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Proposal to conceive, design, prototype, and evaluate a Light Sensitive Dimmer to minimize power consumption by Cody Coleman, Tshiamo Lechina, and Tatiana Mamaliga Summary In order to minimize the consumption of electrical energy used for lighting, we propose to conceive, design, prototype, and evaluate a switch that senses the brightness of natural light and varies the intensity of the light bulbs used to light the rooms. Our team met multiple times to brainstorm and discuss several ideas to come up with a final design, which is using a light sensor and a dimmer switch to regulate the amount of power that light bulbs use. Our Light Sensitive Dimmer should be able to sense the brightness of natural light outside the windows and adjust the amount of energy used to power the bulbs. These requirements will be addressed by the dimmer switch that will vary the intensity of the light bulbs based on the input that it will receive from the light sensor located by the window. There's no considerable risk to the user of our device; in a case of device failure, the light will just turn off . When implemented, the Light Sensitive Dimmer will contribute to the world economy by saving money on energy used for lighting. Introduction A Light Sensitive Dimmer is of significant importance to the world. It is commonly observed that a lot of energy is wasted at times when the lights are turned on during the day, even when there is enough daylight pouring through the windows. However, most of electricity comes from nonrenewable sources of energy (i.e. coal), and it is costly, which affects both the environment and the economy. To solve this problem, this project is to conserve the energy that is often wasted by the unnecessary use of lights during the day. In addition to the requirement that it sense the brightness of natural light outside the windows and adjust the amount of energy used to power the bulbs, this device should also satisfy the following requirements: ●It should not expose anyone to undue hazards; ●It should not occupy a large area in the room; ●It should not interfere with the main electrical circuit of the building so as to damage it; ●It should be optional to use; ●It should be for individual-room use; ●The product must have a small ecological footprint, both in terms of the materials used to construct the product and the labor required to produce the product. Background Energy Model The light sensor by the window will estimate the amount of natural sunlight that comes into the room, and will send an impulse to the dimmer switch, making it adjust how bright the bulbs should be. We analyzed the amount of energy lost in a hypothetical situation that the lights are left on from 7am to 5pm in ESG as follows: about one hundred of 100 W Fluorescent light bulbs in ESG Estimated Energy used by the bulbs in one day: Energy=Power *Time =100 W*10 hrs*3600 sec=3.6 MJ for one bulb for 100 bulbs: 3.6 MJ*100=360 MJ over one semester: 12 weeks * 5 days * 360 MJ=2.16*10^10 J Cost of this energy: Amount of electricity used in one day costs 100*100 W*10 hrs=100kWhrs Over one semester: 12 weeks * 5 days * 100kWhrs=6000kWhrs Cost of electricity in Massachusetts: 16.6 cent per kWhr in one semester the cost of that electricity would be: 6000kWhrs*$.166 = $998 ~ $1000 Safety Analysis When constructing a device to conserve electrical energy used to light rooms, as required by our project, one needs to consider several factors. The device should prevent exposure to undue hazards, it should not interfere with the main electrical circuit of the building so as to damage it, it should not be imposed on the consumer, and it should have a small ecological footprint, both in terms of the materials used to construct the product and the labor required to design the product. We regard these safety requirements with highest priority when considering the Light Sensitive Dimmer, and we will take them into strong account. Moreover, there's no considerable risk to the user of our device because we are going to use insulated connected wire, and other safe materials to construct it; in a case of device failure, the light will just turn off. Aesthetics and ergonomics For our design the Aesthetics and ergonomics requirement is not going to be a concern. The Light Sensitive Dimmer will not occupy a large area in the room and will consist of a central unit which will coordinate light sensors and dimmer switches in different rooms. Materials and labor costs The materials that we are going to use for the Light Sensitive Dimmer as well as the estimated corresponding prices are: -light sensor--$55.00 -dimmer switch--$49.99 -wiring--$20 estimated total cost: about $124.99 ~ $125 Methods Design overview: The Light Sensitive Dimmer will consist of a light sensor and a dimmer switch connected together with wiring and programming tools. The light sensor will detect the amount of brightness that the room receives from natural lighting and will send an input to the programmed dimmer switch. The dimmer switch will then associate the data with a specified intensity and will give out a corresponding amount of energy to the bulbs. Design Selection There were a number of ideas that we came up with while thinking of a device that will save energy. Each of us contributed to picking the one design that we chose to proceed with by ranking the following factors about each design as illustrated on table 1 below. Since the main objective is to reduce energy footprint, the factor, “will reduce a lot of energy” was ranked out of a maximum of 6 points, while the other factors were ranked out of 3 points. By popular vote, the switch that adjusts intensity of light depending on the brightness of sunlight turned out to be the design we picked for our project. We evaluated our design choice according to several criteria, as illustrated in Table 2. Possible Designs Team Technical member slum dunk s (3) ranking Personal Interest (3) Will save lots Time of energy commitment (6) (3) Total Switch that Cody 2 turns charger Tatiana 2 of computer Tshiamo 2 off when battery is full 1 4 1 26 3 4 0 2 4 1 Roof Top Garden Cody 2 3 4 0 Tatiana 3 1 5 0 Tshiamo 1 1 4 0 Solar Paint to Cody 3 convert solar Tatiana 3 energy to Tshiamo 3 electrical 3 6 0 2 6 0 2 6 1 Switch that adjust intensity of light during the day Cody 3 3 5 2 Tatiana 3 3 5 2 Tshiamo 3 3 5 1 Box that insulates hot pot to soften food before cooking Cody 2 1 4 3 Tatiana 3 2 4 3 Tshiamo 2 3 4 3 24 35 38 34 Table 1: Ranking of different factors to consider when choosing one design from all the proposed designs. Design FRDPARRC Functional Requirement s Design Parameters Analysis Research Risks Countermeasur es Conserves energy by dimming or turning off lights when there is enough sunlight in the room Light sensing device will collect information about brightness of sunlight, and send it to dimmer switch, which will dim the light of lamp 6000 kW/hours of energy per semester can be wasted on lights that are left on unnecessarily during the day A photodiode can produce a voltage depending on the intensity of light it is exposed to. A dimmer switch produces different brightness in attached lamp depending on how much input voltage there is in part of its circuit. A photodiode can therefore be used together with a dimmer switch to control intensity of light coming from lamp Integrating dimmer switch with wiring of building could cause fires if not done properly. A dimmer switch can be made separately and used with a lamp, and not connected to the building lights safe Small scale prototype- could make dimmer switch and not connect it to building circuitry. With a small device connected to one lamp it will be easy to detect any faults, and any faults will be less dangerous to the user compared to a large device integrated to the whole building circuit Risks of electrocution could result if one touches the conducting wires on dimmer switch circuit. The exposed metal in dimmer switch circuit can be covered with electric tape Ergonomics and aesthetics The device will be small and compact. It should be able to fit on the window sill If the device is kept in the room it will respond to light produced by the lamp, to make sure it only responds to sunlight it should be made such that it can be kept by the window, behind the blinds economical Budget restraintunder $200 Estimated cost of device is $125.00 A photodiode detects any visible light, not only the one from the sun, so even light from the lamp will make it produce a voltage Table 2 Design FRDPARRC Qualifications of primary investigators As first year MIT students, this year, we have had the experience of building a device that keeps coffee hot for two hours, and one that heats water using solar energy. Additionally, each of us has built several projects in high school, as part of the curriculum as well as during summer programs and other extracurricular activities.