Download Unit 01 – Thirteen Colonies

Unit 01 – Thirteen Colonies
The following outline will guide your note taking during class lectures. It is your responsibility to complete the
outline. If you miss a class, please read the scanned textbook pages, borrow a textbook from the classroom
library and read the appropriate section, or read the Digital History pages for this section:
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/hyper_titles.cfm (Colonization, The Origins and Nature of New
World Slavery, Patterns of Change 1700-1775). Outlines will be randomly and periodically checked.
I. An English Settlement at Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607
A. Colonization- When one country rules another country from far away
a. One country would want to rule another country to expand its territory
b. Land = Power …the more land a country has, the more power they have.
c. Land = Resources. (natural resources) – tobacco, cotton, oil, (Raw Materials)
d. England wanted Colonies in North America for increase their power.
e. Trade- New markets
f. Military Superiority – put military bases in new lands
g. Cultural Superiority- my way of life is better that your way of life…this is what we did to the
Indians. Our Christian way of life is better than yours so we are going to take over your land.
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Who would pay for explorers to travel to new lands and other countries?
o A King or Queen or Joint-Stock Companies.
B. Joint-Stock Companies – a bunch of investors, who wanted to make money, pooled their money together
to start a colony that will hopefully yield a profit.
a. The King and Queen would make money from the Joint Stock Company
C. The Lost Colony of Roanoke – a Colony off the coast of North Carolina
a.
The Lost Colony was settled before the settlement of Jamestown and Plymouth
b. Two groups of settlers tried to establish a colony in Roanoke.
c. Both attempts failed
d. John White was the leader of the first expedition to Roanoke
e. He was sent back to England to get help for the first group.
f. Help was need because colonists feared the hostile Indians in the area.
g. 3 years later, he returned to find all the colonists gone!
h. Maybe…the settlers assimilated into the American Indian Civilization there (the Croatoan)
i. Maybe…the settlers were killed off by the Spanish (England’s Rival)
j. Mystery was never solved.
D. Virginia Company – got a charter to found Jamestown, Virginia. They found Jamestown, Virginia.
E. Founding of Jamestown – Jamestown was unsettled land, nothing was there.
a. Disastrous start caused by:
i. Disease from contaminated river… Those that founded Jamestown used the river for
sewage, cooking water and drinking water. People got very sick –
ii. Hostile actions from the Powhatan Indians. The Indians first lived in Jamestown and
were not happy about the settlers.
iii. Colonists were lazy, their poor work ethic led to hunger. They were only interested in
gold, not farming
b. “Starving Time” – colonists were forced to eat rats, snakes, boiled shoe leather.
* The ship goes back to England to get more settlers. The new settlers learned from the previous settlers’
mistakes. Besides mining for gold, they had a better work ethic.
c. Jamestown begins to flourish
i. Better work ethic- irrigation systems were built, farming
ii. Tobacco- people were needed to plant tobacco which grew very well in Jamestown.
Tobacco was known as “Brown Gold”
iii. Head right System – a system that gave 50 acres of land to any person who paid for their
own or another’s passage to Jamestown.
iv. Indentured Servitude - Farmers were needed to work tobacco plantations. Indentured
servants – a person who worked for another for a specified time in return for payment of
travel, expenses, food and shelter….not a slave, but a temporary servant.
F. Pocahontas - Jamestown, Powhatan Indian, Chief’s daughter.
a.
She helped Smith and saved him from death
b. She brought food to Settlers, she was the link between the settlers and the Indians
c. Married John Rolfe and re-named Rebecca
d. Went to England to visit,
G. Economic Differences Split Virginia –
*The Eastern part of Virginia (Jamestown) has the ocean/water and rich people tend to settle there because
of fishing, travel and trade. *The former indentured servants end up settling in the Western part of Virginia.
They couldn’t afford to live in the East. They also did not own land, could not vote, but had to pay taxes.
They also had to face the Indians that already were settled in the West.
a. Causes of Bacon’s Rebellion –
i. Taxation without representation - There was no political representation for farmers
(former indentured servants) in Virginia.
ii. Violence between farmers and the Native Americans.
iii. Governor- Sir William Berkeley
b. House of Burgesses – The first representative body in colonial America (located in Virginia),
only comprised of white, male, landowners. Only white, male, landowners could vote or run for
political office.
c. Nathaniel Bacon –
i. He stood up for what he thought was right. He was a poor farmer.
ii. He tried to reason with Governor Berkeley.
iii. Bacon raised his own army to fight Native Americans because Governor Berkeley
wouldn’t.
iv. Berkeley told Bacon that his army was illegal.
v. Bacon marched his army to Jamestown to confront their colonial leaders. Bacon’s army
turned violent and set fire to the town of Jamestown.
d. Significance of Bacon’s Rebellion –
i. a Prelude to the Revolutionary War.
1. The first rebellion against colonial authority and unfair tax system.
ii. Demonstrated that indentured servitude was not as good an idea as once seemed.
1. Led to increased reliance on slavery
II. Puritan New England
English Puritans came to North America, beginning in 1620
A. Reason Puritans emigrated to North America
a. Escaping religious persecution
B. John Winthrop and “City upon a Hill”
a. First Governor of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony and led Puritan expedition
b. City Upon a Hill- The Puritans wanted to create a model Utopian society, with our religious
beliefs. (This city was not on a hill, they just felt that they were above all others…the holiest of
all…the eyes of all people are upon us!)
C. Plymouth Colonya. the second permanent English Colony in North America
b. The Pilgrims founded Plymouth Colony for Religious purposes (Jamestown was founded for
monetary reasons while Plymouth was founded for religious reasons)
D. Mayflower Compact
a. A document, an agreement that the Pilgrims signed that stated that they would create a civil
government and pledge their loyalty to the King.
b. Significance= the first attempt of self-rule in the 13 colonies.
E. Massachusetts Bay Colony
a. Reason for colony’s founding –
i. The Mayflower (ship) was bound for Virginia. It went off course and ended up in
Massachusetts.
ii. It was founded to escape religious persecution.
b. Voting rights
F. Roger Williams
a. He dissented, he didn’t like having Protestant religion forced upon him. He was progressive.
b. He was arrested…and he fled.
c. Founding of Rhode Island
i. He negotiated with the Indians and formed a colony in Rhode Island.
ii. The colony was Providence, RI (now the capitol of Rhode Island)
iii. He guaranteed separation of church and state.
G. Anne Hutchinson
a. Puritan leaders banished Anne
b. She was a dissenter, she was even more of a threat then Williams
c. Anne held bible readings in her home. She taught that the Holy Spirit illuminates or enlightens
the heart of every true believer
d. This meant that in her opinion, worshippers did not need the church or its ministers to interpret
the Bible for them.
e. She was banished from the colony in 1638.
f. She and her followers first went to Rhode Island
g. She then went to New Netherland (New York) where the Dutch were.
h. She died in a war between the Dutch and the Native Americans.
H. Pequot War
I. Salem Witch Hysteria
a. The colony going through so much insanity and they were blaming it on the works of the Devil
and his helpers
b. The social tension between Salem Town and Salem Village caused division between the two
towns.
c. Rye Bread, infected with Ergot poisoning caused an LSD like experience.
d. The girls were bored, but once they started, they were in too deep!
e. Ministers inflamed a simple situation. Minister’s drive for control. Church attendance was
down. Introduce fear into the community and people will turn to the church.
III. Settlement of the Middle and Southern Colonies
There were various reasons for the founding of each colony
A. Settlement of New Netherland (New York)
a. Settled originally by the Dutch. (Henry Hudson)
b. Hudson had a successful fur trade.
c. England conquered New Netherland to unite northern and southern colonies
i. New York was originally a Dutch Colony
ii. Called land New York after the Duke of York
B. Settlement of New Jersey
a. Duke of York gave a piece of New York to friends,
i.
naming it New Jersey after the British Island of Jersey
C. Reasons for the settlement of Pennsylvania
a. William Penn (Quaker) wanted to escape religious persecution in England.
b. King Charles II owed William Penn’s father money so he gave William Penn’s father a piece of
land…Pennsylvania
c. Penn’s Woods
i. Haven for Quakers and others
ii. All males could vote (Except Jews and Roman Catholics)
d. Pensylvania became a multi-ethnic colony.
D. Reasons for the settlement of Georgia
a. Named after King George III
b. Goals of the Colony…
i. Provided opportunity to imprisoned debtors to begin life over again.
ii. Offered refuge for persecuted Protestants
iii. Created military barrier between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida
iv. “The second chance colony”
IV. Thirteen Colonies (identify on map)
A. New England
a. New Hampshire
b. Massachusetts
c. Connecticut
d. Rhode Island
B. Middle Colonies
a. New York
b. New Jersey
c. Pennsylvania
d. Delaware
C. Southern Colonies
a. Maryland
b. Virginia
c. North Carolina
d. South Carolina
e. Georgia
V. The Relationship Between England and Its Colonies
England and its largely self-governing colonies prospered under a mutually beneficial trade relationship
A. Salutary Neglect – British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws.
a. Reasons why England would use Salutary Neglect
i. They are a great distance from the Colonies.
ii. There was unrest in England. Not all of England’s focus was on the Colonies.
b. The colonies began to set up their own governing system as England paid less attention to them
i. Money was a huge factor in the Colony’s attempt to set up their own govt.
B. Mercantilism – economic system in which England wanted to increase their wealth and power by using
the resources of their colonies. Colonies exist to benefit the mother country. England would get rich
from the resources of the Colonies.
a. Results- England is taking the raw materials from the colonies
b. Sell- The Colonies had to buy products from England.
C. Navigation Acts
a. Description- Series of British laws that restricted Colonial trade.
i. A series of do’s and don’t that merchants were supposed to follow
b. Reason England passed them
i. To control the Colonies to make a profit off of them. England wanted to make sure that
had the biggest piece of the pie.
ii. Ex: Tobacco was grown in Virginia. Jamestown was selling Tobacco to other countries.
England wanted a piece of this pie. England no longer allowed Jamestown to sell
Tobacco, only to England. Therefore Jamestown did not make much profit from their
tobacco, but England did!
c. Results of Navigation Acts
i. Positive
1. Provided jobs for colnial workers
2. Provided a market for many colonial goods
ii. Negatives
1. Colonial avoidance of acts
2. Increase in smuggling
VI. Slavery
A. Triangular Trade –
a. Name given to the transatlantic slave trade.
b. Describes the three sides to the route the slave ships took.
c. Ships began in Europe…went to Africa….to The Americas.
B. Middle Passagea. Slave passage from Africa to the Americas
b. Conditions were cramped, smelly, hot, disease was ramped,
VII. Commercial North – There was a clear difference between the North and the South
A.
Development of Urban Life - New England & The Middle colonies had the most growth
a. Northern farmers, would grind wheat, make iron, make ships and sell products overseas
b. Selling products overseas allowed the merchants in the north to become powerful, and more
commercialized
c. Ports developed near the water, Boston, Philadelphia, NYC
d. Diversity is found in the North
e. Northerners had less slavery than southerners did because the North had more
industry/machinery. The North was more industrialized.
f. The North also didn’t want slavery because the slaves would do the work for free taking jobs
away from men who wanted to work and make money.
VIII. New Ideas Influence the Colonists
A. Enlightenment – An 18th Century intellectual movement that emphasized the use of reason and the
scientific method as means of obtaining knowledge.
a. Ben Franklin – was influenced by the Enlightenment and he looked for truth and science and
reason as a was to explain things
b. Thomas Jefferson – used the concept of reason and logic, individuals have natural rights which
govt. must respect.
B. Natural Rights – natural rights that belong to every person, regardless of rank or citizenship.
a. This led to the realization that maybe the colonists should have their own govt. and not have to
be ruled by a govt. that was so far away.
i. The colonists had to pay taxes to England and were led by Governors appointed by
England
ii. Colonists began to question the traditional authority of the British monarchy.
IV. French and Indian War - French & Indians vs. England and the British Colonists.
British victory over the French in North America enlarged the British empire but led to new conflicts with the colonists.
A. Causes of the War
a. Competition between England and France to…
i. Build a world empire
ii. Gain control of the Ohio River Valley
b. Who was Involved?
i. The British Colonists
1. Why? They felt loyal to England.
2. Whose side were the British Colonists on? England
ii. Native Americans
1. Why? The Native Americans wanted to keep the Colonists out of their land & to
honor alliances they already had with the French.
2. Whose side were the Indians on in the French & Indian War? The French
B. Description of the War
a. Key Playersi. George Washington
1. Lost battle of Fort Necessity
ii. Gen. Edward Braddock
1. Lost battle of Fort Duquesne
iii. Gen William Pitt
1. Winner! The French & Indian War starts to make a turn in the favor of the British
after a few lost battles!
C. Results of the War
a. Treaty of Paris (1763) – this treaty ended the French and Indian War.
i. Provisions of the Treaty
1. England gains all North America east of the Mississippi River
2. Spain gained the French lands west of the Mississippi, including New Orleans
D. Pontiac’s Rebellion –
a. Cause- Colonists crossing Appalachian mountains into Native American land.
b. Description- Ottowa Chief Pontiac leads rebellion against the British Colonists
c. Results- Proclamation of 1763
E. Proclamation of 1763 – The British Colonists cannot cross west of the Appalachian Mountains. (Britain
stationed troops along the Proclamation line)
a. Why? – Because England could not afford to fight another war.
b. Results of Proclamation of 1763
i. The British Colonists were angered because Britain was placing limits on them after they
helped Britain win the war against the French and Indians.
ii. The Colonists simply ignored Britain’s Proclamation and they do cross the Appalachian
Mountains
iii. Taxes- would now be raised to pay for the troops along the Proclamation line and for the
cost of the French & Indian war. Colonists were angry!
F. Sugar Act – British law which required Colonists to pay a duty (tax on imported goods) on certain
imports.
a. Writ of Assistance – a search warrant British were allowed to search ships
b. Smugglers- were tried in British courts, not Colonial courts
i. Vice-Admiralty Courts.
c. How did the Colonists feel about the Sugar Act?
i. Very unhappy.