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Transcript
AP US Period 5 Midterm Review Sheet 2009-10 Kevin Liu The Shaping of North America 10 million years ago the earth sculpted North America Rockies on the east, Sierra and Cascade rangers on the west Ice age 2 million years ago 10,000 years ago glaciers retreated Melting ice blocked Gulf of St. Lawrence Melting ice drained to the Pacific Ocean Peopling the Americas Ice age shaped geological history of America Nomadic Asian hunters, “immigrant” ancestors of the Native Americans Europeans arrived in America in 1492, about 54 million people in habited America 20 million people in Mexico Aztecs sought human sacrifices, cutting out hearts from live victims The Earliest Americans Corn growing 1200 B.C. corn planting reached America Cultivation of maize, beans, squash (three-sister farming) Iroquois legendary leader was Hiawatha Iroquois Confederacy developed political and organizational skills, had robust military alliance Indirect Discoverers of the New World Scandinavia sefarers stumbled onto northeastern shoulder of North America about 1000 A.D Landed at L’Anse aux Meadows aka Newfoundland Christian crusaders ranked high as America’s indirect discoverers Crusaders had delights for exotic foods Luxuries of the East were expensive in Europe Europeans Enter Africa Marco Polo an Italian adventurer 1450 Portuguese mariners overcame obstacles sailing around West Africa 2/3 of European gold supply was African Portuguese had an appetite for slaves Dark Continent in 1488 Vasco da Gama reached India Columbus Comes Upon a New World Printing presses introduced in about 1450 Columbus was a successful failure Columbus’s discovery lead to four continents: Europe, Africa, North America, and South America Interdependent global economic system emerged due to Columbus New World offered raw materials When World’s Collide New World plants: tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potato Europeans introduced Old World crops and animals to the new world 1493 seventeen ships unloaded 1200 men, swine, and horses Europeans also brought organisms Brought over germs: smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria Taino natives dwindled from 1million to 200 Enslavement of natives The Spanish Conquistadors Treaty of Tordesillas (1491): Spain divided with Portugal the “heathen lands: of the new world Vasco Nunez Balboa, discoverer of the Pacific Ocean 1519 Ferdinand Magellan started from Spain in 5 ships, 1522 his last remaining ship returned home 1513 and 1521 Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida Herando de Soto, 600 armored men went on a gold seeking expedition (15391542) Francisco Pizarro crushed Incas of Peru in 1532 The Conquest of Mexico 1519 Hernando Cortes set sail from Cuba with 16 fresh horses and several hundred men Cortes picked up Indian female slave Malinche (knew both Mayan and Nahutal) Moctezuma Aztec Chieftan Spaniards hungered for gold and power Cortes laid siege on the city on August 13, 1521 The Spread of Spanish America English sent Giovanni Caboto aka John Cabot to explore northeastern coast of North America in 1497 and 1498 Spanish fortified their claims Found little gold and fur in New Mexico Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the provine and killed scores of priests and Spanish settlers French explorer Robert de La Salle explored the Mississippi Rier in the 1680’s Spanish established settlements in texas in 1716 Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo explored California coas tin 1542 1769 Spanish missionaries led by Father Junipero Serra founded at San Diego Black Legend: false concept, believed that conquerors tortured and butchered the Indians, stole their gold, infected them with small ox and left them for dead Alex Dobner Chapter 2 Midterm Review People: 1. Queen Elizabeth I: daughter of Henry VIII who created the Church of England; Elizabeth made Protestantism dominant in England; she promoted exploration and colonization 2. Sir Francis Drake: the most notable of English “sea dogs”; he circumnavigated the globe and was knighted by Elizabeth I 3. Sir Humphrey Gilbert: involved in England's initial attempt at North American colonization; he went to Newfoundland, but the effort at colonizing collapsed when he died at sea in 1583 4. Sir Walter Raleigh: organized expedition in 1585 that landed at Roanoke Island; the colony at Roanoke mysteriously vanished 5. King James I: succeeded Elizabeth I; chartered Virginia Company in 1606 6. John Smith: saved Jamestown colony after taking over in 1608; he whipped colonists into line, making them work rather than just search for gold 7. Pocahontas: daughter of Indian chief Powhatan; she became an intermediary between the Indians and settlers, helping preserve a shaky peace 8. Lord De La Warr: prevented Jamestown colonists from going back home; he imposed a harsh military regime and took aggressive military action against Indians (“Irish tactics”) 9. John Rolfe: married Pocahontas, sealing the peace settlement that ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War; became economic savior of Virginia when he perfected methods of growing tobacco by 1612 10. Lord Baltimore: Englishmen from a rich Catholic family who founded Maryland as a refuge for fellow Catholics 11. James Oglethorpe: a philanthropist who founded Georgia as a haven for imprisoned debtors 12. John Wesley: a missionary who worked among the debtors and Indians in Georgia; later founded the Methodist church Places: 1. Roanoke Island: site of an early English colony which is now part of North Carolina; the settlers there mysteriously disappeared 2. Jamestown: first successful English colony in North America; the colony was created by the Virginia Company of London; not intended to be a permanent settlement, investors wanted to liquidate the company after a short time in order to make a profit 3. Maryland: colony founded by Lord Baltimore in 1634 as a haven for Catholics; Act of Toleration was passed there, establishing religious toleration for Christians 4. West Indies: England claimed several islands in the West Indies, including Jamaica in 1655; African slaves were imported to work on sugar plantations; Barbados code of 1661 gave masters virtually complete control over slaves 5. Carolina: colony created in 1670 by 8 Lords Proprietors; colonists there worked with the coastal Savannah Indians to capture Indians farther inland for use as slaves; rice became the principal export of Carolina and Africans were imported to work as slaves on rice plantations; Charles Town became the busiest sea port of the South; religious toleration attracted diverse community including French Protestants 6. North Carolina: poor outcasts and religious dissenters from Virginia came down to Carolina and became squatters; North Carolina was separated from South Carolina in 1712; North Carolina and Rhode Island were the most democratic and independent minded of the colonies 7. Georgia: founded in 1733 (the last of the original 13) as a buffer, protecting Carolinas from Spain to the south and French to the west; launched by philanthropists like James Oglethorpe as a haven for debtors Timeline: 1558: Elizabeth I becomes queen of England 1565-1590: English crush Irish uprising 1577: Sir Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe 1585: Sir Walter Raleigh found Roanoke colony 1588: England defeats the Spanish Armada 1603: James I becomes king of England 1604: Spain and England sign peace treaty 1607: Virginia colony founded at Jamestown 1614: First Anglo-Powhatan War ends 1619: First Africans arrive in Jamestown; Virginia House of Burgesses established 1624: Virginia becomes royal colony 1634: Maryland colony founded 1640s: Large-scale slave-labor system established in English West Indies 1644: Second Anglo-Powhatan War 1649: Act of Toleration in Maryland; Charles I beheaded leading to Cromwell's rule of England 1660: Charles II restored to English throne 1661: Barbados slave code adopted 1670: Carolina colony created 1711-1713: Tuscarora War in North Carolina 1712: North Carolina formally separates from South Carolina 1715-1716: Yamasee War in South Carolina 1733: Georgia Colony founded Key Terms: 1. Joint-stock company: forerunner of the modern corporation, allowing many investors to pool their capital; pooling money together allowed investors to decrease risk that; Virginia Company was a major example of the joint-stock company 2. House of Burgesses: a small assembly in Virginia; the first of many miniature parliaments to flourish in America 3. Act of Toleration: established religious toleration for all Christians in Maryland (did not protect other religions, death penalty for Jews and atheists) 4. Barbados Code: law established in West Indies which denied rights to slaves and gave masters virtually complete control Main Themes: 1. Southern mainland colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; all were agricultural (tobacco and rice); all allowed slavery 2. Aristocratic except North Carolina and to some extent Georgia 3. Not much city growth because of the wide scattering of plantations 4. Not many churches and schools 5. All supported some religious toleration, though tax supported Church of England was dominant 6. All were expansionary: tobacco destroyed the so farmers had to move westward Alex Dobner Chapter 3 Midterm Review People: 13. Martin Luther: German friar who started the Protestant Reformation 14. John Calvin: elaborated Luther's ideas; Calvinism was dominant in New England; believed in “predestination”; wrote “Institutes of the Christian Religion” 15. Myles Standish (“Captain Shrimp”): traveled on the Mayflower to New England (only half of those on the ship were separatists, Standish was among those that were not); he proved helpful as a Native American fighter and negotiator 16. William Bradford: gifted leader of the Pilgrims 17. Archbishop William Laud: archbishop of the Church of England who persecuted Puritans; his actions were sanctioned by Charles I 18. John Winthrop: first governor of Massachusetts 19. Anne Hutchinson: a dissenter in among the Puritans who believed that if everyone's soul is predetermined, they didn't need to follow the law of God or man because it made no difference (this belief was called antinomianism); she was banished from Massachusetts after claiming she heard this from God, and set out for Rhode Island, but finally moved to New York 20. Roger Williams: an extreme separatist who wanted a clean break with the Church of England; he challenged the legality of the Bay Colony's charter and accused them of stealing land from the Indians; he denied the government's right to regulate religious behavior; later founded Rhode Island 21. Thomas Hooker: led a group of Boston Puritans into the Hartford area 22. Sir Ferdinando Gorges: attempted to colonize in Maine in1623 but failed; Massachusetts purchased the land from his heirs in 1677 23. Squanto: a Wampanoag Indian who knew spoke English; helped the settlers and the Wampanoag communicate 24. Massasoit: Wampanoag chieftain who signed treaty with Pilgrims in 1621 and helped them celebrate the 1st Thanksgiving 25. Metacom (called King Philip by English): son of Massasoit; formed pan-Indian alliance and launched coordinated attacks against English; in the end, the English killed Metacom and won King Philip's War 26. Sir Edmund Andros: autocratic head of the Dominion of New England; limited town meetings, restricted courts, the press, and schools; revoked all land titles; taxed without representation and got rid of popular assemblies; he was overthrown by colonists after they heard news of the Glorious Revolution in England 27. Henry Hudson: Englishman sent by Dutch East India Co.; he disregarded orders to sail northeast and instead went into Delaware Bay and New York Bay in 1609; ascended Hudson River, hoping he had found a shortcut through North America, but instead found a wooded and watered area 28. Peter Stuyvesant: led Dutch military expedition against Swedish and defeated New Sweden's fort after a bloodless siege in 1655; New Netherland then absorbed New Sweden 29. Duke of York: brother of Charles II; English regarded Dutch as intruders and Charles gave the the land that the Dutch occupied to the Duke of York; an English squadron forced Stuyvesant to surrender the land without firing a shot and New Amsterdam was renamed New York 30. William Penn: a well-born Englishman who was attracted to Quakerism; the king owed money to Penn's father, so the king gave Penn land and called it Pennsylvania; Penn set up Philadelphia and bought land from Indians, including Chief Tammany Places: 8. Plymouth Bay: area chosen by Pilgrims to start their colony 9. Massachusetts: colony chartered by the Massachusetts Bay Company (a group of non-Separatist Puritans); Boston at the center; used their charter as a constitution; religious leaders had great power in the “Bible Commonwealth” 10. Rhode Island: Providence was founded by Roger Williams; established complete religious freedom, no taxes for a state church; most liberal of the colonies; originally all men could vote, though this was later changed to property owners; Rhode Island secured a charter in 1644 11. Connecticut: Thomas Hooker led Boston Puritans to Hartford; settlers of the colony drafted the Fundamental Orders which was a constitution that established a democratic regime controlled by “substantial citizens” 12. New Haven: Puritan squatters founded New Haven in 1638 with a closer churchgovernment alliance than Massachusetts 13. Maine: fisherman and fur traders were active in Maine even before Plymouth; it became part of Massachusetts later 14. New Hampshire: at first occupied by fisherman and fur traders; absorbed by Massachusetts in 1641 but the king later separated them in 1679 15. New Sweden: Swedish settlement which was taken over by Dutch 16. New Amsterdam: modern day New York; established by Dutch West India Co.; New Amsterdam was run in the interests of stockholders with little interest in religious tolerance, free speech, or democracy; ruled by harsh and despotic directors-general 17. New York: originally New Amsterdam, but then by England and renamed; autocratic spirit and corrupt English governors gave large plots to friends creating aristocratic atmosphere; discouraged many immigrants from coming so growth was limited 18. Pennsylvania: founded by William Penn, a Quaker; liberal land policy attracted immigrants; had an elected representative assembly; no tax supported state church; freedom of worship; death penalty only for treason and murder; dislike for black slavery 19. New Jersey: 2 nobles were given the New Jersey area from the Duke of York; 1 sold West New Jersey to Quakers and East New Jersey was acquired by Quakers later; they were unified in 1702 and made a royal colony 20. Delaware: harbored some Quakers; granted its own assembly in 1703 but remained under PA governor until the American Revolution Timeline: 1517: Martin Luther begins Protestant Reformation 1536: John Calvin of Geneva published Institutes of the Christian Religion 1620: Pilgrims sail on the Mayflower to Plymouth Bay 1624: Dutch founded New Netherland 1629: Charles I dismissed Parliament and persecutes Puritans 1630: Puritans found Massachusetts Bay Colony 1635-1636: Roger Williams convicted of heresy and founds Rhode Island colony 1635-1638: Connecticut and New Haven colonies founded 1637: Pequot War 1638: Anne Hutchinson banished from Massachusetts colony 1639: Connecticut's Fundamental Orders drafted 1642-1648: English Civil War 1643: New England Confederation formed 1655: New Netherland conquers New Sweden 1664: England seizes New Netherland from Dutch; East and west Jersey colonies founded 1675-1676: King Philip's War 1681: William Penn founds Pennsylvania colony 1686: Royal authority creates Dominion of New England 1688-1689: Glorious Revolution overthrows Stuarts and Dominion of New England Key Terms: 5. The “elect”: those who Calvinists believed were chosen by God to go to heaven 6. Puritans: people who wanted to further reform and purify the Church of England 7. Separatists: those who wanted to break away from the Church of England all together 8. “Protestant Ethic”: term used to describe hard working attitude of Protestants 9. Sumptuary laws or “Blue laws”: laws to repress certain human instincts; for instance, in New Haven there was a fine on kissing in public (Connecticut became known as “the Blue Law State”) 10. Fundamental Orders: a constitution which established a regime democratically controlled by “substantial citizens” in Connecticut 11. New England Confederation: a group formed in 1643 while England was involved in civil war; colonists wanted to protect from Indians, French and Dutch; each member colony had two votes in jurisdiction of the confederation; made up of Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Haven and the collection of Connecticut River valley settlements; first step towards colonial unity 12. Dominion of New England: in 1684, Massachusetts's charter was revoked and the Dominion of New England was created; it included all of New England and then New York and New Jersey; it's autocratic leader was Sir Edmund Andros, but he was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution 13. “Salutary neglect”: the Navigation Laws restricted American trade with nonEnglish countries and colonies, but new monarchs relaxed the grip on trade, practicing “salutary neglect” Main Themes: 7. New England Colonies were heavily influenced by religious leaders; they practiced town hall type governments 8. Middle colonies were called the “bread colonies” for their high grain exports 9. In the Middle colonies, Susquehanna, Delaware, and Hudson rivers aided fur trade; however, there were fewer waterfalls than New England; without waterfalls, milling and manufacturing were much less common 10. Industry was still strong in the middle colonies; forests provided strong lumber and shipbuilding industries; rivers made trade easier 11. Middle colonies governments were somewhere between the town halls of New England and the county governments of the south 12. Middle colonies were more ethnically mixed, and had more religious tolerance than other colonies; desirable land was most easily found there CHAPTER FOUR: AMERICAN LIFE IN THE 17th CENTURY Towns Colonies are becoming permanent settlements Unity by Puritanism, tight unit society Harvard and William & Mary College Majority can read and write Puritan zeal begins to fade Families South More males than females Children died early Marriages destroyed by death and disease Colonists eventually become immune to fatal diseases Chesapeake area is full of disease New England Longer lifespan, cold kills germs Migrate as families Family is the center of life Early marriage, high birthrate Low premarital pregnancy rates Children expected to be obedient Women have almost no rights Slaves New England Soil is exhausted Greedy for more land Disputes with Indians Harder to farm, industry and trade, shipbuilding and commerce, fishing Less ethnically mixed Extreme climate Introduction to livestock Day in the Life Tobacco Most are taken to Spanish & Portuguese South America & West Indies 7% of Southern plantation colonies population in 1670 Black servants outnumber whites for the first time in the mid-1680s Most slaves went to Newport & Charleston Slavery in the South was harsher and more severe (climate and labor) Majority farmers Wake up at dawn, sleep at dusk Women – cook, clean, care for children, wove Men – cleared land, planted, cropped, cut firewood Children – school, chores, helped with men and women’s tasks Great Planters Small Farmers Landless Whites Indentured Servants Black Slaves People Indentured servants – farmers in need of work are hired for several years William Berkeley – governor of Virginia, friendly to Indians Nathaniel Bacon – hated Berkeley’s policies, died of disease in middle of rebellion Urban professional class – a few cities begin to grow, lawyers and financiers Events Bacon’s Rebellion – 1676, 1000 rebel against Berkeley, attacks on Indians, Berkeley is able to stop the rebellion Stono Rebellion – 1739, South Carolina, slaves attempt to march to Spanish Florida, stopped by militia Salem Witch Hunt – 1692, group of girls claim to be bewitched, 19 hanged and 1 pressed Great Plantersto– death control economy and House of Burgesses Terms Small farmers – largest group Headright System – importing of servant workers, Landless mostly former 50 pay Whites for trip–and receive indentured servants acres Middle Passage – slave Indentured Servants –still serving terms trade route from Africa to as servants North America, high death rate Black Slaves – gradually replacing Slave servants Codes – distinction for indentured races, blacks and children are property of master (makes slavery neverending), racism and slavery go together Gullah – Africans’ new language in South Carolina isles, blended English and several African languages The Jeremiad – new form of sermons, scolded lack of piety Halfway Covenant – new form of church membership, baptism but not “full communion,” weakened distinction between The Elect and others “New England Conscience” – Puritan heritage, high idealism, national character CHAPTER FIVE: COLONIAL SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION Population 25 million in 1775, doubling every 25 years Average age = 16 Closer to population of England (1 American: 3 English), shift of power begins 90% live in rural areas Social Structure Equal opportunity besides slavery Ability to climb social ladder (not possible in Europe) Indentured servants can achieve prosperity Almshouses for the destitute Education Great Awakening leads to “new light centers of higher learning” New England is most interested in education Wanted all worshippers to be able to read the Bible Primary and secondary taxsupported schools Cambridge, Ben Franklin creates University of Pennsylvania (1st college with no denominational control) Well-to-do families sent boys abroad for education Arts and Literature Many artists had to go to England to complete training Architecture modified for climate and religion Literature was generally undistinguished Many Americans were too poor and too busy for books, newspapers were a better solution Politics 8 colonies had royal governors, 3 governors elected by proprietors, 2 elected governors Self-taxation 2 house legislative body (upper and lower), upper is appointed by crown/proprietor, lower is elected by those with land Tricked governors, withheld salaries ------------------------------------------------ People Germans – 6% of population, fleeing religious persecution and economic oppression, Lutheran, PA Dutch, no loyalty to England Scots-Irish – 7%, spoke English but not loyal to England, most moved to frontier Other Europeans – 5%, French Huguenots & Welsh & Dutch & Swedes & Jews & Irish & Swiss & Scot Highlanders Africans – 20%, largest nonEnglish group, concentrated in the South Arminians – followers of Jacobus Arminius, free will instead of divine decree Jonathon Edwards – intellectual pastor, salutation through good works, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” George Whitefield – revolutionized spiritual life of colonies, human helplessness and divine omnipotence, new style of preaching Charles Willson Peale – portraits of George Washington, ran a museum Phyllis Wheatley – slave girl, never formally educated, published books and poems Benjamin Franklin – “first civilized American,” autobiography Poor Richards Almanac John Peter Zenger – newspaper printer, article criticizing corrupt royal governor, put on trial, charged with seditious libel, declared not guilty, defended by Alexander Hamilton Events March of the Paxton Boys – Philadelphia 1764, rebellion led by Scots-Irish Great Awakening – 1730s and 1740s, religious revival, first mass movement in America Terms Praying towns – Indians gathered to be Christianized in New England, creation of Native American communities Old Lights – orthodox clergymen, skeptical of new style and new tradition New Light Ministers – based on Edwards’ tactics, emotion in religion Weeklies – newspapers sent out once a week, large sheet of paper folded once, news was usually weeks old Chapter 6 Review Claire Edelson French exploration of North America: later bc of internal problems/foreign wars 1608 St. Lawrence & Quebec……..Samuel de Champlain 1701 Great Lakes & Detroit..............Antonie de Cadillac 1718 Mississippi R & New Orleans...Robert de la Salle Settlers : «courrers de bois » (fur traders---beavers) Corrupt Indians (alcohol) **slow growth: French peasants have land, Huguenots wouldn’t be tolerated in New France (Catholic) French control : Ohio River valley Mississippi River & New Orleans Great Lakes Fishing off North coast Americans want Americans don’t like French: Catholic Control fur trade Royal (still controlled by French crown) Countries Clash for New World Control: Sp, Br, Fr King William’s War Queen Anne’s War Br colonists v. courrers de bois **Utrecht 1713: Britian gets Newfoundland & Acadia, Hudson Bay, trading rights w/ Spain conflict bc Spanish are Catholic War of Jenkin’s Ear ----- Br v. Sp King George’s War (War of Austrian Succession) ------ Br v. Sp (+ Fr) **Treaty 1748: Louisberg given back to Fr…New England mad bc they had fought for it French & Indian War (7 Years’ War) 1754 G. Wash claim to Ohio land…attack Ft. Duquesne (Fr) G. Wash falls back…builds Ft. Necessity Br v. Fr (+ Prussia) (+ Spain, Austria, Russia) **British in Nova Scotia send French people to Louisiana-----become Cajuns** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1754 Albany Congress: get Iroquois support (bc French have Huron support) Send gifts/guns Ben Franklin’s Plan of Union: colonies must unite… “Join or Die” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------How British/Colonies Win: Pitt & Wolfe focus on getting big cities— Louisberg 1758 Quebec 1759 Montreal 1760 (“Plains of Abraham) **tension between Br soldiers & colonists: Br are condescending **Colonists gain military experience & confidence (ex. Br General Braddock loses a battle) 1763 Treaty of Paris -French lose New World possessions -Britain gets North America + naval dominance -Spain gets New Orleans/Louisiana, Mississippi R area, switch Florida for Cuba 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion: Indians lost bargaining chip -try to drive settlers out of Ohio…..Br settlers spread small-pox infected blankets Proclamation of 1763: prohibit settlement past Appalachian Mts **colonists mad…defy Chapter 7 Review Claire Edelson Republicanism: virtue of the people, private interests subordinated to the common good Republican motherhood = moms spread these virtues to childern Whigs: fear corruption/ British king…threat to liberty Tories: fear “mobocracy” Enlightenment: Locke (natural rights), Rousseau (social contract), Adam Smith (capitalism, laissez-faire) Mercantislism: Br uses/benefits from colonies (have raw materials) Navigation Law 1650: only British ships can ship goods to/from colonies Not strictly enforced…Salutary Neglect PM Grenville: enforce Navigation Laws 1763 Sugar Act 1764 Quartering Act 1765 Stamp Tax 1765 Colonist rxns: taking away liberties/$$, why are troops needed?... “no taxation w/out representation”----Br argue “virtual representation” Stamp Act Congress 1765: 9 colonies, state rights/grievances, want repeal of Stamp Act Nonimportation: against British goods Mobilizes colonists---homespun wool… Sons/Daughters of Liberty: enforce nonimportation, tar/feather unpopular Br officials Not too favorable/profitable for Britain… 1766 repeal stamp Act ------------1766 Declaratory Act: “binds” colonies to Parliament (abs. sov.) “Champagne Charley” Townsend: TEA) Townsend Acts 1767 (import duty, includes **colonists no longer have pwr of purse + NY legislation suspended + troops in Boston… 1770 Boston Massacre: Crispus Attucks dies Lord North (George III is king): repeal Townsend Acts BUT KEEP tea tax **Sam Adams: Committees of Correspondence (exchange info/ideas throughout colonies) British E India Co has monopoly of American tea Br Thomas Hutchinson: enforces tea tax inBoston 1773 Boston Tea Party 1774 Intolerable Acts Boston Port Act: close Boston harbor, charter taken away, restricted town meetings Quebec Act: guarantee French in Canada their Catholic religion/customs Extend Quebec boundaries into Ohio River Valley **pisses off Americans** 1774 1st Continental Congress: 12 colonies, redress colonial grievances John Adams Association: complete boycott of British goods, want Br to repeal offensive legislation 1775 Lexington & Concord….minutemen British Strengths British Weaknesses -navy sent there -lg, professional army -loyalists + Indians support -Hessians -oppressed Ireland…troops -hated by French -citizens don’t wholly (Whigs love Americans, “cousins”, fear king will become a tyrant) -Lord Dunmore’s Ethiopian Regiment (freedom to slaves who fight for Br) -distance/communication -low provisions -second rate generals American Strengths American Weaknesses -leaders (G. Wash, Ben Franklin) (states want pwr) -French aid (Marquis de Lafayette) printed -defensive war/just cause -self sustaining/ agriculture -bad organization/unity -$$... « Continentals » -lack weapons -lack training…until Baron von Steuben -profiteers -unreliable troops (not attached to cause) CHAPTER 8 AND 9 NOT SUBMITTED YET Brooke Ferreri Chapter 10 People: George Washington: Framer of the Constitution, First President Benjamin Franklin: Framer of the Constitution James Madison: Framer of the Constitution, The Virginia Plan Alexander Hamilton: Secretary of the Treasury, dominant Federalist figure Edmond Randolph: suggested a supreme legislative, executive and judiciary branch, Attorney General William Patterson: The New Jersey Plan John Adams: First Vice President, Second President Henry Knox: Secretary of War Thomas Jefferson: Secretary of the State, Vice President John Jay: Jay’s Treaty Thomas Pinckney: Pinckney’s Treaty Timeline: 1786: Meeting in Annapolis, Md – Only 5 states sent delegates, to try to fix Articles of Confederation. 1787: Madison Plan aka The Virginia Plan - Called for new national legislation of two houses Lower house = represented in proportion to population - Upper house = elected by lower house 1787: The New Jersey Plan - Proposed a federal government - Gave congress expanded power to tax Tabled 1787: “Grand Committee” – a single delegate from each state, Franklin as chairman - “Great Compromise” - Lower house based on population – slaves counted as 3/5 of a person - Upper house had two members per state 1787: July 16, convention voted to accept the compromise 1787: September 17, thirty-nine delegates signed the Constitution 1789: First election - George Washington was President - John Adams was Vice President - April 30, 1789 was the inauguration 1789: September 25 - 12 amendments approved 1789: Judiciary Act of 1789 - Congress provided for a supreme court of six members (chief justice and 5 associates – 13 district courts, 1 judge apiece – 3 circuit courts of appeal – each consist of 1 district judge sitting with 2 supreme court justices) gave supreme court power to make final decisions 1790: The capital moved from New York to Philadelphia - Jefferson and Hamilton agreed to move capital if Va votes for the Assumption Bill 1791: Bank of the United States was created 1792: George Washington ran for president again 1793: Citizen Genet Affair 1794: Whiskey Rebellion - Farmers in western Pa refused to pay a whiskey excise tax - Began terrorizing tax collectors 1794: Jay’s Treaty - Prevented war between U.S and Great Britain - Established sovereignty over the northwest - Produced commercial relationship with Great Britain 1795: Pinckney’s Treaty - Spain recognized U.S right to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth and to deposit goods at New Orleans - Fixed northern boundary at Florida (31st parallel) - Required Spanish authorities to prevent Native Americans in Florida from launching raids across the boarder 1796: Farewell Address 1797: Election - John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson - Adams won by 3 electoral votes - Jefferson was Vice President 1797: “XYZ” Affair 1798: Congress created a Department to the Navy 1798: The Alien Act - Placed obstacles in the way of foreigners who wished to become citizens and it strengthened presidents hand in dealing with aliens 1798: The Sedition Act - Allowed government to prosecute those who engaged in “sedition" against the government 1798 &1799: Virginia Kentucky Resolution - Right to nullify appropriate laws Didn’t win support 1799: Quasi War with France 1800: Election - John Adams (fed) vs. Thomas Jefferson (rep) - Jefferson won - Vice President was Aaron Burr - “Whispering campaign” 1801: Judiciary Act of 1801 - Passed by congress the Feds reduced the number of supreme court justiceships by one but greatly increased the number of fed judgeship as a whole - Midnight judges Other: Supporters of Constitution had advantages - Support of Washington, Franklin, Hamilton, Madison and Jay - Federalists Anti Federalists - Didn’t was a strong tyrannical center of power New Bank - Provided loans, currency to business, safe place to deposit federal funds, collect taxes, provided stable center to the nations small and feeble banking system Federalists worked with - Stabilizing western land - Strengthened Americas international position Chapter 11 Time Line: 1801: Jefferson inaugurated 1801: Chief Justice John Marshall was appointed 1801: Pasha of Tripoli - Informally declared war on U.S - Jefferson reluctantly sent an infant navy to the shores of Tripoli 1802: Naturalization Law of 1802 - Reduced the unreasonable requirement s of 14 years of residence to 5 years - Response to Alien Act 1803: Marbury vs. Madison 1803: Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to join Robert R. Livingston - Instructed to buy New Orleans, and as much land to the east $10 million was their limit 1803: April 30: France ceded Louisiana to U.S for $ 15 million (Louisiana Purchase) 1804: Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the land - Help from Sacajawea - Lasted 2 ½ years 1804: July 11: Aaron Burr kills Hamilton in a duel 1805: Treaty of Peace from Tripoli - Secured bargain price of $60,000 1806: Fall - Burr and James Wilkinson planned to separate the west from the east Burr and 60 followers went down Mississippi river to meet Wilkinson Wilkinson found out that Jefferson knew the plan and fled to New Orleans Burr was arrested for treason Acquitted and fled to Europe People: Thomas Jefferson: 3rd President John Adams: Ran against Jefferson Aaron Burr: Vice President, kills Hamilton, tries to separate east and west Albert Gallatin: Secretary of the Treasury John Marshall: Chief Justice Samuel Chase: Almost impeached by Jefferson Meriwether Lewis: Explored new territory William Clark: Explored new territory Zebulon M. Pike: Explored new territory James Wilkinson: Military governor of Louisiana Territory, sometimes secret agent for Spain, helps Burr Other: Adams wanted a strong central government and public order Jefferson: - Wanted agrarian communities, liberty and states rights - Mission was to restore the republican experiment - To check growth of government power and to halt the decay of virtue - Kept Hamiltonian Framework intact - No attacks on national bank - Didn’t repeal tariffs - Liked “mosquito fleets” - Didn’t oppose industry - Suspicious of cities pell mell: seating without regard to ranking Chapter 12 I. People i. ii. iii. iv. v. James Monroe Andrew Jackson General Harrison John Marshall George Canning II. Events i. Depression of 1819 ii. Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine separated from Massachusetts as a free state to keep the balance iii. Fletcher vs. Peck (1810) iv. Tallmadge Amendment (1818) – Stated that slaves should no longer be brought into Missouri and a general emancipation should begin. Defeated in the Senate by the south v. Treaty of 1818 – Americans shared the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada and established a ten year joint occupation of Oregon vi. Adam-Onis Treaty of 1819 – America gained Florida and gave up claims to Texas. While Spain gave up claims to Oregon vii. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819) viii. McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) ix. Land Act of 1820 – Could purchase 80 acres of land at $1.25 an acre x. Cohens vs. Virginia (1821) xi. 1823 George Canning the foreign secretary for London wanted to have both Britain and America make a joint statement declaring no interest in the Latin territories and to warn away European powers xii. Monroe Doctrine (1823) xiii. Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) xiv. Russo-American Treaty of 1824 – Russian retreated to the southern tip of Alaska III. Key Terms and Ideas i. More states banned imprisonment for debts ii. “Ohio Fever” – General Harrison and Jackson quelled the Indian threat allowed for a westward movement iii. Slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of Missouri’s southern border (36 30’) iv. The North gradually became more populous and in turn wealthier than the South, which lead to greater power in the House of Representatives Chapter 13 I. People i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun William H. Crawford Henry Clay Andrew Jackson Nicholas Biddle Roger B. Taney II. Events i. Tariff of 1816 excluded imports of cheap English cotton cloth ii. Tariff of 1824 had higher duties on raw materials and manufactures of textile and iron factories iii. Election of 1824 – between John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, William H. Crawford, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson iv. House of Representatives chose between Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford. Adams won because of Calhoun’s support and selected him to be the secretary of state v. Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) – vi. Election of 1828 – Between Adams and Jackson. Jackson won because he toured the nation while Adams “stood for election”. It was a newspaper campaign vii. Indian removal act of 1830 viii. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Cherokee’s attempted to claim the status of a foreign nation, it was denied ix. Before the election of 1832 Henry Clay and Daniel Webster attempted to re-charter the bank early to get a veto from Jackson and use it to win the people. Jackson vetoed the bill and won the people declaring their actions were unconstitutional x. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) voided Georgia’s extension of state law over the Indians xi. Bad Axe Massacre xii. Ordinance of Nullification (1832) – Southern Carolinians declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 void and threatened secession if an attempt was made to collect the duties xiii. Force Bill (1833) – authorized use of force to enforce tariffs xiv. Compromise Tariff Act of 1833 – gradual reduction to the 1816 levels xv. Charles River Bridge Co. Vs Warren bridge Co (1837) xvi. Mayor of New York Vs Miln (1837) xvii. Briscoe Vs Bank of Kentucky (1837) xviii. Depression of 1837 xix. Trail of Tears (1838) xx. Independent Treasury Act of 1840 – took specie from pet banks and put them into government vaults xxi. Election of 1840 – William Henry Harrison beat Martin Van Buren but later died of pneumonia and John Tyler became president xxii. Preemption act of 1841 – allowed poor settlers to buy cheap land xxiii. Commonwealth Vs Hunt (1842) III. Key Terms and Ideas i. Franchise expanded giving nearly every farmer and wage earner the ability to vote ii. Decline of notables and increase in parties iii. “Corrupt Bargain” – Adams appointment of Calhoun as secretary of state iv. Internal improvements rejected i. Jackson’s party began to be known as democrats they were hostile to the special privileges for business corporations and to clay’s American System v. Jackson used popular mandate to increase presidential powers vi. Kitchen Cabinet vii. Spoil System viii. Specie – gold/silver coins ix. Pet Banks x. 2nd national party is formed, the Whigs – they wanted the American system back and a rich man chosen by talent not birth in office xi. Rise of Unions Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy The Westward Movement: -Many people move west - seen as a peaceful life with nature - real life: starving, diseased, depressed, isolated -pioneers enjoyed wrestling - rugged individualism, but use neighbors for help -James Fenimore Cooper- Natty Bumppo - Herman Melvillee- Captain Ahab Emerald Isle Moves West -Black Forties- Irish move to America during potato famine -poor, they move to NYC, and Boston -scorned for being catholic, live in slums, and work in canals and railroads -Irish hate blacks, fight for jobs, race riots -Molly Maguires- Irish coal union, violent -Irish begin to control police and Tammany hall -Politicians trash British for Irish votes The March of Mechanization -use of steam powers industrial revolution -factory system grows -little labor, money, machinery, and consumers -British control textile industry Workers and Wage Slaves -factory worker, dull, underpaid, unsanitary, long hours -child workers -Jackson promotes 10 hour days, high pay -Early strikes fail -Commonwealth v. Hunt: unions are illegal Clinton’s big Ditch in New York -connect great lakes to Hudson river -governor DeWitt leads building -Syracuse and Rochester boom The Iron Horse -early R.R’s seen as dangerous -brakes allow R.R’s to flourish and open up trade all around country Shaping the Western Landscape -tobacco over exhausted land, and sugar was burned and planted with blue grass -beavers are over trapped -rendezvous system- meet once every summer, trade and party -settlers over hunt buffalo -nationalism=> respect for nature -George Catlin- painter form Native American life, preserve nature, proposes national park The German Forty-Eighters -Germans come- crop failures -Germans were rich and move west to mid west to farm - Germans are liberal -Conestoga wagon, Kentucky rifle, and Christmas tree= German contributions -against war, support public schools and kindergarten -Germans drink on Sabbath, and beer originates with them Whitney Ends Fiber Famine -Samuel Slater- father of factory system(spinning cotton) -Eli Whitney- cotton gin -Slavery more important, increase # of cotton -New England more industrial, more people and capital, easier shipping Women and the Economy -Factory Girls- Lowel, Mass. -nurse, domestic service, and teaching: hard to find -Beecher & Stowe- feminize teaching position -working women= single mid class or lower - marry for love, smaller families -kids enforced by hickory stick( American Brats) -child centered families Cables, Clipper, and Pony Riders -Cyrus Field- telegram from Newfoundland to Ireland -clippers- fast light cargo ships -Steam ships outlast clippers -pony express- ten day express mail The Market Revolution -America grows a nation Economy - grows food, makes clothes, and goods -All American’s prosperity grows, but wealth gap increases -unskilled workers are replaceable -rags to riches stories grow The March of the Millions -population doubles every 25 years -4th most populous nation -New York, Philly, Chicago, New Orleans -little police, bad water and sewage -1840-50’s immigrant flow increases -Europe over crowded=> Germans and Irish come -more food and land, low taxes, no military service Flare-ups of Antiforeignism -Fear immigrants will outbreed, outvote, and get rid of native stock -catholic schools developed -Know-nothing Party: nativist, support immigration laws -Irish and Nativist fight -growing economy, stops most violence between races Marvels in Manufacturing -Embargo grows industry -Eli Whitney- Interchangeable parts, muskets -Elias Howe- Sewing machine Boston associates- 1st investment capital business -Samuel Morse- Telegraph -Limited liability- risk only your share Highways & Steamboats -factories need fast transports -Penn Turnpike- Philly to Lancaster (1st Highway) -states righters appose gov. subsidized roads -Clermont; Fulton’s folly- steam ship -rivers are now 2 way roads -ships open up south and west Transport Web in Union -Steamships bind South and West -R.R.’s and canals span out from east to tap western produce -south raises cotton form New England and Britain - West grows food form East factory workers -East makes machines/textiles for West and South Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform Culture Reviving Religion -Thomas Paine- The Age of Reason- church enslaves mankind -Deism- God is a clockmaker, doesn’t intervene -Unitarian- God exists in one not 3 forms, goodness in humans -Second Great Awakeningspread by hellfire speeches -Methodist and Baptists gain lots of new church members, stress personal conversion -Peter Cartwright- rowdy Methodist preacher -Charles Finney- revivalist against alcohol and slavery, and sinners bench, pray in front of congregation -Women are the most effected by 2nd reawakening -1830’s Denominational Diversity -New York is home to many hell fire preachers=>Burned over District -1st and 2nd great awakenings spread wealth gap - Rich are unaffected (Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Unitarians, Congregationalists) -Poor are greatly affected by Awakening (Baptists and Methodists) - Southern Churches split on question of slavery (Baptist & Methodist) Higher Goals for Higher Learing -many small bad colleges in south and west spring up -1st state school, North Carolina 1795 - University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson’s college -Women’s education frowned upon, math injures feminine mind, should be at home -Emma Willard- Troy Female Seminary - Oberlin College= Coed 1837 -Mary Lyon- Mount Holyoke -Subscription libraries and lectures educate people -growing taste for magazines - Lyceum Lecture association An Age of Reform -Many reformers are inspired by Great Awakening - Many women become leaders in reforms; especially women suffrage -debtor’s prison is abolished -criminal laws become more liberal; prison is to correct not just punish, branding and whipping are less -Mentally insane people are imprisoned -Dorothea Dix- reforms mentally ill asylums, making better conditions -American Peace Society- William Ladd; start a war on war Wilderness Utopias -Robert Owen- New Harmony- fails -Brook Farmstranscendentalism, fails from debt -Oneida- Free love, good silver plates -Shakers- Mother Ann Lee; religious anti-sex group A Desert of Zion in Utah - Joseph Smith- Mormons -Ohio, to Missouri, to Illinois, finally in Salt Lake City, Utah -Much opposition for polygamy, private militia and group voting -Joseph dies in fight Brigham Young takes them to Utah -Strict disciplined, prosperous City Dawn of Scientific Achievement -Nathaniel Bowditch- Navigation -Matthew Maury- Ocean winds and currents -Ben Silliman- Chemist -Louis Agassiz- Biology -Asa Gray- botany -John Audubon- Birds of America - Medicine is very primitive, not until 1840’s are anesthetics used - many people use home remedies, and have no knowledge of germs. Epidemics are still rampant Free Schools for Free People -Public schooling meets strong opposition -Tax funded public schools are started to educate the voting man, as to protect future democracy -Schools are bad in the south - school teachers are ill taught, and only teach reading, writing, arithmetic -Horace Mann- promotes better teachers and pay, longer semesters, and larger curriculums -Noah Webster- Standardizes English language with dictionary -William McGuffey- McGuffey’s Readers teachers patriotism, morality, and idealism Demon Rum—The “Old Deluder” -People everywhere drank; funerals, parties, jobs with machinery, clergy -Alcohol destroys families - American Temperance Society, Cold Water Army; clubs against rum -T.S. Arthur- Ten Nights in a Barroom and what I Saw There: anti alcohol book. -Neal Dow- Father of Prohibition Maine law 1951- bans sale of alcohol Women in Revolt -Women have little rights, more than Europe though, nor vote, or property - women are seen as fine, emotional, artistic, and keepers of societies morality - Men= strong but crude, can slip into savage ways if not guided by a lady -Women’s rights activists fought also for temperance and abolition -Lucretiia Mott- Quaker, kicked out of antislavery convention - Elizabeth Stanton -Susan B. Anthony- exposed as vulgar epithets -Elizabeth Blackwell- 1st medical grad - Margaret Fuller- Edits the Dial -Grimke sisters- Anti slavery - Lucy Stone- keeps maiden name -Seneca Falls Convention- women’s rights, Declarations of sentiments -women can own property after marriage Chapter 15: Continued Artistic Achievements -1820-1850 Greek Revival was used when designing and creating most public buildings -Thomas Jefferson- best American architect of his time; Monticello -Lack of time, money, and patrons inhibits the growth of painting -Puritan views were anti painting -Gilbert Stuart- painter; paints George Washington -Charles Peale- paints Washington two - John Trumbull- paints the Revolutionary War -Hudson River School- Teaches how to paint local landscapes -Music becomes more popular - Stephan C. Foster- “Old Folks at Home”; popularizes folk songs The Blossoming of a National Literature -Most reading matter is plagiarized or taken form Britain -Popular ones were- “Common Sense,” “The Federalist,” and Ben Franklin’s “Autobiography” -Literature grows after war of 1812 -Washington IrvingNickerbocker’s History of New York; The Sketch Bookcombination of English and Dutch stories, Rip Van Winkle -James Fenimore Cooper- first novelist- Last of the Mohicans, The Spy -William Cullen Bryant- First poet, New York Evening Post Editor, changes journalism Glowing Literary Lights -Henry Longfellow- poet, mixing European and American traditions -Jon Whittier- antislavery poet -James Russell Lowell- essayist, satirist, diplomat, and editor; writes “Biglow Paper” -Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmesanatomy, essayist, novelist, lecturer; “Last white Indian” -Louisa Alcott- Little Women Emily Dickinson- explores nature, love, and death -William Gilmore Simms- best writer of the south, 86 novels; wrote about southern frontier Literary Individualists and Dissenters -Edgar Allen Poe- suffers a lot early on in life, writing poems and stories about his drunk nightmares; invents detective novels -Nathaniel Hawthorne- “ Scarlet letter,” believer in Puritan values -Herman Melville- “Moby Dick,” as a teen he worked on a whaling ship. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism - a golden age in American literature - Truth transcends senses, and everyone has an inner light, Oversoul -beliefs of self reliance, self discipline, and self culture -Ralph Waldo Emersonpoet and philosopher, individualistic person -Henry David Thoreaupoet and anti-conformist; Waldon: Or life in the Woods, limit wants to find truth -Walt Whitman- “Leaves on grass”- collection of poems Portrayers of the Past -George Bancroftfounds naval academy -Father of American History- rights 6 volume set of super patriotic American History -William Prescott and Francis Parkman- two other historians writing on War with Mexico and the war between France and Britain. Developments: Political: People now believe that if the South goes to War with the North, the 21. London government would back the South and break any blockades. 22. President John Quincey Adams fights with all his might the Gag Rule 1. Gag Rule: 1836 South tables anything with the words anti-slavery 2. Nullification Crisis: 1832 S. Carolina says the Tariffs of 1828 &1832 are unconstitutional; therefore null & void; Social: 23. Emergence of the Plantation Owner; a minority is higher than the majority 24. The majority of poor white farmers defended the Slave system because 1. Wanted to keep the American/South dream alive 2. Knew someone (the slaves) were underneath them Slave Owners saw slavery as a good thing: talked about in the Bible & 14. Aristotle, White Man’s Burden, & they were better off than those northern wage laborers 15. Most white planters and farmers despised the plantation owner Free Blacks had it hard; weren’t bound to a master, but limited by 16. numerous laws; disliked by immigrants and numerous northern whites Economic: Post-invention of the Cotton Gin, the South explodes with production of 17. cotton Leads to the purchase of more slaves ---> idea of Plantation owner 18. emerges Often shipped mostly to England ---> Britain is the largest manufacturer of 19. cotton, now makes the ‘Mother Country’ rely on America 20. Cotton is at least half the american exports post-1840 21. Slaves are property; an investment. The South is built off this institution Religious: ‘2nd Great Awakening’ - Abolitionists way of ‘inflaming hearts w/ the sin of 22. slavery’ Cultural: People now believe that if the South goes to War with the North, the 23. London government would back the South and break any blockades. ABOLITIONISTS: people against the institution of Slavery. Often held 24. protests, wrote journals and articles proclaiming it’s injustice, and often rebelling against it. Originally unpopular in the North, it became the heart of where abolitionists sprang up. Important Groups: Plantation Owners: this is the time of the official arising of plantation owners. Many have now expanded their farms to include more slaves for more cultivation. Slaves: By 1860, there are no more ‘Africans’ in America, only African Americans. They were considered property that needed appropriate care to ensue they are worked to the bone. Treated like animals rather than people Important People 25. The Quakers: the first group to revolt against slavery; original abolitionists Theodore Dwight Weld: wrote American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a 26. Thousand Witnesses with the Grimké sisters, another great abolitionist speaker and writer 27. The Beecher Family: 28. Lynman - presided the Lane Theological seminary in Cinncinati, OH, main schools of abolitionist thought 29. Harriet Beecher Stowe - wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin 30. Catharine Beecher - educator and author of abolition 31. Henry Ward Beecher - preecher against slavery 32. Lane Rebels: preached anti slavery gospel William Lloyd Garrison: outspoken and fanatical printer of the The 33. Liberator, a newspaper and intense abolitionist also for women’s rights and all rights. 34. David Walker: a black abolitionist 35. Sojourner Truth: escaped slave who became an abolitionst 36. Martin Delaney: black abolitionist Frederick Douglas: escaped slave (1838) who wrote Narrative of the Life 37. of Frederick Douglas (1845), a look into the life of a slave. One of the most prominent abolitionists of the time period 1793: Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney 1832: Nullification Crisis ‘Gag Resolution’ executed by 1830: Nat Turner’s Rebellion in VA Nat Turner: staged an uprising of 38. slaves in VA of 1831; 1850’s: Republican Party est. 1836: Southerners create 1845: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas published 1833: British release West Indies slaves whites. TIME 1808: Slave Imports are banned; smuggling still occurs. 1833: American Antislavery Society est. 1831: William Lloyd Garrison creates The Liberator LINE: 1848: Free Soil Party est.; Combo of Dem. Party & exWhig Party members opposed to Slavery 1840: Liberty Party est.; a political party based around the Abolitionists’ cause 1790-1840’s: 2nd Great Awakening Political: When President Harrison falls ill/dies, Congress is in shambles over how to 31. replace him. Soon create an amendment to the Constit. Just in case it ever happened again. Whigs create Financial Reform Plan, Tyler instantaneously vetoes every inch of 32. it. Whigs put Tyler up for impeachment, 1st time in american history. He escapes it, but it becomes an area of tension. James K. Polk, ‘The Dark Horse’/ ‘Young Hickory’ representative from the 33. Democratic Expansionists, won the Pres. Election in 1844. HE stays for only his 4 Pt. Program of: 1. Lowered Tariff: reduced from 32% to 25%, named Walker Tariff; really good. 2. Restoration of the Independent Treasury: dropped by Whigs in 1841, brought back to life in 1846 3. Acquisition of California: Polk wanted to buy California, sends in John Sidell to talk with Mex. (1845), they don’t even allow him inside. 4. Settlement of Oregon Disputes: in 1846, create the 49° Line compromise. Brits don’t like it at first, then warm up to it. Also make this area Non-slavery. 2. Mexicans aren’t so thrilled to give up Texas and the SW territory. 3. Jan. 13th 1846 - Zach. Taylor defends the Texan Border Mexicans open fire on April 25, 1846; Polk says war, and congress is pumped, 4. Lincoln comes up with Spot Resolution, to see if the Mexicans did shoot us on American soil. GO TO WAR! Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago: Feb. 2, 1848: gives us all territory west to Oregon 5. & CA, 1/2 of Mexican territory, we pay $15 mill. & 3 1/4 mill. to citizens Social: American DESPISE the British: See American Rev., War of 1812, the death of 25. the Pro-British Federalists, and the fact that the British think the Americans are coarse/unrefined. Aroostook War: Maine Boundary dispute (Brit’s want a protective road from 26. Halifax to Quebec), but it runs through Maine Territory. So the Canadian and American Lumberjacks go at it in the war. British send Lord Ashburton to speak with Daniel Webster. Create the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, so the Canadians get their road but Americans get some territory by Minnesota. 27. Texas is wanted by everyone as a foothold in N. America, annexed in 1845 In Oregon Territory: Spanish have given up, as well as Russians, leaves British 28. and Americans. Live peacefully side by side up until this time, when Americans are multiplying like rabbits Economic: Whig’s Financial Reform Plan: Pass law to end the Independent Treasury, New 29. ‘Fiscal Bank’ or the 3rd Nat. Bank ---> Tyler vetos it on the spot. The Tariff Bill was also vetoed by Tyler once, but soon agrees since America is 30. desperate for Revenue Cultural: MANIFEST DESTINY: America’s feeling that they should expand all the way to 31. the to Pacific Ocean. Led to destruction of many people. Important People 32. William H. Harrison (Whig): 9th Pres.; dies of pneumonia after 32 days in office. John Tyler (Whig): Harrison’s vice pres. & successor, often leaned toward the 33. Democratic party in decisions Whig Party: a party formed in opposition to President Jackson & the Democrats, 34. favored economic values and the Congress over the executive branch Democratic Party: Party in favor of strict adherence to the Constitution, dislike of 35. any money hoarding institutions, and loved states’ rights British: a country widely disliked by the Americans, had two major wars with them 36. (American Rev. & 1812). Lewis & Clark: Hikers who studied and surveyed the Louisiana Purchase and the 37. Pacific North West for America (1804-06) James K. Polk: Also called the Dark Horse, was president of the U.S. During 38. 1844-48, surved 1 term; 4 Point Program (Lowered Tarrif, Restoration of the Indpendent Treasury, Acquisition of California, Settlement of Oregon). Considered one of the best. Henry Clay: an ancient government personel, whom was apart of the Whig Party, 39. the Speaker of the House, and later a running canidate for the Whigs. Fought his whole life for a National Bank of some form. Abe Lincoln: Although not president at the time, was a congressman who created 40. The Spot Resolution (Did the Mexicans shoot us on our soil, or Shoot us on theirs?) Santa Anna: Dictator of Mexico, made a real mess for the U.S. In the annexation 41. of Texas. Leader of the Mexicans in the Mexican War Important Generals from Mexican War Gen. Zachary Taylor - was commanding the U.S. Army at the begining of the 42. Mexican War, at the south of Texas. Also at Vera Cruz, Buena Vista. Gen. Stephen W. Kearny - kept the territory of New Mexico under U.S. Holdings 43. during War. Santa Fe Trail to Fort Kearny (1846) Gen. John C. Frèmont - began take over of California, overthrows Mexican Rule 44. in 1846 Gen. Winfield Scott - although aging, another great general, helped write the 45. Armistice Important Places: 46. Canada: Above U.S., often had border disputes and led to many quarrels Mexico: Below U.S., Spain released it’s hold on the country early on, but the 47. Mexicans refused to let go of their land, which was in conflict with America’s Manifest Destiny. Led to the Mexican War 48. Texas: Declared independence with Mexico, and soon was annexed to America California: an area of much dispute during Polk’s presidency, soon was annexed 49. to America Oregon: The general area of Oregon, Washington, & Idaho that was also 50. disputed btw. The Americans and the British. 1838-39: Aroostook War 1845: John Sidell speaks w/ Santa-Anna about CA 1842: Webster-Ashburton Treaty Jan. 3, 1846: Z. Tyler & co. Go to Texas Border 1846: 49° Compromise Feb. 2, 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago, end of war Chapter 18/19 Review 1841: Harrison/Tyler change over 1844: Polk vs. Clay 1845: Texas Annexed By Sun ny 1846: Walker Tariff Apr. 25, 1846: Santa-Anna open fires; start of war Kim Ch. 18 People Lewis Cass-Democratic Candidate for election of 1848 Zachary Taylor-war hero, won election of 1848 Harriet Tubman-rescued many slaves using Underground Railroad William H. Seward-argued that Christian legislators must obey God’s moral law, opposed compromises Millard Fillmore-Took over presidency after Taylor died Franklin Pierce-won election of 1852, Democratic candidate Winfield Scott-Whig party candidate for election of 1852 Jefferson Davis-secretary of war to President Pierce, became President of Confederacy William Walker-was president of Nicaragua, but was overthrown by Central American Nations Commodore Mattew C. Perry-commanded a fleet of warships and persuaded Japanese in 1854 to sign a treaty to have a commercial relationship with US James Gasden-was appointed to purchase a chunk of Mexico from Santa Anna Stephen A. Douglas-proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act Ch.19 People Harriet Beecher Stowe-wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin Hinton R. Helper-wrote “The Impending Crisis of the South”, used statistics to prove slavery was bad for South John Brown-antislaveryite who lead Pottawatomie Creek incident and Harpers Ferry Charles Sumner-antislaveryite senator who was beaten by Preston S. Brooks Preston S. Brooks-beat Charles Sumner with cane James Buchanan-Democratic Candidate for election of 1856, wins election John C. Fremont-Republican Candidate for election of 1856 Abraham Lincoln-challenged Douglas to debates, wins election of 1860 John C. Breckinridge-Southern Democratic candidate for election of 1860 John Bell-Constitutional Union Party candidate for election of 1860 Henry Crittenden-proposed Crittenden Compromise, but it was rejected by Lincoln Terms Freesoil Party-Antislavery men who advocated federal improvements and urged free government homestead for settlers “Union savers”-people who supported compromise “Fire-eaters”-Southerners who did not like compromise Underground Railroad-route used to rescue slaves Black Warrior-American ship that was seized which provoked war with Spain to capture Cuba New England Emigrant Aid Company-sent 2000 people to Kansas to forestall the South Freeport Doctrine-stated in debate between Douglas and Lincoln-said that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down. Constitutional Union Party-consisted of Whigs and Know-Nothings, created in election of 1860 A F B, C, D, E H,I G N, O, P J, K, L, M R, S Q T Timeline of Events A. California Gold Rush(1849)-gold found in California B. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty(1850)-said that neither America nor Britain would fortify or secure exclusive control over any further isthmian waterway C. Compromise of 1850-admitted CA as free state, TX got $10 million for debts, NM and UT were open to slavery on basis of popular sovereignty, Fugitive Slave Law, District of Columbia- outlawed slave trade in federal district D. Fugitive Slave Law(1850)-slaves had to be given back to owner or else fined. E. Second Era of Good Feelings(mid-1850s)-came after Compromise of 1850 F. Uncle Tom’s Cabin(1852)-written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, swayed European opinion on slavery G. Gadsden Purchase(1853)-Gadsden strip of land was bought for $10 million for transcontinental railroad H. Ostend Manifesto(1854)-urged that European countries offer $120 million for Cuba, if Spain denies, America would be justified to take Cuba I. Kansas-Nebraska Act(1854)-created by Stephen A. Douglas, nullifies Missouri Compromise and Comprise of 1850, the slave status of Kansas and Nebraska would be determined by popular sovereignty J. Nicaragua(1856)-William Walker seizes Nicaragua, but project is withdrew by President Pierce K. Pottawatomie Creek(1856)-John Brown kills 5 proslaveryites L. Brooks Sumner Incident(1856)-Charles Sumner is beaten by Brooks, causes tension between North and South M. Bleeding Kansas(1856-1860)-civil war in Kansas between proslaveryites and antislaverites N. Dred Scott v. Sanford(1857)-Taney ruled that Scott was not a citizen, property, including slaves, could be taken anywhere O. Panic of 1857-caused by California gold inflation, overstimulation of grain, overspeculation of lands and railroads P. Tariff of 1857-reduced duties to about 20% on dutiable goods Q. Harper’s Ferry(1859)-John Brown organized group of followers and slaves to revolt, was captured by Robert E. Lee and Marines R. Republican Party and Election of Lincoln(1860)-caused secession of South S. Crittenden Compromise(1860)-stated that slavery in territories was to be prohibited north of 36 degrees 30’ and south of that territory, territories and future territories were given federal protection T. Secession(1861)-SC seceded first, along with AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, and TX Colin O’Brien Chapter 20 Key Terms Middle-of-the-Road-Solution- Lincoln sent provisions to Union occupied forts in the South but did not reinforce them which provoked the south to become the first aggressors Submissionists- The Eleven states that seceded from the Union Border States- States that were still a part of the Union but still had slaves. Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia Dominion of Canada- The British established the Dominion of Canada in 1867. It was partly designed to strengthen the Canadians against the possible vengeance of the United States. Habeas corpus-stated that a citizen could not be held without the due process of a trial. Lincoln suspended this right during the war Draft law- Because the Union was running low on enlisted men they passed the draft law in 1863. Men who were called in the draft could pay $300 in order to buy a replacement. Morrill Tariff Act- a high protective tariff that increased duties 5%-10%. The increases were designed to raise additional revenue and provide more protection for the prosperous manufacturers Fifty-Niners- The discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in 1859 led to a rush of people known as the "Fifty-Niners." National Banking System (1863) - It was designed to stimulate the sale of government bonds and to establish a standard bank-note currency. Banks who joined the National Banking System could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by the bonds greenbacks Key Events New York Draft Riots- In 1863 a large riot led by anti black and anti draft led by poor Irish gangs took over New York City for several days before federal troops returning from Gettysburg broke it up. Fort Sumter- Taking the move by Lincoln as an act of aggression, the South Carolinians fired upon Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. This effectively started the Civil War Lincoln takes office- Lincoln took the office on March 4th 1861 and since he was elected the previous fall seven states had already seceded Four Upper States Secede-Virginia,, Arkansas, and Tennessee all seceded after the attack on Fort Sumter o Trent Affair -occurred in late 1861. A Union warship stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, and removed 2 Confederate diplomats who were heading to Europe. Britain started to send troops to Canada in retaliation, but the situation was ended when President Lincoln freed the Confederate prisoners. Important People Abraham Lincoln-Elected as President in 1860 and sworn in 1861 he would be the final straw for many southern states that chose to secede. He would also be the only President during the Civil War and is credited by many historians as holding the country together President Jefferson Davis-Elected as President of the confederacy. Where Lincoln held his country together and was a Union strength Davis was the opposite and had a very difficult time holding the Confederacy together Robert E. Lee- Was the officer who captured John Brown and Lincoln offered him the command of the Union army. Lee refused because he said he could not fight his home state of Virginia even though he was against secession. He would become the commander of the army of Northern Virginia in 1862 Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson- Lee’s chief Lieutenant during the first half of the war. Jackson was one of many of the leaders who sided with the Confederacy Emperor Napoleon III-Emperor of France who wished to expand his territory to North America which violated the Munroe Doctrine Maximilian- Napoleon III installed him as Emperor of Mexico City Timeline 1861- Confederate Government formed March 4th 1861- Lincoln takes office April 12th 1861- Fort Sumter fired upon April-June 1861- Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee secede 1861- Morrill Tariff act passed 1861- Trent affair 1861- Lincoln suspends Habeas Corpus 1862- Confederacy enacts Draft 1862-1864- Alabama raids Northern Shipping 1863-Union enacts draft July, 1863- New York draft riots 1863- National Banking System created 1864- Napoleon III installs Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico 1864- Alabama sunk Strengths and Weaknesses Union strengths: Large population Large Industry More Supplies and raw materials A strong Central Government More Immigrants Confederate Strengths More experienced Generals Control of Mississippi River More experienced soldiers Fighting for a cause Fought defensive war Colin O’Brien Chapter 21 Key Terms • Blockade- Used by the Union Navy to prevent any ship from entering or leaving Southern ports which crippled its economy. • Confiscation Act of 1862- punished "traitors" by declaring their slaves property of war who shall be free. • Emancipation Proclamation- Set all Slaves free in states that seceded from the Union. Could not set slaves free in borders states because he feared they too would secede • Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War-formed in late 1861, was dominated by radical Republicans who resented the expansion of presidential power in wartime and who pressed Lincoln on emancipation. • Union Party-Republicans joined with the War Democrats to form the Union Party in the election of 1864. Lincoln was there leader • Copperheads-openly condemned the War and the draft. Were strong in the Butternut Region and there leader was Clement Vallandigham Key Events • Bull Run- July 1st 1861 the first major battle of the civil war which ended with the Union army under General McDowell retreating unorganized back to Washington. This battle ended all notions that it would be a short war • Antietam- September 17th After several more victories over the Union Army Lee decided to invade Maryland but was stopped at Antietam. General McClellan failed to pursue Lee’s army and was relived of his command because of this. Although the battle was technically a draw this was the first time that the Army of Northern Virginia was not victorious in a major battle. Also this caused European countries to not help the Confederacy and gave Lincoln an excuse to sign the Emancipation Proclamation. This is the most deadly day of the Civil War • Gettysburg-July 1st-3rd This battle is considered by many to be the Unions greatest victory. After huge victories at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville Lee again went on the offensive by invading Pennsylvania. After his army fought for 2 days with General Meade's well deployed troops Lee made the fatal decision of sending 3 divisions across 1 mile of open ground against the middle of the union lines. After this sound defeat Lee retreated quickly back to Virginia after Meade chose not to pursue him. This along with Vicksburg ended most hope of the South winning the war. This battle had more casualties than any other battle in the war • Lincolns reelection-Lincoln and the Union Party win the election over the Democrats McClellan. This was a huge blow to the South because Lincoln losing was the South’s only hope of winning • Appomattox Court House- April 9th 1865 this date officially ended the Civil War as General Lee and his exhausted army surrendered to Grant Important People • Abraham Lincoln- President of the United States of America from 1860 until his death in April of 1865 • Robert E Lee- Beloved leader of the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Is considered to be one of America’s greatest General but his defeat at Gettysburg was a major reason that the Confederacy lost • Stonewall Jackson- Lee’s right hand man who was one of the main reasons that the confederacy was so successful in the early part of the war and if he had fought at Gettysburg many historians think the outcome would have been different but he died two months prior to Gettysburg at the battle of Chancellorsville • Ulysses S Grant- Became famous in the Western theatre most notably at Vicksburg and took command of the Army of the Potomac in 1864 and through a war of attrition destroyed Virginias army and its economy and forced Lee to surrender at Appomattox Court House • George McClellan- Was the Commander of the Army of the Potomac during the Peninsula Campaign and Antietam but was relived of his command twice for being to cautious. Ran as the Candidate for the Democrats in the election of 1864 but lost to Lincoln • William T Sherman- Made famous because of his march through Georgia and South Carolina and using total war to break the South's morale • James Longstreet- Became famous as the South’s best defensive General and became Lee’s right hand man after Jackson’s death but is disliked in the South because he disagreed with some of Lee’s decisions Timeline • July 21st 1861- First Battle of Bull Run • March 9th 1862- Confederate ship Merrimac and Union Monitor fight in Chesapeake Bay the result is a draw • April 6th-7th 1862- Grant is defeated by the Army of Tennessee which foils his plan for capturing the Mississippi River • Spring of 1862- Peninsula Campaign. Union Forces capture Yorktown Virginia but are defeated during the Seven Days Battles during late June by Lee who has recently assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia • August 29th-30th 1862- Lee defeats General Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run • September 17th 1862- Lee is halted by General McClellan at Antietam Maryland but does not pursue the retracting Confederate Army and loses his command because of it • September 23rd 1862- Emancipation Proclamation ends slavery in any state that seceded from the Union • December 13th 1862- General Burnside suffers one of the worse defeats of the Civil War at Fredericksburg Virginia to General Lee • May 1st-4th 1863- General Hooker is defeated by General Lee at Chancellorsville, Virginia but Lee loses his right hand man Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • July 1st-3rd Lee is defeated by General Meade at Gettysburg. This is considered to be the turning point of the war and the Confederate Army never invades the North again • July 4th 1863- the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg falls on the Mississippi River splitting the south in two • Spring of 1864- Wilderness Campaign in Virginia led by General Grant who tries to grind down the Confederate Army • September 1864- Sherman captures and burns Atlanta Georgia • Fall of 1864- Lincoln reelected as President ending • December 22nd 1864- Sherman captures the port Savannah • February 17th 1865- Sherman captures Colombia South Carolina • April 2nd 1865- Lee evacuates his army from Petersburg which had been under siege for ten months and the Confederate Army evacuates Richmond • April 9th 1865- Lee surrenders to General Meade at Appomattox Court House Virginia ending the Civil War • April 14th 1865- Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre Union Military Plans Slowly suffocate the South by blockading its coasts. Liberate the slaves and undermine the very economic foundation of the South. Cut the Confederacy in half by seizing control of the Mississippi River. Dismember the Confederacy by sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinas. Capture its capital at Richmond. Try everywhere to engage the enemy's main strength and grind it into submission. Chapter 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction (1865-1877) Review I. People Abraham Lincoln: Served 1861-1865, assassinated by John Wilkes Booth 1865, Republican Andrew Johnson: Served 1865-1869, War Democrat supported by the south Oliver Howard: founded Freedman’s Bureau Elizabeth Cady Stanton: suffrage and women’s loyal league Susan B. Anthony: women’s suffrage and women’s loyal league Ben Wade: Ohio successor that would have replace Johnson if he had been successfully impeached Edwin Stanton: A member on Lincoln’s cabinet (secretary of war) dismissed by Johnson William H. Seward: Purchased Alaska for $7.2 million “Seward’s Folly” Sumner: Led the Senate Radicals during Reconstruction Thaddeus Stevens: Member of the House of Representatives devoted to gaining rights for African Americans II. Places North: Won the civil war South: Lost the civil war, rejoined the north to form the union again Missouri: Passed the first Black Codes Georgia: State with the most lenient Black Codes Alaska: Newest edition to the union by Seward III. Events -Johnson becomes president after Lincoln is assassinated in 1865 -In 1868 Johnson pardons southern leaders -In December 1865 congress had met; four southern generals and five colonels still had seats -On December 6, 1865 Johnson announced the union was restored -Johnson vetoes the bill to extend the life of the Freedman’s Bureau in Feb. 1866 -Johnson vetoes a civil rights bill in March 1866 but congress overrules his veto and it is passed -On March 2, 1867 the Reconstruction Acts were passed. These created five military districts in rebellious southern states, and required all former confederate states to ratify the 14 amendment -Johnson dismisses Stanton in 1868 -May 16, 1868 7 representatives voted Johnson not guilty of high crimes and treason. He remained in office -In 1867 Seward purchases Alaska IV. Terms Freedmen: slaves that were freed by northern armies, the emancipation proclamation or the 13th amendment American Missionary Association: helped freedmen learn how to read and write Freedmen’s Bureau: Est. March 3, 1865 by Oliver Howard, welfare agency 10% Reconstruction Plan: Lincoln wanted 10% of voters from the election of 1860 to take an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and abide by the emancipation proclamation Wade-Davis Bill: 50 vs. 10% of the voters had to do the above, Lincoln didn’t approve 13th Amendment: freed slaves in states in rebellion 14th Amendment: citizen and civilian rights, d.q. former confederates from state office, guarantee federal debt repudiate (confederate debt) Black Codes: est. workforce, tough contracts; couldn’t serve on jury, rent/lease land; if idle sent to chain gang; no vote etc Ex Parte Milligan: court ruling stating military tribunals could try citizens but court had to give the final okay Carpet Baggers: Northerners that went south to seek money at the end of the war Scalawags: Southerners accused of plundering Southern State treasuries through their political influence in the radical governments Force Acts ’70+’71: outlaw the KKK Ku Klux Klan: southern whites who resented black legislature in TN 1866; upstarts were flogged, mutilated and killed Missionary Societies, Rifle Clubs and Dancing Clubs: a continuation of the KKK after ’71 under different names V. Themes 1. Reconstruction: The Northern and Southern economies changed economically, politically and socially 2. Presidential Reconstruction: Lincoln-Johnson, methods of interaction between the President and the people, governments and above all congress are changing. This was the start of “lame duck” presidents who are not remembered and who did not accomplish much compared to their earlier counterparts. 3. Congressional Reconstruction: Becoming more independent of the president and individual parties and ambitions to think about the good of the nation. 4. General white resentment toward freedmen. Led to formation of terror groups such as the KKK. 5. Idealism: Many, including the Presidents and Congress, just wanted the nation to be a functioning whole again. They envisioned a great future for their nation. Political -Congress begins passing bills w/o prez. approval -New constitutions by rad. states must be approved by union -Old South basically resurrected -Republicans earn no respect in south b/c support blacks rights -Radicals in congress want drastic reform but gain little support Economic -South econ. ruined (farms etc.) -North Indus. booming due to previous demand for war goods -New millionaires -Fat Cats and Shoddy millionaires -South needs to diversify -Nation becoming more industrial -W/o slaves, plantation owners now use sharecroppers (very similar to slavery) Social -13th, 14th, 15th amendments give rights to black males but not women -Black Codes -KKK -Scalawags and Carpetbaggers -Democratic idealism in government and people -European powers disappointed b/c wanted U.S. to divide permanently -Feminism -Lack of land and reform for blacks VI. Timeline 1861: Lincoln takes office 1864: Lincoln vetoes Wade-Davis bill 1865: Civil War officially over Lincoln assassinated Johnson takes office Issues Reconstruction Proclamation Congress refuses to seat Southern congressmen Freedmen’s bureau est. Southern states pass Black Codes 1864-65: Lincoln’s 10 percent proposal 1865-66: Johnson’s version of Lincoln’s proposal 1866: Congress passes civil rights bill over Johnson’s veto Congress passes 14th amendment Ex parte Milligan case Ku Klux Klan founded 1866-67: Congressional plan: 10 percent plan with Fourteenth Amendment 1867-77: Congressional plan of military Reconstruction: Fourteenth Amendment plus black suffrage, later established nationwide by Fifteenth Amendment 1867: Reconstruction Act Tenure of Office Act United States Purchases Alaska from Rusia July 24, 1866: Tennessee readmitted to representation in congress June, 1868: Arkansas, North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina readmitted to representation in congress 1868: Johnson impeached and acquitted Johnson pardons confederate leaders 1869: Virginia home rule reestablished 1869: Grant takes office 1870: 15th amendment ratified 1870-71: Force Acts January 26, 1870: Virginia readmitted to representation in congress February 23, 1870: Mississippi readmitted to representation in congress March 30, 1870: Texas readmitted to representation in congress July 15, 1870: Georgia readmitted to representation in congress 1870: North Carolina home rule reestablished 1872: Georgia home rule reestablished 1872: Freedmen’s Bureau ended 1874: Arkansas, Alabama, Texas home rule reestablished 1876: Mississippi home rule reestablished 1877: Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina home rule reestablished 1877: Rutherford B. Hayes takes office 1877: Reconstruction Ends Important people and organizations: Louis Sullivan: Chicago architect-skyscraper Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie expresses the alluring aspects of urban life. Old immigrants: British, German, French, Irish, Protestants New immigrants: Italian, Poles, Slavs, Greeks, Jews, and Catholics Boss Tweed: most infamous of big business bosses. Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden: “Social Gospel” insists churches get involved in social issues. Jane Addams: Created Hull house, won Nobel peace prize for her charitable efforts. Lillian Wald: Henry street settlement, center for women’s activism and social reform. Florence Kelley: Battled for children’s, women’s, blacks, and consumer’s welfare. American protective organization: endorsed nativism and pursued its goals. John D. Rockefeller: oil mogul very powerful. J. Pierpont Morgan: Real estate mogul aided government in depression. Dwight Lyman Moody: “moody bible” preached kindness and forgiveness. Salvation Army: Organization that aided poor Mary Baker Eddy: preached about Christ healing YMCA and YWCA: helped with both Christian and physical education. Charles Darwin: Origin of Species-controversial work about evolution that counteracted bibles teachings on creation. Mark Twain: American writer; Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer. Booker T. Washington: schools for blacks to learn useful trades and help themselves. W.E. B Du Bois: first black man with PhD. From Harvard Formed NAACP NAACP: National Association of the Advancement of Colored Peoples. Dr. Charles W. Eliot: president of Harvard College. Andrew Carnegie: Railroad mogul Horace Greeley: journalistic giant. Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst: new journalistic tycoons. Edwin L. Godkin: merciless magazine critic. Henry George: Rich idealist author/journalist. Edward Bellamy: Looking Backward socialist novel about reform Harlan F. Hasley: made over 650 “dime novels” General Lewis Wallace: denounced Darwinism with Ben Hur Horatio Alger: juvenile fiction novels that sold over 100 million copies Walt Whitman: revered poet, Leaves of Grass. Emily Dickinson: lyrical poet, lived as a recluse Sidney Lanier: ill poet who wrote mostly while he was sick. Kate Chopin: The Awakening women’s adultery, suicide and ambitions. Bret Harte: wrote about the Wild West. William Deans Howells: wrote of controversial social themes Stephen Crane: wrote of the underside of urban life Maggie: girl of the streets Henry James: novelist who wrote about subtle Americans and rising social movements. Jack London: Famous nature writer. Paul Lawrence Dunbar and Charles W. Chesnutt: two well known black writers. Victoria Woodhull: ran for president, had the idea of “free love” and worked with sister Tennessee Caflin to promote feminism. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: women and economics feminist literature. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: feminists who advocated for suffrage. Carrie Chapman Catt: women should be able to vote if they agree to uphold their domestic duties. National Prohibition Party: worked and propagandized against drinking Women’s Christian Temperance Union: created by Francis E. Willard endorsed prohibition Carrie A. Nation: crazy lady who went into bars with hatchet to stop drinking Anti-saloon League: organization threatened rum industry James Whistler: famous portrait painter Mary Cassat: portraits of women and children Thomas Eakins: Realist painter August gaudin: sculptor Important Dates: 1859: Origin of Species published 1862: Morrill Act provides public land for higher education. 1866: ASPCA created 1869: Wyoming territory grants women right to vote. 1871: Woodhull and Caflin’s Weekly published 1873: Comstock law passed 1876: John Hopkins Grad. school established. 1879: salvation army 1879: Progress and Poverty by Henry George published 1881: Red Cross founded 1882: first immigration laws passed 1884: Mark Twain publishes Adventures of Huck Finn 1885: linotype invented 1887: Hatch act supplements Morrill Act 1888: Looking backward published 1889: hull house and moody bible institute founded 1890: National American Women’s Suffrage Association formed. 1893: Henry street settlement opens 1898: women and economics published 1899: The Awakening published 1900: Sister Carrie published 1910: NAACP founded Key Themes: Political/ Government Economics: Immigration policies Education reform- universities and colleges expand Suffrage Feminism Black equality Labor laws Corruption with big business Depression and bailouts Social: Nativism Feminism Immorality Wealthy vs. Poor Workers and Unions New vs. Old generation immigrants Darwinism Religious Revival Education is more important Prohibition Amusements Urban vs. Rural Media: Magazines and Catalogs Artistic expansion Literary Landmarks Criticisms “Dime novels” Business: Entrepreneurs Monopolies Bosses Shopping for middle class (Macys) New technology Industrialism Rachel Burriss Chapter 25 Midterm Review Sheet AP US 2010- Cruz Key Terms and Acts: “Dumbbell” Tenement: apartment where people were packed in, sunless and ill smelling. “Little Italy’s” and “Little Poland’s”: immigrant sections of cities that were completely influenced by that particular culture. “America fever”: the depiction of America as a land of promise which encouraged the rapid influx of immigrants. “Social Gospel”: tackled issues socially, said that socialism would be the Christian solution. Nativism: The American immigrants who came earlier distaste for those who come later, exclusionist. Strikebreakers/scabs: Immigrants who were brought in by businesses and agreed to work for little to no pay in place of the workers who were on strike. Darwinism: new thinking on evolution that opposed the ideas stated in the bible and questioned its scientific validity. Morrill Act of 1862: provided generous grant from government for public lands to go to education. Hatch Act 1887: provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land grant colleges. Library of congress 1897: first library of its kind stocked to the brim with information and resources. Sensationalism: Human interest stories and interest in scandal. “Dime novels”: small novellas that people could attain easily and were popular entertainment and reading material. “Comstock Law” : law to fight immorality endorsed by notorious moralist Anthony Comstock.
