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35
CHAPTER
FDR and The Shadow of War, 1933–1941
1. Foreign Policy of the 1930s (pp. 806–809) This first section stresses that, early in the Depression
decade of the 1930s, even Roosevelt was an “isolationist,” effectively scuttling the London
________________ Conference of 19____. He preferred to deal with U.S. problems in isolation
rather than to cooperate with other countries in attacking the Depression on a global basis. With the
Tydings -______________ Act of 1934, the U.S. signaled further withdrawal from Asia by promising
the Philippines their independence in _____ years. Also, in 1933, the U.S. finally recognized formally
the sixteen year-old Bolshevik regime in the __________________ Union. Withdrawal from Europe
and Asia was balanced by a much friendlier attitude toward Latin America, called the “Good
____________” Policy. Paving the way for a boom in post–World War II international trade, FDR
and his Secretary of State Cordell ________ began drastically reducing tariff rates (if other countries
would do the same) under the ______________ ___________ Agreements Act of 1934.
2. Dictators and Neutrality (pp. 809–811) Remember how, before U.S. entry into World War I, some
were critical of Wilson for allowing U.S. ships and people into the war zone and thus increasing the
danger of getting sucked into that conflict? Notice how the country tried to learn this lesson in order
to avoid another conflict brewing in Europe in the late 1930s—and notice also how the authors brand
this isolationist approach as a “tragically shortsighted,” “head-in-the-sand” policy which was “one
war too late.” (See how useful it is to study history!!!)
a. *** To the best of your ability, define the following terms:
(1) Totalitarianism:
(2) Communism:
(3) Fascism:
b. List two reasons cited by the authors for the rise of communist “totalitarianism” in the USSR under
Joseph _________ and noncommunist “fascist” dictatorships in Italy under Benito
___________________ and in Germany under Adolf _______________.
(1)
(2)
c. As the dictators pushed for expansion in Europe and Asia, Americans tried to avoid involvement at
all costs. List two reasons why most Americans were isolationist, as reflected in such things as the
1934 report of a committee under Sen. Gerald _______ about causes of U.S. entry into World War I
and passage of the ________________ Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937. *** Given what was known at
the time, would you have been an isolationist or would you have favored a more interventionist, or
aggressive, American effort to stop totalitarian expansionism?
(1)
(2)
(3) Your view:
3. March Toward War (pp. 811–814)
a. The authors list a stream of aggressive acts which were met with timid responses from America and
the Western European democracies. In ___________ (country), they failed to support the duly elected
left-leaning government in its civil war with the forces of General Francisco __________, who was
receiving aid from Germany and Italy. In the Far East, they failed to oppose the full-scale invasion of
China by ___________ (country), which had controlled Manchuria since 1931. In Europe, Germany
built up its military forces; adopted a plan to exterminate its ___________ population; occupied the
______________ area of Germany, which was demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles; took over
German-speaking _______________ (Hitler’s birthplace); and moved on the German-inhabited
________________ region of Czechoslovakia. Finally, in a move that proved to be folly but appeared
promising at the time, British Prime Minister Chamberlain met with Hitler in _________________
(German city) in September 1938. He got Hitler to agree to take no more territory and declared on his
return to Britain that he had arranged for “peace in our time.” Hitler then proceeded to swallow up all
of _____________ six months later. This “lesson” has often been used by those who argue that one
should never “appease” or attempt to compromise with an “aggressor.” *** Do you agree with this
“lesson”? If so, who is to decide when a country or leader is to be labeled an “aggressor”? If not, how
are future Hitlers to be stopped before they wreak havoc?
b. War was virtually assured in 1939 when two arch-enemies, Hitler and Stalin, signed a
nonaggression treaty. What were the rather cynical objectives of both parties?
(1) Objective of Hitler:
(2) Objective of Stalin:
c. Hitler then felt free to attack and take over ____________ (country), thus bringing in Britain and
France and launching World War II. Supposedly learning the lessons of WW I, America responded
by passing the _______________ Act of 1939, which was designed to keep Americans out of the war
zone by requiring that all warring parties (basically Britain and France) buying goods in America pay
cash and carry those goods out on their own ships.
4. Holocaust (pp. 818–819) List three main reasons advanced by the authors in this section as to why
America, which selectively admitted some 150,000 Jewish refugees, did not do substantially more to
aid the Jewish people being targeted by Hitler. *** What would your policy have been?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) Your policy:
5. Aiding the Allies (pp. 814–817, 820–824)
a. After a period of inaction over the winter of 1939–1940, called the “_____________ war,” Hitler
invaded and conquered _______________ (through Scandinavia, Netherlands, and Belgium). The
British successfully evacuated their troops from the French port of _______________. Prime Minister
Winston __________________ then rallied his country to resist massive German air bombardment in
the so-called Battle of _____________. Alarmed, Congress approved a huge military buildup and the
first peacetime military draft. Although the population was much more anti-German (or anti-Hitler)
than it had been before World War I, there was no political will for direct intervention. The domestic
debate was between the Committee to _________________ America by Aiding the Allies and the
pure isolationist America _____________ Committee, whose chief spokesman was the aviator
Charles A. ________________. Roosevelt, an interventionist, responded by selling fifty
______________ (type of naval vessel) to Britain—clearly against the recognized obligations of
“neutrals.” In the election of 1940, Roosevelt ignored the “______ -term tradition” and beat the able
Republican challenger Wendell _______________. He then expanded on his concept of massive
military aid to the Allies by securing passage of the hugely important _________ - ___________ Bill.
America ultimately sent over $_____ billion of military equipment to the Allies, under the dubious
“condition” that the equipment be “returned to America after the war.” This was a clear abandonment
of neutrality (short of actual direct military involvement), and a transparent excuse for using
America’s industrial might to aid countries that could not afford to pay for the equipment. It also once
again exposed American ships to German ____-boat attacks. In a major and ultimately fateful change
of tactics, Hitler called off his planned invasion of Britain and, in the summer of 1941, attacked his
erstwhile ally in the East, _______________. Both sides ultimately racked up massive numbers of
casualties in this epic confrontation. The German attack threw the Russian dictator ___________
“into bed” with Churchill and Roosevelt. In August of 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met secretly on
a destroyer off the coast of __________________. They got along famously and issued what came to
be known as the _____________ Charter, a statement of war aims not unlike Wilson’s ___________
_________. Immediately thereafter, the U.S. navy began to escort Lend-Lease shipments to Britain,
exposing itself to German attack. The first U.S. ship to be hit by the U-boats in September of 1941
was the destroyer __________. The Neutrality Acts were repealed, but the United States still
refrained from war.
b. *** Comment on ONE aspect that you found interesting in this story of the lead-up to American
involvement in World War II. For example, what do you think of the way the country inched its way
toward involvement on the side of the Allies—from selling destroyers to Lend-Lease to escorting
convoys, etc.? Or do you think it appropriate that Roosevelt would meet with Churchill and agree on
the aims and strategies for a war in which the United States was not yet involved?
6. Attack and Declaration of War (pp. 824–825)
a. As the authors state concisely on p. 825, the United States faced a “devil’s dilemma” after war
started in Europe—“to keep Britain from collapsing, the Roosevelt administration felt compelled to
extend the un-neutral aid that invited attacks from German submarines. To keep Japan from
expanding (referring to its continuing aggression in China), Washington undertook to cut off vital
Japanese supplies (gas, oil, metal, etc., essential to the resource-poor nation) and invite possible
retaliation.” That Japan would opt for war was not surprising—but that a U.S. target would be on the
hit-list appears to have been unexpected. The blow that brought the United States into the war came
on Sunday, December 7, _______ at the naval base of _________ ____________ in Hawaii. From the
Japanese point of view, what actions had the United States. taken that “forced” them to initiate a
Pacific-wide war? What do the authors see as both the short- and long-term consequences for Japan of
its decision to directly attack a U.S. target at Pearl Harbor?
(1) U.S. provocation:
(2) Short-term Consequences:
(3) Long-term Consequences:
b. After World War I, people thought they had learned the lesson of how to stay out of European
conflicts by sticking firmly to isolationist policies. *** After reviewing the lead-up to U.S.
involvement in World War II, do you feel there are any lessons to be learned from that experience
(especially as America decides whether to “police the world” as its only “superpower”)? Should
America be a leader in promoting democracy and free markets worldwide and take aggressive stands
when dictators attempt to impose their wills on others? Or do you feel that absolute proof should be
required that this country’s real and immediate interests are threatened before the United States.
enters any foreign conflict?
CHAPTER 35 TERM SHEET
FDR and the Shadow of War
Pages 806–809
London Economic Conference (1933)
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
“Good Neighbor” Policy
“Nonintervention”
Mexican oil expropriation (1938)
Cordell Hull
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934)
Pages 809–811
Joseph Stalin
Benito Mussolini
Adolph Hitler
Nazi party
Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)
Ethiopian invasion (1935)
Isolationism
Nye committee (1934)
Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937)
Pages 811–814
Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
Gen. Francisco Franco
Japanese invasion of China (1937)
FDR’s “quarantine speech” (1937)
Panay incident (1937)
Rhineland invasion (1935)
Holocaust
Austrian annexation (1938)
Sudetenland (1938)
Munich Conference (1938)
“Appeasement”
Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Treaty (1939)
Invasion of Poland (1939)
Neutrality Act (“Cash-and-Carry”) (1939)
Pages 818–819
“SS” (Schutzstaffel)
American Jewish Committee
American Jewish Congress
Pages 814–817, 820–824
“Phony War”
Invasion of France (1940)
Winston Churchill
Havana Conference (1940)
“Battle of Britain” (1940)
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
America First Committee (Lindbergh)
Destroyer Deal (1940)
Wendell Willkie (1940)
Lend-Lease Law (1941)
Hitler Invades USSR (1941)
Atlantic Charter (1941)
Greer, Kearny, and Ruben James incidents (1941)
Pages 824–825
Japanese embargoes (1940–1941)
Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)
German war declaration (December 11, 1941)
36
CHAPTER
America in World War II, 1941–1945
1. Grand Strategy (pp. 827–828) In the so-called ___________ agreement with Britain, America had
agreed to a grand strategy of “getting Germany first.” The authors are effusive in their praise for the
wisdom of this strategy, even though it had incurred “much ignorant criticism.” *** If you had been
an “ignorant” proponent of a “get Japan first” strategy, what might have been your argument?
2. Japanese Internment (pp. 828–832)
a. In a section called “The Shock of War,” the authors cite the relative lack of ethnic “witch-hunting”
in this war. They then devote one paragraph only to the one “painful exception,” the internment of
_______________ (a number) Japanese and Japanese-Americans in various isolated camps for the
duration of the war. *** What is your reaction to such a drastic deprivation of civil rights to one
ethnic group in time of war?
b. Look over the box section on “The Japanese.” Note not only the aspects of racial prejudice against
the Japanese, but also that much Japanese emigration at the turn of the century was actively promoted
by the Meiji government which “saw overseas Japanese as representatives of their homeland.” *** If
you had been an average American of general goodwill on the West Coast in January of 1942, how
might you have justified to yourself the sight of Japanese being rounded up and sent to the internment
camps?
3. The War Economy (pp. 832–837)
a. With unprecedented national unity about the need to fight this war to the hilt, there was little
objection to the heavy hand of government agencies rapidly redirecting the economy away from
consumer goods and toward production of war material. The War ________________ Board
orchestrated this transformation; rationing of nonessential items controlled consumption; and both
prices and wages were controlled by government agencies. Some ______ million men (and a
significant number of women) were enlisted into the armed forces, while some _____ million women
(dubbed “_________ the Riveters”) replaced men on the factory floor. How do the authors summarize
the short- and long-term impact of the war on the role and status of women?
(1) Short-term impact:
(2) Long-term impact:
b. Today, the populations of the northern cities are heavily African-American despite the original
concentration of blacks in the rural South. How did World War II and agricultural mechanization after
the War contribute to this shift?
4. Financing the War (pp. 837–838) The authors stress again that it was the war, not the New Deal,
that blasted the country out of the Depression. Production and profits doubled during the war and
pent-up demand for consumer goods caused by rationing and other wartime restrictions exploded
after the war. The war, they say, even more than the New Deal, launched the era of big government
we are familiar with today. The chart on p. 837 is interesting because it shows the magnitude of the
national debt incurred to pay for the war as opposed to the debt people had previously worried about
to pay for New Deal programs. This debt amounted to some $______ billion in 1946, which was
more than _____ times the level ten years previously in 1936. Total World War II spending amounted
to some $_____ billion (which the authors say was ______ times as much as all previous federal
spending in the history of the republic!). Even though taxes were raised significantly, a full _____
percent of the war costs was paid with borrowed money. *** Who do you think lent all this money to
the government?
5. Pacific Theater of War (pp. 838–841) This short section really can’t do justice to the ferocity of the
fighting in the Pacific. After Pearl Harbor and simultaneous Japanese attacks on other South Asia
locations, the Japanese tide advanced rapidly, eventually forcing American commander General
Douglas ________________ to evacuate the ___________________ (country) in April of 1942.
Japanese advances were finally stopped with two huge naval engagements, the battle of the
______________ Sea and the battle for __________________ Island, not too far from Hawaii. Look
at the Pacific map on p. 840 and review the strategic options open to American war planners. The
grand strategy chosen was that of “island _____________” from the South Pacific island to the next,
getting closer and closer to the Japanese home islands. The first victory in this strategy occurred at
__________________ in the Solomon Islands, which the Japanese evacuated in February 1943. From
there, the names and arrows on the map show how U.S. forces used each new island won (after often
horrendous fighting) as a base to launch air attacks further north. Finally, with the capture of
___________ and _____________ islands in the Marianas and the re-capture of the Philippines, it
was possible to start long-range bombing of the Japanese mainland. This strategy, though ultimately
successful, was extremely bloody and involved ferocious fighting over desolate islands that could be
used only as air bases. *** Assume you had been a war planner at the time. Pick one of the alternative
strategies listed in the caption on p. 862 (or invent a new one) and make an argument for that
alternative strategy.
6. European Theater of War (pp. 841–846)
a. The authors begin by discussing the difficulty of keeping supply lines open to Britain against
German U-boats, a campaign aided by the British breaking of the German “________________”
codes. They also discuss the success of German Marshal Erwin ________________ in nearly
capturing the Suez Canal and the massive German attack on the Soviets, which was finally stopped at
____________________ in the fall of 1942. Remember the temptation of some Western leaders to
see the almost equally disliked Russian Communists and German Nazis kill each other off on the
Eastern Front? Soviet leader Joseph __________ was fully aware of this temptation and constantly
pressured his allies, Britain and the United States, to open a “______________ front” by invading
France to help divert German forces from their invasion of Russia. Indeed, the biggest loss of life by
far in the war occurred in _________________ (about 20 million people!!). Britain and the United
States finally opened their second front not in France, as desired by the Soviets, but in _________
Africa in November of 1942—a campaign headed by U.S. General Dwight D. __________________.
Six months later, this campaign was complete. Roosevelt and ________________ then met at
__________________ in re-occupied French Morocco and they agreed on the war goal of
“_________________ surrender.” *** What are your thoughts on ONE of the two key strategic
questions raised here? First, should the Allies have opened a second front by directly attacking
through France in 1942 or 1943, as desired by the Russians? Second, were Allied options
unnecessarily limited by the call for “unconditional surrender” made at Casablanca?
(1) Second front:
(2) “Unconditional surrender”:
b. At Casablanca, Roosevelt and Churchill determined to pursue the enemy up the Italian peninsula
rather than to immediately launch the invasion of France, desired by Russia. The “soft underbelly”
proved to be not so soft and the Italian campaign was slow, tough, and bloody. But the Italian capital
city of _________ was finally taken on June 4, 1944, just two days before the invasion of France. To
plan for the French invasion and Soviet advances from the east, the “Big Three” of Churchill,
Roosevelt, and ______________ met together for the first time in the Iranian capital of
_______________ in November 1943. After a huge military buildup in Britain, the invasion was
finally launched on June 6, 1944 (called “___ Day”), on the French coast at __________________
This invasion was led by American General _________________. After heavy losses, the French
capital of ____________ was finally liberated three months later, and Allied forces moved north
toward Germany while Russian troops were advancing from the east.
7. Roosevelt and Hitler’s Demise (pp. 846–849) Despite failing health, Roosevelt won a fourth term in
November 1944 against the youthful Republican governor of ______ _________, Thomas E.
_________________. Roosevelt’s compromise and little-considered vice-presidential running mate
was little known Senator Harry S _________________ of ___________________. In late 1944,
Hitler determined to make one final effort to reverse German fortunes by launching an offensive
aimed at capturing the Belgian port of ______________that came to be known as the Battle of the
___________. American defense of the “bastion of ______________” was key in defeating this
thrust. British, American, and Russian forces finally met outside the German capital of ___________
in April 1945, liberating the horrendous Jewish concentration camps along the way. In timing
reminiscent of Lincoln’s death at the end of the Civil War, Roosevelt died in early April 1945 and
Hitler committed suicide later that month. The Germans finally surrendered on May 7, 1945 (called
“_______ Day”).
8. The Atomic Bomb and the Defeat of Japan (pp. 849–853) The War in the Pacific continued for
four months longer, and was projected to last into 1946 if a full invasion of the Japanese main islands
had been necessary. The authors first recount the massive U.S. firebombing of the Japanese capital
city of _____________ in March-1945, which killed ______________ people, perhaps to give you a
reference point for the death and destruction caused later by the atomic bombs. U.S. General Douglas
___________________ re-entered the _____________________ (country) in October 1944 and the
U.S. Navy ended Japan’s capabilities at sea in the giant clash at ______________ Gulf off the
Philippine coast. Two key Japanese-held islands, Iwo _________ and ______________ were taken by
mid 1945, at a large cost in casualties, in preparation for what was expected to be a final assault on
the Japanese mainland. The authors then discuss the amazingly complex and secretive American
development of an atomic bomb, ostensibly in response to work on a similar bomb by the Germans.
This bomb was first tested at _________________, New Mexico, in July 1945, the same month that
President ______________ met with Stalin at _______________, Germany, where they issued a
demand to the Japanese for _________________ surrender. Despite overtures through the Russians
that the Japanese might be willing to accept a conditional surrender (the main condition being that
they be allowed to retain their emperor as head of state), the atomic bomb was used first against the
city of ________________ on August 6, 1945, and then against the city of _________________ three
days later, resulting in a total of over ______________ casualties. _______________ entered the war
on August 8 and, on August 10, Japan finally surrendered (called “_____ Day”). *** Look over the
last three paragraphs of the “Varying Viewpoints” section on p. 855 and write a short paragraph about
your reaction to the use of the atomic bomb to end World War II.
9. Overview (pp. 853–854) The concluding section places the _____________ U.S. casualties in the
perspective of the larger losses of other countries and points out that the United States was the only
combatant to emerge from the war with its domestic economy not only intact but actually
strengthened. The authors give good marks to U.S. political and military leaders for their conduct of
the war but reserve special praise for what they consider to have been the decisive factor—the
“American way of war…more men, more weapons, more machines, more technology, and more
money than any enemy could hope to match.” Can you think of a post–World War II conflict, against
a much lesser opponent, in which all of these monetary and industrial advantages failed to achieve an
American victory?
CHAPTER 36 TERM SHEET
America in World War II
Pages 827–828
ABC-1 Agreement
Pages 828–832
Japanese internment
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
Com. Matthew Perry
Meiji government
Gentleman’s agreement
Issei
Nissei
Pages 832–837
War Production Board
Henry J. Kaiser
Office of Price Administration
Rationing
War Labor Board
WACS and WAVES
“GI”
Braceros
“Rosie the Riveter”
A. Philip Randolph
“Negro march on Washington” (1941)
Fair Employment Practices Commission
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE, 1941)
Pages 837–838
Gross national product
National debt
Pages 838–841
Burma Road
Gen. Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Bataan Death March (1942)
Battle of the Coral Sea (1942)
Battle of Midway (1942)
Adm. Chester Nimitz
Guadalcanal (1942–1943)
“Island-hopping” strategy
Marianas: Guam and Saipan (1944)
Pages 841–846
“Enigma” codes
Marshal Erwin Rommel
Gen. Bernard Montgomery
El Alamein (1942)
Stalingrad (1942)
The “second front”
North African invasion (1942)
Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
Casablanca Conference (1943)
“Unconditional surrender”
Italian campaign (1943)
Anzio (1944)
Tehran Conference (1943)
D-Day Invasion (1944)
Gen. George S. Patton
Liberation of Paris (1944)
Pages 846–849
Thomas E. Dewey
Harry S Truman
Battle of the Bulge (1945)
Elbe River (1945)
Deaths of Hitler / Roosevelt (April 1945)
German surrender—“V-E Day” (May 1945)
Pages 849–853
Tokyo fire-bombings (March 1945)
Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944)
Adm. William F. “Bull” Halsey
Iwo Jima and Okinawa (1945)
“Kamikazes”
Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
Albert Einstein
Atomic bomb (“Manhattan”) project
Alamogordo test (July 1945)
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)
Stalin enters war (August 8, 1945)
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
Japanese surrender—“V-J Day” (August 14, 1945)