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World History Final Review Chapter 11 Grand Council- a council of representatives that met regularly to settle differences Meso-America- name for areas of Mexico and Central America thar were colonized before the Spaniards arrived Plains Indians- Native Americans that lived in the Great Plains Tenochtitlan- Capital of Aztec Empire located in present day Mexico City Hieroglyph- picture used in a writing system Cause of downfall- lack of immunity to European diseases Chapter 12 Lutheranism- first Protestant religion established by Martin Luther Ninety-five Theses- Martin Luther's attack on the Catholic Church Anglican Church- Church of England established by King Henry VII Annul- to declare a marriage invalid Anabaptists- people who believed that the state should not play a role in the church The Prince- Niccolo Machiavelli's book on the characteristics of a ruler Michelangelo- Italian artists/ sculptor Chapter 14 Divine Right of Kings- belief that kings receive power from God and are responsible only to God Oliver Cromwell- leader of the Roundhead party during the political civil war in England Absolutism-system of government in which a ruler holds total power King Louis XIV's rule- removed nobles from the royal court and bribed people to carry out policies through France Peter the Great- Czar who was determined to westernize Russia Glorious Revolution- William and Mary's invasion of England without bloodshed English Bill of Rights- doctrine that stated individual rights of the people of England Miguel de Cervantes- Spanish intellectual who wrote Don Quixote, a fictional novel Chapter 17 Nicholas Copernicus- astronomer who believed in a heliocentric universe Universal Law of Gravitation- every object is attracted to other objects by a force called gravity John Locke- tabula rasa; everyone starts with a blank mind Social Contract- entire society agrees to be governed by it's general will Purpose of the Constitutional Convention- to ensure a constitution of balanced power between the state and the central government Adam Smith- lassez- faire; the belief that government should not interfere with economic matters Articles of Confederation- first US governing doctorate; lacked a strong central government Rene Descartes- "I think, therefore I am"; French philosopher American Bill of Rights- 10 unalienable rights for the American individual George Washington- General of the Continental Army; 1st President of US Francis Bacon- Scientific Method Chapter 18 Parisian Women- forced Louis XIV to accept the National Assembly decrees Coup d'état- sudden overthrow of government Two Reasons for Napoleon's downfall- Grand Army was killed at the Great Retreat and was later defeated at the Battle of Waterloo Duke of Wellington- leader of the combined British and Prussian Army that defeated Napoleon at Waterloo Maxamilien Robespierre- seceded Georges Danton as leader od the Committee of Public Safety Promotion of Napoleon's bureaucracy- based on ability, not birth Russian Method of defeating Grand Army- the Russians attacked the Grand Army as they were retreating Moscow Bastille- Parisian prison and armory Chapter 19 First Industry affected by Industrial Revolution- cottage industry Liberalism- political philosophy based largely on Enlightenment principles that held that people should be as free from government restraint and that civil liberties should be protected Charles Darwin/ Natural Selection- survival of the fittest; Darwin created the organic evolution principle Confederate States of America- states seceded from the US due to abolitionism Charles Dickens/ Themes/ Topics- Realist novelist; his novels focused more on the lower and middle classes in Britain's Industrial Age Steam Engine- crucial invention in the British Industrial Revoltuion Socialism- movement to eliminate the pitiful working conditions in Britain Principle of Intervention- belief that the great powers in Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones Louis Pasteur- germ theory, and pasteurization Entrepreneurs- people who investing a new business in order to make profits Railroad- most important transportation system in American Industrial Revolution Secularization- indifference or rejection of religion or religious consideration Cottage Industry- a production method in which individuals did the work in their rural homes Conservatism- political philosophy based on tradition and social stability Romanticism- an intellectual movement that emphasized feelings, emotions, and imagination Nationalism the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols Chapter 20 Proletariat- the working class, the oppressed Duma- legislative assembly in Russia during the time of Nicholas II Automobiles and Locomotives- the internal combustion engines gave rise to these inventions Emmeline Pankhurst- Women's Suffrage advocate Marie Curie- discovered Radium Sigmund Freud- human behavior was strongly determined by past experiences Communist Manifesto- Karl Marx's view of the working class and Capitalism Social Darwinism- Darwinsistic ideas that were applied to society Anti-Semitism- hostility and discrimination toward Jews Gugliemo Marconi- invented the radio Chapter 23 Trench Warfare- characterized the Western front Treaty of Versailles- treaty that ended WW1; stated that Germany and Austria started the war Militarism- preparation for war Central Powers- Germany, Austria- Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire Schlieffen Plan- Germany is to fight a two front war Naval Warfare- cause of entry of the US in WW1 V.I. Lenin- leader of the Bolsheviks Propaganda- ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause War of Attrition- war based on wearing down the enemy Planned Economies- economic systems directed by government Grigori Rasputin- Siberian man who helped Alexandra, wife of Czar Nicholas II during WW1 Chapter 24 Totalitarian- system in which government controls the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of it's citizens Five Year Plans- set to transform Russia from an agricultural to industrial economy Enabling Act- allowed Hitler to ignore the Constitution Kristallnacht- night of shattered glass; Germans destroyed Jewish shops Economic Depression- a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment Acquisition of Power- Nazis gained power by legal means Nuremberg Laws- laws that neglected Jews from basic citizenship Chapter 26 Blitzkrieg- lightning war; Nazi method of invasion Pearl Harbor- December 7, 1941 Appeasement- policy of giving in to the demands of a dissatisfied power Battle of Stalingrad- Russians took back control and Nazis lost the 6th Army Cold War- period of political tension between US and USSR Holocaust- deliberate extermination of Jews Isolationism- policy that kept US out of WW2 D-day- greatest naval invasion in history; invasion of Normandy Final Solution- Nazi plan to exterminate Jews in concentration camps Kamikaze- Japanese suicide pilots