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APUSH TEST 10 STUDY GUIDE
I. The American Political Tradition – Chapter 6
A. Background
1.
Wendell Phillips is stereotyped as the wrongheaded radical of the Civil War crisis
a. He was an abolitionist who wanted to free the slaves
2.
He was an agitator by profession, and the agitator is always vulnerable
a. Agitators are makers of myths—the work of the agitator consists chiefly in talk
b. His function is not to make laws or determine policy but to influence the public mind in the
interest of some large social transformation
c. Unlike the politician, the agitator/reformer disregards popularity and deals only with ideas,
conscience, and common sense; he can never expect immediate success
d. Agitators are necessary to a republican commonwealth—they are the counterweight to
sloth and indifference
3.
He had unconquerable faith in moral progress and believed he was living in an age of ideas (a
democratic age), in which the ideas of the masses were K
a. For him, there was no higher office than exercising the moral imagination necessary to
mold the sentiments of the masses into the most suitable form for the future
b. He believed that a just cause would win in the long run
B. The Agitator
1.
The agitator is likely to be a crisis thinker
a. In periods of relative social peace, the agitator labors under intellectual + practical
restraints
i. He thinks in terms of the ultimate potentialities of social conflicts rather than the
immediate compromises by which they are softened
ii. His moral judgments are made from the standpoint of absolute values, with which
the mass of men cannot comfortably live
b. In periods of social crisis, the sharp distinctions that govern the logical + doctrinaire mind
of the agitator become at one with the realities, and he appears overnight to the ppl as a
plausible + forceful thinker
2.
Phillips became one of the most influential Americans after the fall of Fort Sumter
C. Phillips + Abolition + Labor
1.
Phillips was a keener observer and had a more flexible mind than other abolitionists
a. He rose high above the intellectual limitations of Garrisonism
b. He combined the abolition ferment of the prewar period with the labor movement of the
postwar industrial epoch
c. He began his agitations steeped in moral transcendentalism but died as a militant partisan
of labor who spoke in terms of economic realism
D. Phillips: Patrician  Agitator
1.
Phillips grew up in a successful family in Boston, having great wealth and education (Harvard)
a. He was a “social lion” and later opened a law office
2.
Violations of civil liberties revolved him, and he soon drew close to the abolitionist movement
a. He married a stern militant among early abolitionists (Anne Terry Greene)
b. He became an outcast to the Boston aristocracy and lost his prospects as a lawyer
c. His family thought he was insane and considered putting him in an asylum
3.
At the age of 26, Phillips really found himself—Elijah Lovejoy (newspaper editor) had been
murdered by a mob for insisting upon his right to attack slavery
a. He had felt his power over an audience, and he wanted to throw himself wholeheartedly
into the abolitionist agitation
4.
Phillips was the most valuable acquisition of the New England abolitionists
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a. He brought to the movement a good name, an ingratiating personality, a great talent for
handling mobs/hecklers, and his voice
b. He was a powerful orator, whose genuine, informal, and direct oratory warmed audiences
c. He understood the rhythms of speech best adapted to the needs of agitation and spoke
homely but with the heady moral rhetoric of transcendentalism
5.
Phillips + his wife were wealthy already, but he turned his talents into money
a. He closed his law office and devoted himself to speaking and lecturing
b. He charged high fees for formal talks but spoke for free against slavery
c. Charity became a kind of vocation for him, and he went on dozens of abolitionizing trips
d. He stood for a multitude of causes, but the life of agitation was dangerous
e. He made agitation an art and a science
E. The Abolitionist Movement
1.
The abolitionist movement was based upon a moral frenzy, not an economic discontent
a. Almost all abolitionists were Northerners, middle-class ppl who had no material stake in
conservatism or destruction of the slave system
b. Since slavery was a moral offense rather than an economic injury to them, they came to
look upon it not as an economic institution but as a breach of God’s ordinations
c. Abolitionism was a religious movement, emerging from evangelical Protestantism
2.
Abolitionists were closed off from direct observation of slavery and its defenders
a. All they could do was agitate the Northerners and persuade them that slavery = evil
b. Abolitionists had little access to the minds of slaves and were therefore driven inward
intellectually, and their thinking on slavery assumed an increasingly theological + millennial
cast
c. Because of this, abolitionists didn’t have a clear conception of how the slave was to be
freed and how they would become self-sufficient citizens in a hostile environment
3.
Seeing the English precedent (abolishing slavery in 1833), abolitionists sought immediate
abolition
a. Since slavery = sin, purge of it immediately, not gradually
b. Abolition was a question of right, not expediency
4.
Other abolitionists, who saw that it was impossible to jump from slavery  freedom, played
with the metaphysics of “immediatism”
a. They called for “immediate emancipation” which is gradually accomplished
b. Gradual methods should be immediately begun
5.
Because abolitionists didn’t know how the Negro was to become an independent human being
after emancipation, they failed to help them adequately
6.
Phillips transcended Garrisonian thought, dropping the veil of dogma during the
Reconstruction and turning to realities
a. His long acceptance of Garrison’s leadership had been his greatest handicap
7.
Historian Gilbert Barnes points out that Garrison doesn’t deserve his historical reputation as
the towering figure of American abolitionism
a. Abolitionism wasn’t a centralized movement, and Garrison was not the accepted leader
8.
The secular philosophy of the abolitionists was taken from the Declaration of Independence
a. They wanted natural rights for the colored man
F. The Higher Law Doctrine
1.
Phillips argued that abolitionists can’t vote or take office under the US Constitution
a. Every compromise with evil was fatal
b. Any man who votes supports the Constitution, which is a proslavery instrument
c. The elected political agents must swear to uphold the Constitution, which is proslavery
d. In its very appointment of representation for Congress, it sanctions Southern slaveholding
e. The common military forces of the Union can be called upon to suppress slave rebellions
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f. To support such an instrument of government would be to participate in the moral guilt of
slavery
2.
Phillips insisted that they not support this government based upon and acting for slavery
a. Every man is a free moral agent who must bear responsibility for his political acts
b. It is the bounden duty of the individual not to give even indirect sanction to slavery
3.
Following this creed, Garrisonians called upon the Northern states to separate from the South
a. By dissolving the Union, the abolitionists could wash away their personal sin of
participating in a slave-holding commonwealth
G. Abolitionism + Politics
1.
Abolition sentiment was strategically and politically important
a. Abolitionists learned that abolitionism must be linked with other, more material issues to
reach its full political strength
b. Political abolitionism, as it became more and more dilute in principle, somehow became
stronger and stronger as an actual menace to slavery
2.
Liberty Party disappeared after 2 campaigns but was superseded by Free-Soil Party
3.
Misled by Garrison’s anti-political point of view, Phillips failed until the last moment to
appreciate the contribution of political friction to the abolitionist cause
a. He saw only the fact that the anti-slavery emphasis of the political parties grew weaker
with time and less defensible in abstract principle
b. Only after Lincoln’s election did he begin to perceive the possibilities of the major
political party as an abolition vehicle
H. Phillips’s Philosophy
1.
Phillips parted company w/ Garrison
a. There was an inconsistency b/w Garrisonian philosophy of nonresistance and the naturalrights doctrine of Decl. of Independence
b. Natural rights meant the right to resist, the right to rebel
c. If the Fathers could revolt, so could the Negro
2.
He believed that the Fugitive Slave Law should be resisted by force and that he should defend
the murder of a slave-catcher by a slave
3.
He believed that the total abolition of slavery would only come in some critical conjuncture of
national affairs
4.
However, he believed that slavery would not go down in blood, but in moral suasion—the age
of bullets was over
5.
He believed that the South should be allowed to secede in peace
a. He believed that the Gulf states in the new Confederacy would open the slave trade and
bring ruin upon the slave-breeding states, which would then gravitate to the North
b. Without the standing army, slave insurrections would break out
c. In the end, economic progress would undermine slavery
d. Slavery would come to an end by laws of trade
I. Phillips + Civil War
1.
The Civil War helped Phillips see things in a new light
a. He saw that it was a defensive + justified war, and out of it, emancipation might come
b. He had believed that everything could be settled by freedom of thought + discussion, but
he recognized that it could only be settled by arms
i. The North thinks, but the South dreams—the struggle was between barbarism and
civilization
2.
For Phillips, the great goal of the war was not to save the Union but to free the slave
a. Lincoln’s delay annoyed Phillips, who saw the futility of waging a conservative war
b. The South was fighting to save slavery; the North was fighting not to have it hurt
c. He viewed Lincoln as a “first-rate second-rate man”
d. Since Lincoln needed public opinion to sustain emancipation, Phillips sought to realize that
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3.
Phillips was impatient with the idea that the war could be waged in a static, defensive political
mood
a. Every drop of blood was shed w/o purpose until the slaves were declared free
4.
Lincoln was afraid of European intervention in the South
5.
In order to force a more vigorous conduct of the war, Phillips dropped the old emphasis on the
formality of sin and turned his attention to economic issues
a. He supported Lincoln’s proposal for compensated emancipation, which would abolish
slavery among loyal slaveholders
J. Phillips + Emancipation
1.
Phillips was convinced that the West was stronger than the East for emancipation
2.
He saw that Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation freed the slave but ignored the Negro
a. To declare the Negro free was one thing, to arm and employ him was another
K. Phillips + Reconstruction
1.
Phillips saw that land was K to the Negroes’ welfare and advocated that land be turned over
a. He began to look to the economic basis of politics
b. Land dictated government, and confiscated land should be put into the hands of the
Negroes and white men who fought for it
2.
Phillips believed that the country owed the Negro real freedom, not just technical freedom
a. The Negro deserved land, citizenship, education, and suffrage
b. He believed that the right to vote was K to ppl respecting the Negro and his rights
c. He believed that action must be taken now b/c a conservative reaction would take place
3.
Phillips insisted that the National Anti-Slavery Society continue to work for suffrage for the
freedman
a. He became president of the society and continued to demand land, education, and the
ballot for the Negro
b. Immediate emancipation had come, but the more closely examined, the more gradual it
seemed
L. Phillips’s Labor/Socialist Theory
1.
Abolitionists received little aid from the fledgling American labor movement before the war
2.
Laborers are neither wronged nor oppressed; and if they are, they possess the power to defend
themselves by the exercise of their rights
3.
Phillips was calling for the overthrow of the whole profit-making system
4.
Phillips had hoped that economic progress, not war, would end slavery
a. He believed that slavery would come to an end by laws of trade and interpreted American
history as a series of class struggles
i. The American Revolution had been fought b/c American merchants wanted direct
trade w/ the West Indies and planters wanted to cheat their creditors
ii. The Civil War was a second American Revolution, a contest b/w bourgeois and
feudal civilization
5.
Once a moralist pure and simple, he was becoming a moralist with a philosophy of history
6.
During the Reconstruction, Phillips focused on attaining land for freedmen, which would bring
political and personal freedom
a. He saw that slavery was a labor system that needed to be replaced by some new economic
order
b. The demand for confiscation of the aristocracy’s land fixed his attention on property and
the relation of its distribution to human rights + political democracy
c. The emergence of the ex-slave as a potential agricultural wage worker brought the
problems of wage labor into the center of his consciousness
7.
He believed that the struggle for the ownership of labor was now close to its end
8.
Karl Marx said that white labor could never be free while black labor was in bondage
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9.
Phillips, approaching socialism as an abolitionist, concluded that black labor could never be
truly free until all labor was released from wage slavery
a. He believed that labor should be protected everywhere
b. He saw that money power was a menace to republican government
c. He believed that the only force sufficiently numerous and capable of uniting against the
threat of corporate capital was united labor
d. He believed that the labor movement was the only hope for democracy
10. Phillips became as stoutly devoted to political action as he had been to political inaction during
his career as an abolitionist
a. He believed that the ballot was K to preventing a violent outcome of class struggle
b. He believed that politics was the safety valve
c. However, he became disillusioned w/ the Republican Party (a tool of the capitalist class)
and encourage labor to form its own party but was doomed to failure
11. Except for the reliance upon the working class and his general economic interpretation of
politics, there was little of the Marxist in the American labor reformer (Phillips)
a. His socialism was a homespun Yankee product, woven out of several strains of native
reform ideology, not the least of which was that of the cooperative movement
12. He believed that labor, the creator of wealth, was entitled to all it created
a. Therefore, he advocated the overthrow of the whole profit-making system, the extinction
of monopolies, the abolition of privileged classes, universal education + fraternity, perfect
freedom of exchange, and the destruction of poverty of the masses
b. He declared “war” with the wages system, the economic system that makes the rich richer
and the poor poorer and turns a republic into an aristocracy of capital
13. Phillips’s realism was incomplete b/c it was not supplemented by any conception of economic
evolution
14. Phillips desired equalization of property and equal opportunities for all
M. The Scholar
1.
In “The Scholar in a Republic,” Phillips stated that the duty of the scholar is to help those less
favored in life and to educate the mass of the people
2.
American scholarship had shrunk from agitations and had denounced the slavery crusade (as
well as other major social issues of the age)
3.
He believed that it was time to take the side of the wage worker and the woman in their
coming campaigns for justice
4.
Phillips had been a thorn in the side of complacency
II. Identification Words
A. Chapter 19
1.
Dred Scott Case [1857]
a. Invalided Missouri Compromise [1820], Dred Scott—a black slave—lived long time on
free soil and sued for freedom, ruled that Dred was slave and not a citizen so can’t sue in
federal courts, decreed that slave = private property that can be taken into any territory and
legally held a slave, ruled that Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
2.
Roger Taney
a. 5th chief justice of Supreme Court, ruled against Dred Scott, declared slave = private
property that can be taken anywhere, ruled Missouri Compromise unconstitutional,
Jacksonian economic decisions, favored state rights
3.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
a. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, described slave auctions + separation of black families,
slavery = central theme, helped start the Civil War, left profound impression on the North
4.
“Bleeding Kansas”
a. Tension b/w proslavery ppl + abolitionists, popular sovereignty ineffective in Kansas,
Kansas becoming abolitionized, 2 different govs set up, settlers feud over slavery issue
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5.
Lecompton Constitution
a. Document made by proslavery forces, Kansas applied for statehood on a popularsovereignty basis in 1857, protected owners of slaves in Kansas, supported by Prez Pierce,
submitted to popular vote and defeated
6.
Senator Sumner
a. Leading abolitionist, delivered speech “The Crime Against Kansas”, condemned
proslavery men, referred insultingly to S. Carolina, bludgeoned by Senator Brooks
7.
Congressman Brooks
a. Resented Senator Sumner’s insults to his state, bludgeoned Sumner with a cane, resigned
8.
John C. Fremont
a. American captain, helped overthrow Mexican rule in California, “Pathfinder of the West”,
nominated by Republican Party in 1856, lost election
9.
“Know-Nothings”
a. Nominated ex-prez Millard Fillmore in 1856, Know-Nothing party, American party,
antiforeignism, anti-Catholic, nativists
10. Millard Fillmore
a. 13th prez, succeeded Taylor when he died, nominated again in 1856 by Know-Nothing
party, lost election
11. “Black Republicans”
a. Republicans were anti-slavery, South labeled Fremont as a “Black Republican”, threat to
southern fire-eaters
12. William Seward
a. Senator, strong antislaveryite, against Concession of 1850, argued that Christian legislators
must obey God’s moral or “higher” law
13. Jefferson Davis
a. Senator, prez of Confederacy, graduated from West Point, Sec. of War under Pierce
14. “Fire-Eaters”
a. Southerners, pro-slavery, burning issue of slavery, sectional conflict against northern
abolitionists, sought secession
15. “The Little Giant”
a. Senator Stephen Douglas, debated Abraham Lincoln on slavery, proposed KansasNebraska Act, gave Freeport Doctrine, won Senate seat, lost election of 1860 for prez
16. The Freeport Doctrine
a. Established by Douglas, no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down
if ppl voted it down, idea of popular sovereignty, compromise between pro-slavery and antislavery positions
17. Crittenden Compromise
a. Constitutional amendment proposed by Senator Crittenden, designed to appease South,
slavery in territories was to be prohibited north of 36°30’, but south of that line it was to be
given federal protection in all territories existing or to be acquired, rejected completely
B. Chapter 20
1.
Fort Sumter
a. Union fort in the South, Charleston, S.C., Lincoln sent provisions, Carolinians opened fire
on fort on April 12, 1861, garrison surrendered, stimulated North, initiating shots of Civil War
2.
The Trent Affair
a. Crisis b/w US + Britain, 1861, Union warship stopped the Trent (a British mail steamer) +
forcibly removed 2 Confederate diplomats bound for Europe, British troops  Canada,
Lincoln released the prisoners
3.
Alabama
a. Crisis b/w US + Britain, British were building Confederate commerce-raiders (esp.
Alabama), Alabama captured over sixty Yankee vessels, destroyed by Union cruiser
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4.
Charles Francis Adams
a. American minister to England, convinced British to stop building Confederate raiders,
British saw that they were setting a dangerous precedent that could be used against them
5.
Laird
a. John Laird + Sons built ships in Britain, was building 2 Confederate warships (Laird
rams), South would’ve used them to sink blockade, London gov. bought 2 ships for their navy
6.
Napoleon III
a. Emperor of France, dispatched French army to occupy Mexico City, installed puppet
Maximilian as emperor of Mexico, violated Monroe Doctrine, gave up on puppet
7.
Jefferson Davis
a. Prez of Confederacy, liked strong central gov., didn’t enjoy personal popularity, imperious
and defied public opinion
8.
Antietam [1862]
a. 1st major battle in Civil War to take place on Northern soil, near Maryland, bloodiest
single-day battle in American history
9.
Draft Riots – New York City [1863]
a. Underprivileged + antiblack Irish-American mobs convulsed NYC for days, put down by
Federal firepower, draft favored the rich
10. Morrill Tariff
a. 1861, increased existing duties some 5-10%, passed after enough antiprotection Southern
members had seceded, important revenue-raiser for North
11. Homestead Act
a. 1862, gave 160 acres of free land in the West to ppl willing to live there for 5 years,
stimulated western movement
12. 59ers
a. Discovery of petroleum gushers in 1859 led to rush of 59ers to Pennsylvania, stimulated
petroleum industry
13. Greenbacks
a. Washington Treasury issued greenbacked paper $, greenbacks’ value fluctuated based on
nation’s credit, helped finance Civil War
14. Elizabeth Blackwell
a. America’s 1st female physician, helped organized US Sanitary Commission to assist Union
armies, trained nurses
15. Clara Barton
a. Superintendent of nurses for Union army, transformed nursing into a respected profession,
organized American Red Cross
16. Ex Parte Merryman
a. NOT a Supreme Court decision. Taney ruled it’s unconstitutional to suspend Habeas
Corpus. Lincoln says fuck you and continues to do whatever he wants.
17. Ex Parte Milligan
a. NOT a Supreme Court decision. Taney ruled people cannot be tried in a military court if
there’s another civil court in a reasonable distance.
C. Chapter 21
1.
Bull Run [Manassas Junction]
a. 1861, Virginia, Yankees attacked small Confederate force, unexpected Confederate
reinforcements arrived, Yankees fled in confusion, revealed how the war would be long
2.
George McClellan
a. Union general, given command of Army of Potomac, “Young Napoleon,” cocky,
perfectionist, overcautious, believed that enemy outnumbered him, Lincoln didn’t like him
3.
Stonewall Jackson
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
a. Confederate general, earned his nickname during Battle of Bull Run, he and his troops
stood like a stone wall, later killed during war
The 7 Days Battle
a. June 26-July 2 1862, General Robert Lee launched a devastating counterattack to the
Peninsula Campaign, Confederates drove McClellan back to the sea
J.E.B. Stuart
a. Confederate general, went on daring raids + reconnaissance missions, frustrated McClellan
during Peninsula Campaign, later killed in war
Robert E. Lee
a. Most successful Confederate general, later became general-in-chief, frustrated McClellan’s
Peninsula Campaign, corned @ Appomattox Courthouse in 1865
Merrimack [Virginia]
a. Confederate ironclad, former wooden U.S. warship, destroyed 2 Union wooden ships,
fought the Monitor, destroyed later to keep it from Union forces
Monitor
a. Union ironclad, fought the Merrimack, built in about 100 days
Antietam
a. 1862, 1st major battle to take place on Northern soil, near Maryland, bloodiest single-day
battle, Union victory, allowed Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
a. 1862-1863, initial + final, after Antietam, declared that slaves in Confederate slaves were
free, didn’t affect Border States or conquered areas
Horace Greeley
a. Antislavery editor of New York Tribune, politician, praised Lincoln for Eman.Procl.
Fort Pillow
a. Tennessee, black soldiers were massacred after they formally surrendered
Nathan Bedford Forrest
a. Confederate general, highly regarded cavalry and partisan ranger, tactics of mobile
warfare, became the first Grand Wizard of the KKK
George Pickett
a. Confederate general, Pickett’s Charge against in Battle of Gettysburg was failure, defined
the northernmost point reached by Confederates
Gettysburg
a. Pennsylvania, northernmost point reached by Confederates, battle-1863, Union victory,
Lincoln gave his Gettysburg address, cemetery established
Vicksburg
a. Mississippi, Southern fortress, protected lifeline to western sources of supply, city
surrendered to Grant in 1863, best-fought campaign of the war, Confeds given parole
Ulysses Grant
a. Union general, attacked Vicksburg, general-in-chief, credited w/ defeating the
Confederacy, 18th prez,
Shiloh
a. Battle of Shiloh, 1862, Confederate victory, major battle in West, confirmed that there
would be no quick end to war, foiled Grant’s plans
Chancellorsville
a. Virginia, 1863, Lee divided his forces and sent Stonewall Jackson to attack the Union
flank, Confederate victory, Pyrrhic victory (win battle, lose war)
W.T. Sherman
a. Union general, pioneer practitioner of “total war,” seized Atlanta +Savannah, destroyed
Confederate supplies and weakened morale
Salmon Chase
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22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
a. Sec. of Treasury, critic of Lincoln, served as Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Copperheads
a. Northern Democrats, willing to settle for peace w/ Confederacy, obstructed the war thru
attacks against draft, Lincoln, and emancipation, wanted immediate end of war
Vallandigham
a. Copperhead, Ohio congressman, publicly demanded an end to Civil War, convicted for
treasonable utterances and sentenced to prison
Philip Nolan
a. Edward Hale wrote fictional story of Philip Nolan, inspired by Vallandigham, The Man
Without a Country, Nolan = young army officer found guilty in Aaron Burr plot (1806)
The Wilderness Campaign
a. Grant engaged Lee in a series of battles in Wilderness of Virginia, 1864, both sides lost
many men
Admiral Farragut
a. US admiral, captured Mobile, Alabama, northern victory, first full admiral of Navy
Cold Harbor
a. Grant ordered frontal assault on Cold Harbor, many men lost, Grant criticized, final battle
of Grant’s Overland Campaign
Appomattox
a. Lee was cornered @ Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, 1865, Grant offered generous
terms of surrender
Ford’s Theater
a. 1865, Washington, Lincoln assassinated by John Booth, 5 days after Lee’s surrender
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