Download Unit 6 WWI

Unit 6 WWI
CAUSES OF WWI
(LONG TERM)
1. MILITARISM
–
STOCK PILING OF ARMIES & WEAPONS.
2. NATIONALISM
•NATION – GROUP OF PEOPLE
•STATE – COUNTRY(POLITICAL BOUNDARY)
•MANY NATIONS DID NOT HAVE THEIR OWN STATES.
•3. IMPERIALISM
–COMPETITION OVER COLONIES
•4. ALLIANCE SYSTEM
–Resulted in a larger conflict
–CREATED BY GERMAN OTTO VON BISMARCK
(THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE)
GERMANY
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
ITALY
(THE TRIPLE ENTENTE)
GREAT BRITAIN
FRANCE
RUSSIA
•
5. GERMAN AGGRESSION
–GERMANY HAD A DESIRE TO EXPAND AND EARN THEIR “PLACE
IN THE SUN.”
SHORT TERM CAUSE
•ASSASSINATION OF FRANZ FERDINAND IN SARAJEVO, 1914.
•THE ASSASSINS WERE MEMBERS OF THE BLACK HAND
–GARILO PRINCIP
•THEY WERE UPSET THAT A-H HAD ANNEXED BOSNIAHERZEGOVINA
•THEY HOPED TO CREATE A NATION FOR SOUTH SLAVS.
THE ROAD TO WAR CHART
•2. Austria-Hungary WAS VERY UPSET THAT THEIR ARCHDUKE
WAS KILLED.
•THEY ASKED GERMANY FOR HELP.
•3.
GERMANY ISSUED A BLANK CHECK.
•4. Austria-Hungary ISSUES ULTIMATUM TO SERBIA.
•5. SERBS ASK RUSSIA WHO ASKS FRANCE FOR HELP.
•SERBS IGNORE ULTIMATUM.
•6. A-H DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA.
•7. GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON FRANCE & RUSSIA.
•8. GERMANY INVADES BELGIUM
•9. GREAT BRITAIN DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY.
The Schlieffen Plan
•German plan for a two front war. The plan called for Germany to invade
France through Belgium.
CENTRAL POWERS
VERSUS
ALLIES
•Aug. 3, 1914 - German troops easily moved West. (into France).
•Meanwhile the Russians pushed 2 armies into Germany. The Germans withdrew
some troops to fight the Russians.
•The French were pushed back but Joffre - ordered a counterattack.
–The Battle of the Marne
•changed the war/ ended plans for a short war.
•By November 1914 it was clear that neither side could soundly defeat the other.
•Both sides began Trench Warfare. This type of warfare proved especially brutal.
•
The Foot soldier and Machine Gun were the primary weapons.
NO MAN’S LANDAREA BETWEEN THE TRENCHES
•
•
Three years of fighting proved to be a stalemate. Millions died but there was
virtually no change in position.
The War was fought on 2 Fronts
Western & Eastern
•New Weapons made WWI very deadly
–Machine Gun
–Mustard Gas
–Tank
–Aircraft
–Submarine
The War in the East
•The Russians struggled to supply their troops against the Germans.
•In Russia the government faced riots due to food shortages.
•In March 1917, the Czar was replaced by a Provisional Government.
Russian/Bolshevik Revolution
•Lenin took over and created a Communist government.
•The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk withdrew Russia from the war. March
1918.
•Russia gave Germany 25% of its land & population and withdrew
from the war.
The War at Sea
•Characterized by Blockades.
•Contraband (illegal items)
–German u-boats sank many ships they believed had contraband.
AMERICA JOINS THE WAR
•REASONS
–1. SINKING OF THE PASSENGER SHIP LUSITANIA
•1200 died
•President Woodrow Wilson - “Another such act will be viewed as
deliberately unfriendly.”
Sussex Pledge (Germany refrained for 2 years)
•
WILSON WAS REELECTED IN 1916.
–
Campaign Slogan
“HE KEPT US OUT OF THE WAR.”
2. The Zimmerman Note
German Telegram promising the return of “Lost Territories” if Mexico
helped. Intercepted by the British
3. Resumption of submarine warfare.
•
•
4.COMMERCIAL INTERESTS
5. PROPAGANDA
6. “To make the world safe for democracy.”
•
ON APRIL 2,1917 THE US ENTERED THE WAR.
Opposition to the War
•Jeanette Rankin
–1st female in Congress
–Only member who voted against the war.
Selective Service Act
•Created THE DRAFT
•In 1916 our army had only 130,000 troops.
•Mobilization – assembling & making troops ready for war.
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
•LED BY GEN. JOHN J. PERSHING
(BLACKJACK)
THE WAR AT HOME
Wartime Restrictions
•Espionage & Sedition Acts
–Prohibited interference with war effort & speaking against the war
effort.
•Schenk v. US
& Debs v. US
–Speech can be limited if it creates a “Clear & Present Danger”
Food Administration
•Herbert Hoover
•controlled food prices and ensured adequate production of food for the US and
its Allies.
•Encouraged Conservation
–Meatless Tuesday
–Victory Gardens
Committee on Public Information (aka Creel Committee)
–George Creel
–Used propaganda to influence American opinion about the war.
–Created by Wilson to support US involvement in the War.
Bonds were sold to finance the war
War Industries Board
•Bernard Baruch
•Converted private business into war producing factories.
•Purchased war supplies & prohibited use of critical items during the war.
–(Rationing)
•Spanish Influenza, 1918
–One of the deadliest diseases in World History.
WHEN THE MEN WENT OFF TO FIGHT MANY WOMEN JOINED THE
WORK FORCE.
(400,000)
The Final Phase of the War
•US troops provided key assistance.
•Ferdinand Foch - Allied commander
Germany is ready to surrender because….
•1. Defeat at 2nd Battle of the Marne
•2. Wilson calls for “Peace without Victory.”
–Germany believes they will not be punished.
•Germans revolted against their government.
•Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated (left the throne)
•The Weimar Republic was proclaimed.
•ARMISTICE (cease fire)
•On the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month the fighting
stopped. (11-11-18)
•Many Germans did not believe they were beaten because the German line
never broke & Allied Forces never entered their country.
•Hitler will be able to find a scapegoat for the German defeat.
THE WAR COST 10,000,000 LIVES.(20,000,000 COUNTING CIVILIANS)
50,000 US TROOPS DIED FROM BATTLE. MORE DIED FROM DISEASE.
The Treaty of Versailles
•Crafted by the Big 4
–Wilson (US)
–Lloyd George (GB)
–Orlando (Italy)
–Clemenceau (France)
•
Wilson was an idealist who believed in a fair peace.
14 Points
•Wilson’s Plan for lasting Peace
•1- open covenants of peace
•2 – freedom of the seas
•3 – equal trade
•4 – demilitarize
•5 – Self-determination for colonies
Point 14 – a League of Nations
The Treaty ended up Punishing Germany
•WAR GUILT CLAUSE
• GERMANY TO BLAME
•GER. LOST COLONIES & PARTS OF GERMANY
•ARMY REDUCED TO 100,000
•LEAGUE CREATED
•NEW NATION/STATES WERE CREATED
•REPARATIONS
•GERMANY HAD TO PAY FOR THE WAR
•Dawes Plan – Unsuccessful Allied attempt to get Reparations.
“THE SEEDS OF W.W. II ARE SOWN IN THE PEACE OF W.W.I.”
US Opposition to the Treaty
•Senator Henry Cabot Lodge opposed the Treaty & prevented its passage in
the US.
•Lodge believed it had too many guarantees.
–US would have pledged to help France if they were ever attacked by
Germany again.
The US did not join the League of Nations, which made it ineffective.