Download BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW PACKET

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BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW PACKET
DUE DATES:
I.
Embryology:

Zygote

Gastrulation

Placenta

Fetus

Embryo
II.
Evolution:

Evolution

Natural Selection

Homologous Structures

Vestigial Organs

Adaptations

Fossils

Variations

Biogenesis

Who is Charles Darwin? How did he come up with his beliefs?

What were the first living organisms on Earth? What is the endosymbiotic
theory?

What does the Big Bang Theory state?

What are some types of evidence that evolution occurred?

What are some types of evidence that many organisms share common
ancestors?

What were the results of Miller and Urey’s experiments?
III.
Classification:

What is taxonomy?

What are the 5 kingdoms? Also be familiar with the 6 kingdom system of
classification.

Know some basic characteristics of each kingdom, and know representative
organisms from each kingdom.

Know the hierarchical sequence of taxonomic categories.

Which is the broadest category?

Which is the most specific category?

Which 2 categories form the scientific name of an organism?

What is binomial nomenclature?

What is the scientific name of humans?

The scientific name of the wolf is Canus lupus. Identify its genus and species.

Who is Carolus Linnaues?

What is a taxonomic or dichotomous key and how do you use one?
IV.
Virus & Bacteria

What is a bacterium?

To what kingdom do the bacteria belong?

What are the 2 kingdoms of bacteria?

Which bacteria live in harsh environments, resembling the early earth?

Which are the more common disease causing bacteria? How do they cause
diseases?

What is a prokaryote? Eukaryote?

Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

What is a flagellum?

Describe the following shapes of bacteria: coccus, bacillius, spirillium.

Antibiotic

Antibody

Virus

Vaccine

Binary Fission

Retrovirus

Bacteriophage

Pathogen

Describe the structure of a virus what is the inner core of a virus; what is
the protein coat surrounding the core?

Are viruses living or non living? Explain.

Know differences and similarities between viruses & cells.

Know the differences between the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle.
V.
Human Anatomy:
Digestive System

Know the main function of the digestive system, and the major organs.

Know and be able to label a diagram of the human digestive system.

Know the functions and location of the following organs:
I.
Mouth
II.
Epiglottis
III.
Esophagus
IV.
Stomach
V.
Small Intestine
VI.
Large Intestine (colon)
VII.
Rectum
VIII.
Anus
IX.
Liver
X.
Gallbladder
XI.
Pancreas
Describe the following terms:
 Peristalsis

Bolus

Bile

Feces
Circulatory System

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Which blood vessel carries blood toward the heart?

What is the function of capillaries?

What is the biggest artery in the human body?

Which blood vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs?

Which blood vessel carries blood from the lungs back to the heart?

Know the correct sequence of blood vessels from the heart through the
body and back to the heart.

What is the importance of hemoglobin?

Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells

Platelets

Plasma

Know and be able to label a diagram of the heart (atria, ventricle, aorta,
septum)
Respiratory System

Know and be able to label a diagram of the human respiratory system

Know the passage of air from the nostrils or mouth to the lungs.

Nostrils

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Inhalation

Exhalation

Diaphragm

What is another term for the voice box?
Excretory System

Be able to label the parts of the human excretory system. Know the diagram of the
kidneys (Bowman’s Capsule; Glomerulus, Loop of Henle)
Know the functions of:
 Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Nephrons
Nervous System

What makes up the central nervous system?

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

What are the main parts of the human brain? Be able to identify them on a
diagram.

What is the largest part of the human brain involved in higher level thinking?
VI.
Ecology

Biosphere

Biotic Factors (examples)

Abiotic Factors (examples)

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Habitat

Niche

Symbiosis define and give examples
o Mutualism
o Commensalism
o Parasitism

Food Chains & Food Webs
o Autotrophs
o Heterotrophs
o Producers
o Consumers (primary/first order; secondary/higher order)


Carnivores

Herbivores

Omnivores

Scavengers

Decomposers
Ecological Succession
o Primary Succession
o Secondary Succession
o Pioneer Communities
o Climax Communities

Biogeochemical Cycles
o Nitrogen Cycle which organisms convert nitrogen gas into a form
usable by plants?
o Carbon/Oxygen Cycle photosynthesis/respiration
 What process puts oxygen into the atmosphere?
 What processes put carbon dioxide into atmosphere?
 What processes put very large quantities of carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere
o Water Cycle
 Condensation


Precipitation

Evaporation

Transpiration

Ground Water
Biomes
o What is a biome?
o Terrestrial Biomes know characteristics of each
 Tundra
 Taiga
 Temperate Deciduous Forest
 Grasslands
 Desert
 Tropical Rainforest
o What type of biome do we live in?
o What is the difference between marine biomes and freshwater biomes?
o Name some freshwater biomes.

Natural Resources define and give examples
o Perpetual Resources
o Renewable Resources
o Nonrenewable Resources
VII.
Genetics

Who is the father of genetics?

Describe the following:
o Law of Dominance and Recessiveness
o Law of Segregation
o Law of Independent Assortment

Incomplete Dominance

Codominance

Sex Determination: What is the genotype of: (1) Female; (2) Male?

Who determines the sex of a baby?

Sex Linked Traits What does that mean? (Examples include color
blindness and hemophilia)

Blood Types A, B, AB, O  which are recessive; which are codominant

What are the possible genotypes for each blood type?
o
o
o
o
A
B
AB
O

What is a test cross? Why is one used?

Define: genetics; allele; autosome

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

Genotype vs. Phenotype

Monohybrid vs. Dihybrid Cross
Be able to do Punnett Sqaures for all types that we have done in class. Be able to figure
out genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring.
1. Cross a heterozygous blood type A female with a homozygous type B male.
2. Cross a color blind male with a female who is a carrier for color blindness.
3. Cross a homozygous green plant with a yellow plant (green is dominant to
yellow)
4. Incomplete dominance: cross a red flower with a white flower
5. Incomplete Dominance: cross 2 pink flowers