
39. What do ATP, DNA, and RNA have in common?
40. Fill in the chart for the following 4 major groups of organic compounds:
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Example monomers
Example polymers
Reaction that joins
monomers
Reaction that
separates polymers
Some major functions
8
Name: __________________________________________________ TEST DATE: __________________________ Per: ______
41. Label the
structures of the
cell membrane in
the picture,
identify the
function of the
parts.
42. Describe each molecule to the right
43. A culture of white-eyed fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) was maintained for many generations. Females from the
stock white-eyed culture were crossed with red-eyed (wild-type) males. The F1 females were crossed with the whiteeyed males from the original culture. The resulting phenotypes of the progeny are summarized below.
Parental Generation Cross
F1 Generation (at least 500 flies)
White-eyed females x red-eyed males
100% of females are red-eyed
100% of males are white-eyed
F1 Generation Cross
F2 Generation (at least 500 flies)
F1 red-eyed females x white-eyed males
50% of females are red-eyed and 50% are white-eyed
50% of males are red-eyed and 50% are white-eyed
a. Why are there red-eyed F1 females?
b. Why are there white-eyed females in the F2 generation?
9
Name: __________________________________________________ TEST DATE: __________________________ Per: ______
44.
In a diploid organism with the genotype AaBBCCDDEE, how many genetically distinct kinds of gametes would be
produced through meiosis?
45.
In female cats the genotype BB is black. Bb is tortoise shell. and bb is yellow. The locus of this pair of alleles is on the X
chromosome. If a tortoise-shell female is crossed with a black male what would be the expected phenotypic ratios in
the different kinds of offspring?
46.
47.
What happens during crossover?
In humans, red-green color blindness is a sexlinked recessive trait. If a man and a woman produce a color-blind son,
what the phenotypes and genotypes of the parents?
48. The following questions refer to the birth of a child with blood type A to a mother with blood type B
a. The father must have what blood type?
b. If the father has blood type AB, what must the mother be?
49.
If 2n = 24 for a particular cell, then the chromosome number in each cell after meiosis would be ____. Why is this?
50.
Zebrafish in a certain population have been infected by a virus that has inserted its genome in the middle of the gene
Wdr68. Wdr68 has been shown to be involved in regulating the transcription of genes that are important for jaw
development in the fish. One particular way in which scientists believe Wdr68 is able to do this is by interacting with a
partner protein that binds to the promoter region of the necessary genes to promote transcription. The mutant form of
Wdr68 is no longer able to interact with this partner protein and downstream processes are unable to occur.
(a) Describe the most likely effects on cellular processes (be specific as to which processes and molecules are most likely to
be directly affected).
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10
Name: __________________________________________________ TEST DATE: __________________________ Per: ______
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Describe and explain the most likely effects on individual affected zebrafish.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(c) Since the virus has only affected some fish, and there are still healthy Wdr68 alleles in the population, how do you think
the mutation will spread throughout the zebrafish population? Justify your prediction.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11