Download World History Final Review

World History Final Review
Chapter 11
Grand Council- a council of representatives that met regularly to settle differences
Meso-America- name for areas of Mexico and Central America thar were colonized before the Spaniards arrived
Plains Indians- Native Americans that lived in the Great Plains
Tenochtitlan- Capital of Aztec Empire located in present day Mexico City
Hieroglyph- picture used in a writing system
Cause of downfall- lack of immunity to European diseases
Chapter 12
Lutheranism- first Protestant religion established by Martin Luther
Ninety-five Theses- Martin Luther's attack on the Catholic Church
Anglican Church- Church of England established by King Henry VII
Annul- to declare a marriage invalid
Anabaptists- people who believed that the state should not play a role in the church
The Prince- Niccolo Machiavelli's book on the characteristics of a ruler
Michelangelo- Italian artists/ sculptor
Chapter 14
Divine Right of Kings- belief that kings receive power from God and are responsible only to God
Oliver Cromwell- leader of the Roundhead party during the political civil war in England
Absolutism-system of government in which a ruler holds total power
King Louis XIV's rule- removed nobles from the royal court and bribed people to carry out policies through France
Peter the Great- Czar who was determined to westernize Russia
Glorious Revolution- William and Mary's invasion of England without bloodshed
English Bill of Rights- doctrine that stated individual rights of the people of England
Miguel de Cervantes- Spanish intellectual who wrote Don Quixote, a fictional novel
Chapter 17
Nicholas Copernicus- astronomer who believed in a heliocentric universe
Universal Law of Gravitation- every object is attracted to other objects by a force called gravity
John Locke- tabula rasa; everyone starts with a blank mind
Social Contract- entire society agrees to be governed by it's general will
Purpose of the Constitutional Convention- to ensure a constitution of balanced power between the state and the central government
Adam Smith- lassez- faire; the belief that government should not interfere with economic matters
Articles of Confederation- first US governing doctorate; lacked a strong central government
Rene Descartes- "I think, therefore I am"; French philosopher
American Bill of Rights- 10 unalienable rights for the American individual
George Washington- General of the Continental Army; 1st President of US
Francis Bacon- Scientific Method
Chapter 18
Parisian Women- forced Louis XIV to accept the National Assembly decrees
Coup d'état- sudden overthrow of government
Two Reasons for Napoleon's downfall- Grand Army was killed at the Great Retreat and was later defeated at the Battle of Waterloo
Duke of Wellington- leader of the combined British and Prussian Army that defeated Napoleon at Waterloo
Maxamilien Robespierre- seceded Georges Danton as leader od the Committee of Public Safety
Promotion of Napoleon's bureaucracy- based on ability, not birth
Russian Method of defeating Grand Army- the Russians attacked the Grand Army as they were retreating Moscow
Bastille- Parisian prison and armory
Chapter 19
First Industry affected by Industrial Revolution- cottage industry
Liberalism- political philosophy based largely on Enlightenment principles that held that people should be as free from government restraint and that
civil liberties should be protected
Charles Darwin/ Natural Selection- survival of the fittest; Darwin created the organic evolution principle
Confederate States of America- states seceded from the US due to abolitionism
Charles Dickens/ Themes/ Topics- Realist novelist; his novels focused more on the lower and middle classes in Britain's Industrial Age
Steam Engine- crucial invention in the British Industrial Revoltuion
Socialism- movement to eliminate the pitiful working conditions in Britain
Principle of Intervention- belief that the great powers in Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to
restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones
Louis Pasteur- germ theory, and pasteurization
Entrepreneurs- people who investing a new business in order to make profits
Railroad- most important transportation system in American Industrial Revolution
Secularization- indifference or rejection of religion or religious consideration
Cottage Industry- a production method in which individuals did the work in their rural homes
Conservatism- political philosophy based on tradition and social stability
Romanticism- an intellectual movement that emphasized feelings, emotions, and imagination
Nationalism the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols
Chapter 20
Proletariat- the working class, the oppressed
Duma- legislative assembly in Russia during the time of Nicholas II
Automobiles and Locomotives- the internal combustion engines gave rise to these inventions
Emmeline Pankhurst- Women's Suffrage advocate
Marie Curie- discovered Radium
Sigmund Freud- human behavior was strongly determined by past experiences
Communist Manifesto- Karl Marx's view of the working class and Capitalism
Social Darwinism- Darwinsistic ideas that were applied to society
Anti-Semitism- hostility and discrimination toward Jews
Gugliemo Marconi- invented the radio
Chapter 23
Trench Warfare- characterized the Western front
Treaty of Versailles- treaty that ended WW1; stated that Germany and Austria started the war
Militarism- preparation for war
Central Powers- Germany, Austria- Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
Schlieffen Plan- Germany is to fight a two front war
Naval Warfare- cause of entry of the US in WW1
V.I. Lenin- leader of the Bolsheviks
Propaganda- ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause
War of Attrition- war based on wearing down the enemy
Planned Economies- economic systems directed by government
Grigori Rasputin- Siberian man who helped Alexandra, wife of Czar Nicholas II during WW1
Chapter 24
Totalitarian- system in which government controls the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of it's citizens
Five Year Plans- set to transform Russia from an agricultural to industrial economy
Enabling Act- allowed Hitler to ignore the Constitution
Kristallnacht- night of shattered glass; Germans destroyed Jewish shops
Economic Depression- a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment
Acquisition of Power- Nazis gained power by legal means
Nuremberg Laws- laws that neglected Jews from basic citizenship
Chapter 26
Blitzkrieg- lightning war; Nazi method of invasion
Pearl Harbor- December 7, 1941
Appeasement- policy of giving in to the demands of a dissatisfied power
Battle of Stalingrad- Russians took back control and Nazis lost the 6th Army
Cold War- period of political tension between US and USSR
Holocaust- deliberate extermination of Jews
Isolationism- policy that kept US out of WW2
D-day- greatest naval invasion in history; invasion of Normandy
Final Solution- Nazi plan to exterminate Jews in concentration camps
Kamikaze- Japanese suicide pilots