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Download The Renaissance - Harrison High School
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The Renaissance Time period – 1350 to 1600 “REBIRTH” What was going on in the world… Renaissance – 1350 to 1600 Italy was the focus Reformation – 1500s split Catholic vs. Protestants, later Church of England Age of Exploration – 1400 to 1750 Spain and Portugal later France and England Colonization of New World – 1500 to 1700 England, France in north and Spain, Portugal in south Scientific Revolution – 1600-1700s Western Europe The Renaissance A period of great cultural awakening in western Europe Signaled the beginning of modern times Focus on Italy (which had avoided a lot of the economic crisis that western Europe faced of the Middle Ages) Much influence from Roman Empire, Greeks and Byzantine Empires Focus of Life Humanism Secularism Education and Literature Rebirth of Greek way of life New thinkers Art – painting, sculpture Humanism Intellectual movement Focused on human potential and achievement Did not look to church/Christianity for answers Classic Greek values Enjoy life without offending God Secularism Focused on worldly affairs instead of spiritual Church became secular – beautified Rome with art and became patrons of the arts (financially supported) Italy The Birthplace of the Renaissance WHY? City States - Trade led to large city-states (urban rest of Europe was rural), breeding ground for intellectuals, less jobs so merchants turned to art Medici and Merchants – merchants controlled politics, Florence came under large banking family Looking to Greece and Roman – interpretations of old Latin manuscripts Government Italy was series of city-states (leaders Florence, Venice and Rome) City states run by wealthy families Medici family ruled Florence in most prosperous times ( end of 1400s)s Timeline •Florence – most prosperous 1460s-1490s •Rome – 1500s because of pope’s power (political goals rather than religious affairs •Venice – prosperous since Crusades because of political stability If you learn only one thing about the Renaissance…think ART Michelangelo - painter, sculptor, architect, poet—most famous David, Sistine Chapel Leonardo da Vinci – painter, sculptor, architect, poet—most famous Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, sketches Where? Rome, Florence, Vatican City Themes? Religion –mostly Madonna and son (Virgin Mary was focus not Jesus) Michelangelo The Creation of Man (Fragment of the Sistine Chapel ceiling) 1511-12 Michelangelo Creation of the Sun and Moon Michelangelo The Separation of Light from the Darkness Detail of the Sistine Chapel, appearing over the head of the Prophet Jeremiah Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel from 1508 to 1512, commissioned by Pope Julius II. He was a liberal patron of the arts, commissioning Bramante to build St Peter's Church, Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo David Gigantic marble, started in 1501 and completed in 1504 Michelangelo began work on the colossal figure of David in 1501, and by 1504 the sculpture (standing at 4.34m/14 ft 3 in tall) was in place outside the PalazzoVecchio. The choice of David was supposed to reflect the power and determination of Republican Florence and was under constant attack from supporters of the usurped Medicis. In the 19th century the statue was moved to the Accademia. Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel Vatican City, Italy Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa The Last Supper 1498, Fresco, 460 x 880 cm (15 x 29 ft); Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie (Refectory), Milan The Protestant Reformation Background •By 10th century, RCC dominated life in W and N Europe •RCC did not have universal approval •Many though too worldly – wealth and political power •Reforms in MA – still lot of critics •Renaissance focus on secularism and individual = challenged the church Causes •Social – R values on secularism and humanism, people question church, printing press spread ideas critical to Church •Political – powerful monarchs challenged the Church, pope viewed as foreign ruler so many challenged •Economic – princes/kings jealous of church’s wealth, people resented high church taxes •Religious – leaders had become wealthy and corrupt, practices unacceptable (sale of indulgences What happened? •Critics said leaders corrupt •Popes involved in wars, lavish lives, money to arts, popes fathered many children •Clergy marrying, drank, gambling Martin Luther •German, parents wanted him to be lawyer •Monk and teacher at U. of Wittenburg •Did not want to start anything but movement just snowballed •1517 – took a public stand against friar Johann Tetzel who was selling indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral •Indulgences – “pardons,” pay for sins so you can get salvation •He write list of complaints – 95 Theses and nailed to the church door, opened for discussion •Others printed and spread around Teachings: •Salvation by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness •Based on Bible •All people with faith are equal Response •Viewed as threat to Church •Pope Leo X excommunicated •HRE Charles V declared ML an outlaw, no one could support •Prince Frederick hid him for years •Followers called Lutherans •Revolutionary ideas led to wanting social change – peasant revolts, war in Germany (princes saw it as away regain land lost to Church) The Age of Exploration For God, Gold and Glory Leading the Way… •Portugal •Prince Henry – funds trips, starts schools for navigation training, created a strong govt support for exploration •Henry supports sailors, map makers, shipbuilders, scientists, sea captains •Dias – reaches tip of Africa •De Gama – explores eastern side of Africa, gets to India Spain gets involved… •Seek direct route to Asia by going west •Italian C. Columbus gets financing through Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella) •Reaches Caribbean Islands claims for Spain Initial Conflict •Pope Alexander VI sees potential conflict between Spain and Portugal •He steps in to keep peace – draws a line called the Line of Demarcation – anything west of line = Spanish, east of line=Portugal •Portugal thought too much land to Spain so they moved the line so P would have today Brazil—signed a treaty of agreement called Treaty of Tordesillas Trading Companies •Many countries begin to challenge Portugal •Netherlands becomes major sea power by 1600s – creates Dutch East India Company which created a direct trading route to Asia, had outposts along the way, ruled most of Indonesia by 1700s •England - English East India Company – outposts in India, focused on Indian cloth •France - French trading – slow to start, conflicts with Dutch, never showed much of a profit **inland influence VERY limited, Asia not influences by European ways; NO CULTURAL DIFFUSION Major Explorers •Bartolomeu Dias •Vasco de Gama •Ferdinand Magellan •Christopher Columbus •Hernandez Cortes •John Cabot •Henry Hudson •Jacques Cartier •Samuel Champlain Contact with China •China became dominant power in Asia under Ming dynasty •China’s official policy was isolation which kept trading to a minimal •Europe did not want to pay tribute like others in Asia did •Chinese accepted Dutch as trade partner – introduce tea (by 1800s 80% of cargo was tea) •England refused kowtow (kneeling to emperor) so Chinese said they did not need British Contact with Japan •Japan under feudalism structure and restores a more balanced power under new leaders •Portugal had contact by sending ships, traders, new technology (weapons), missionaries •Many Christians persecuted in order to control foreign ideas •By mid 1600s, Japan had “closed country policy” BASICALLY - EUROPE MET MUCH ASIAN RESISTENCE OVERALL The New World - Spain •Spain builds huge empire in Central America, Mexico and South America •Cortes led the Spanish conquistadors who conquered the native people living there (Aztecs in CA and Mexico) •Missionaries large component of conquest •Push north into America – Florida, southern part of America New World – England and France •Both competed for areas •England battles the Dutch and then the French •Native population sided with French, population was wiped out because of European diseases •England became dominant – set up colonies along eastern coast •Slavery became important component in economic success of New World Slavery •Demand was high early on •Atlantic Slave Trade – by 1800, 9.5 million slaves to Americas •Triangular Trade – look at p. 568 Global Interaction Europeans •1500s – P and S •1600 and 1700s – E, F and D battle for control of North America, E dominates Native Americas •1500s – Incas and Aztecs fall to Spanish invasions •Population is devastated by European conquest and disease Africans •1500s-millions taken from homes and forced into slave labor in Americas •Africans play a critical role in economic success, populate areas and diffuse culture in food, dance and music The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment •During the 1700s in Europe •Getting the truth through reason – “Age of Reason” •All would be free from not knowing – continued growth in science, literature, religion, art •Science and reason come from “thinkers” (philosophers) •Thinkers would be used to promote progress in all areas of human life Enlightenment Thoughts •Natural Law – universal moral law •Natural Rights – rights belonging to all humans from birth Thinkers Thomas Hobbes • natural law to argue absolute monarchs are best • there is a need bc violence /disorder are natural •social contract (give up some freedom and live obediently) John Locke •govt should be based on social contract, •humans are reasonable and moral •If govt does not protect natural rights, people could revolt Thinkers…continued Montesquieu •admired English govt •Promoted idea of separation of powers •3 branches – legislative, executive and judicial Influence of Enlightened Thinkers •Spurred thinkers of American Revolution later •Impact on European monarchs Role of Religion •Deists – new religious philosophy, denounced organized religion •Voltaire – French author/deists, mocked the church, promoted religious liberty Enlightened Despots •Enlightenment thoughts spread to politics •Rulers who sought t govern by enlightened principals Critics of the Enlightenment •Biggest critic Jean-Jacques Rousseau His argument: Excessive reliance on reason Should go with instinct/emotion Humans are good it is the civilizations and institutions that are corrupt Classicism •focused on ULTIMATE order and reason Romanticism •Classicism gave way new school of thought •Cultural movement that celebrated emotion and the individual Scientific Revolution •Started mid 1500s with Renaissance thinkers •Scholars replaced old science assumptions with new theories—now based on observations •New instruments – barometer, thermometer, microscope •New ideas about medicine, the body and chemistry Key Players •Development of scientific method (logical procedure for testing) Galileo – telescope Kepler – using math figured out planets revolve around the sun in oval path Copernicus – earth was round, earth rotated around the sun, sun was center not the earth Newton – laws of gravity
