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SEMESTER 2
PAST FRQ QUESTIONS
Unit 7: European Politics 1815-1848, Nationalism, and Unification
1. Describe and compare the differences among Utopian socialists, Karl Marx, and Revisionist socialists in
their critiques of 19th century European economy and society. (88)
2. In February 1848, the middle classes and workers in France joined to overthrow the government of
Louis Philippe. By June the two groups were at odds in their political, economic, and social thinking.
Analyze what transpired to divide the groups and describe the consequences for French politics. (90)
3. Describe the ways in which conservative political and social views shaped the peace settlement of the
Congress of Vienna. Explain the consequences of the peace settlement for the period 1815 to 1848. (93)
4. Compare and contrast the foreign policy goals and achievements of Metternich (1815-1848) and
Bismarck (1862-1890).
5. Describe and analyze the differences in the ways in which artists and writers portrayed the individual
during the Italian Renaissance and the Romantic era of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
6. Compare and contrast political liberalism with political conservatism in the first half of the nineteenth
century in Europe.
7. Analyze three examples of the relationship between Romanticism and nationalism before 1850.
8. Compare and contrast Enlightenment and Romantic views of the relationship between God and the
individual.
9. Referring to specific individuals or works, discuss the ways in which TWO of the following expressed
the concept of nationalism in the nineteenth century: Artists, Composers, Writers.
10. Analyze the similarities and differences in the methods used by Cavour and Bismarck to bring about the
unification of Italy and of Germany, respectively.
11. Analyze artistic and literary responses to industrialization over the course of the nineteenth century.
12. Analyze the effects of nationalism on the Austrian Empire in the period 1815 to 1914.
13. Compare and contrast Enlightenment and Romantic views of nature, with reference to specific
individuals and their works.
14. Describe and analyze the impact of the rise of Russia on international relations in Europe in the period
from 1685 to 1815.
15. Analyze the extent to which conservatives in continental Europe were successful in achieving their goals
in the years between 1815-1851. Draw your examples from at least two states.
Unit 8: Late 19th Century Society and Imperialism
1. Describe the physical transformation of European cities in the second half of the nineteenth century and
analyze the social consequences of this transformation.
2. Describe and compare the differences among Utopian socialists, Karl Marx, and Revisionist socialists in
their critiques of 19th century European economy and society.
3. Discuss the effects of the industrial economy on Western European peasant women and working-class
women from 1830 to 1914.
4. Discuss the ways in which European Jews were affected by and responded to liberalism, nationalism,
and anti-Semitism in the nineteenth century.
5. Assess the extent to which the unification of Germany under Bismarck led to authoritarian government
there between 1871 and 1914.
6. What political and social changes in Western and Central Europe account for the virtual disappearance
of revolutionary outbreaks in the half-century following 1848?
7. Compare and contrast the foreign policy goals and achievements of Metternich (1815-1848) and
Bismarck (1862-1890).
8. “ The centralized governments of continental Europe dominated the rate and direction of industrial
development in their respective countries in the period 1850-1940.” Explain the facts and events that
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form the basis of this statement and describe the specific ways in which the statement is a valid
generalization about the period 1850-1940.
9. Analyze the policies of three European colonial powers regarding Africa between 1870 and 1914.
10. Evaluate how the ideas of Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud challenged Enlightenment assumptions
about human behavior and the role of reason
11. “Man for the field and woman for the hearth: Man for the sword and for the needle she: Man with the
head and women from the heart: Man to command woman to obey”. How accurately do the lines of
poetry reflect gender roles for European men and women in the late nineteenth century?
12. Analyze how and why western European attitudes toward children and childrearing changed in the
period from 1750 to 1900.
13. Describe and analyze responses to industrialization by the working class between 1850 and 1914.
14. Contrast the impact of nationalism in German and the Austrian Empire from 1848 to 1914.
15. Analyze the shifts in the European balance of power in the period between 1763 and 1848.
16. To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and of the natural
world?
17. Contrast the ways in which the paintings shown (School of Athens, 1509-1511 by Raphael and Les
Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907 by Picasso) express the artistic and intellectual concerns of the eras in
which the works were created.
18. Discuss the impact of industrialization and urbanization on working-class families from 1750 to 1900
19. Historians speak of the rise of mass politics in the period from 1880 to 1914. Define this phenomenon
and analyze its effect son European politics in this period.
20. Compare and contrast the relationship between the artist and society in the Renaissance/Reformation
period to the relationship between the artist and society in the late nineteenth century.
21. In the period 1815-1900, political liberalization progressed much further in western Europe than in
Russia. Analyze the social and economic reasons for this difference.
22. Discuss how the two structures (The Arch of Triumph, Paris, 1806-1836 and The Crystal Palace,
London, 1850-1851) reflect the societies and cultures that produced them.
23. Analyze the problems and opportunities associated with the rapid urbanization of western Europe in the
nineteenth century.
24. “In the second half of the nineteenth century, most European governments were conservative.” To what
extent is the quotation an accurate statement? Use specific examples from at least TWO countries.
25. To what extent did the structure of Russian government and society affect its economic development in
the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
26. Analyze the major factors responsible for the rise of anti-Semitism in nineteenth-century Europe.
27. European women’s lives changed in the course of the nineteenth century politically, economically, and
socially. Identify and explain the reasons for those changes.
28. Analyze the ways in which TWO of the following groups challenged British liberalism between 1880
and 1914. Feminists, Irish nationalists, Socialists.
29. Analyze artistic and literary responses to industrialization over the course of the nineteenth century.
30. Analyze the effects of nationalism on the Austrian Empire in the period 1815 to 1914.
31. Compare and contrast how TWO of the following states attempted to hold together their empires in the
period circa 1850 to 1914. Austria-Hungary; Russia; Ottoman Empire
32. Analyze the ways in which the theories of both Darwin and Freud challenged traditional European ways
of thinking about religion, morality, and human behavior in the period circa 1850-1950.
33. Analyze how industrialization and imperialism contributed to the development of consumer culture in
the period 1850-1914.
34. In the late nineteenth century, millions of workers and intellectuals proclaimed themselves socialists, yet
few worked toward the violent revolution predicted by Karl Marx. Analyze the major factors that
account for this phenomenon.
35. Analyze the impact of science and technology in European society in the period from 1800 to 1900.
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Unit 9: World War I, Age of Anxiety, and the Russian Revolution
1. To what extent and in what ways did nationalist tensions in the Balkans between 1870 and 1914
contribute to the outbreak of the First World War?
2. “ Every successful revolution puts on in time the robes of the tyrant it has deposed.” Evaluate this
statement with regard to the English Revolution, the French Revolution and the Russian Revolution.
(78)
3. What aspects of Russian society and institutions were most changed and what aspects least changed by
the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917? Limit your discussion to the first ten years 1917-27 of the new
regime and account for the changes you note. (80)
4. In what ways and why did Lenin alter Marxism? (83)
5. Compare and contrast the roles of the peasantry and of urban workers in the French Revolution of 1789
and to those of the peasantry and of urban workers in the Russian Revolutions of 1917. (85)
6. “ The tsarist regime fell in 1917 because it had permitted tremendous change and progress in some areas
while trying to maintain a political order that had outlived its time.” Assess the validity of this statement
as an explanation of the abdication of Nicholas II in 1917. (87)
7. Describe and analyze the long-term social and economic trends in the period 1860 to 1917 that prepared
the ground for revolution in Russia. (94)
8. To what extent did the emancipation of Russian serfs and other reforms in the nineteenth century
contribute to the modernization of Russia before the First World War?
9. Compare and contrast the degree of success of treaties negotiated in Vienna (1814-1815) and Versailles
(1919) in achieving European stability.
10. How did new theories in physics and psychology in the period from 1900 to 1939 challenge existing
ideas about the individual and society?
11. Analyze the impact of the First World War on European Society in the interwar period 1919-1939.
12. Compare and contrast the relationship between artists and society in the Baroque era and in the twentieth
century. Illustrate your essay with references to at least TWO examples for each period.
13. Compare and contrast the extent to which the French Revolution (1789-1799) and the Russian
Revolution (11917-1924) changed the status of women.
14. Analyze the ways in which technology and mass culture contributed to the success of dictators in the
1920s and 1930s.
15. Contrast the impact of nationalism in German and the Austrian Empire from 1848 to 1914.
16. Analyze the participation of European women in the economy and in politics from 1914 to 1939. Use
examples from at least TWO countries.
17. Asses the extent to which the economic and political ideals of Karl Marx were realized in post
revolutionary Russia in the period from 1917 to 1939.
18. Compare and contrast the roles of British working-women in the pre-industrial economy (before 1750)
with their roles in the era 1850 to 1920.
19. Compare and contrast the crises in state authority that precipitated the French Revolution in 1789 and
the February and October Revolutions in Russia in 1917.
Unit 10: Europe 1920-45: Totalitarianism and World War II
1. Woodrow Wilson’s belief that the major causes of the First World War were the armaments race, rival
imperialisms, secret diplomacy, and nationalistic pride was widely accepted in the period 1919-1934.
How did the acceptance of Wilson’s view shape the diplomacy of the great powers during this period?
(74)
2. Discuss the economic and social factors that gave rise to the totalitarian systems of communism and
fascism in the 20th century. (74)
3. “ Repeatedly in the course of modern European history a single state has threatened the balance of
power; these threats have been met by coalitions of powers which have dissolved when the threats were
contained.” Discuss this statement with regard to France under Louis XIV and Soviet Union under
Stalin, and show how it would apply in each case. (75)
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4. From 1830-1933 the lower classes have used direct-action protest ranging from strikes and riots to
revolution as a means of effecting social and political change. Using specific examples from France and
Germany, write an essay in which you explain the effectiveness of such means in bringing about social
and political change. (76)
5. : Every war creates illusions and is conducted in the name of unrealizable ideals.” Evaluate this
statement by comparing the goals for which the First World War was fought to those for which the
Second World War was fought. (79)
6. The culture of the years between the two world wars was marked by the experimentation and an interest
in the irrational. Select any tow European works of art or literature from this period and describe their
significance in terms of these characteristics. (80)
7. Compare the economic roles of the state under 17th century mercantilism and 20th century communism.
Illustrates your answer with reference to the economic system of France during Louis XIV’s reign under
Colbert and of the Soviet Union under Stalin. (81)
8. Why did Germany’s experiment with parliamentary democracy between 1919 and 1933 fail? (82)
9. What policies of the Stalinist government perpetuated the essential features of the tsarist regime under
Nicholas II (1894-1917)? (82)
10. Compare the rise of fascism in Italy and in Germany. (83)
11. How and in what ways did European painting or literature reflect the disillusionment in society between
1919 and 1939? Support your answer with specific artistic or literary examples. (89)
12. Contrast European diplomacy in the periods 1890 to 1914 and 1918 to 1939, respectively. Include in
your analysis goals, practices, and results. (92)
13. “ Dictators in 20th century Europe have had much greater control over culture and society than had
divine right monarchs of earlier centuries.” Assess the validity of this statement, using specific
examples from each era to support your position. (93)
14. Discuss and analyze the political and economic reasons for the failure of parliamentary democracy in
Germany after the First World War. (94)
15. Compare and contrast the extent to which Catherine the great and Joseph Stalin were “Westernizers”. (95)
16. Compare and contrast the patronage of the arts by Italian Renaissance rulers with that by dictators of the
1930’s. (96)
17. Compare and contrast the relationships between the great powers and Poland in the periods 1772-1815
and 1918-1939. (96)
18. Account for the responses of the European democracies to the military aggression by Italy and Germany
during the 1930’s. (97)
19. Compare and contrast the French Jacobins’ use of state power to achieve revolutionary goals during the
Terror (1793-1794) with Stalin’s use of state power to achieve revolutionary goals in the Soviet Union
during the period 1928-1939.
20. Compare and contrast the relationship between artists and society in the Baroque era and in the twentieth
century. Illustrate your essay with references to at least TWO examples for each period.(03)
21. Compare and contrast the ways that seventeenth-century absolute monarchs and twentieth-century
dictators gained and maintained their power.
22. Compare and contrast the victorious Allied powers’ treatment of Germany after the First World War
with their treatment of Germany after the Second World War. Analyze the reasons for the similarities
and differences.
23. Considering the period 1933 to 1945, analyze the economic, diplomatic, and military reasons for
Germany’s defeat in the Second World War.
24. Analyze anti-Semitism in Europe from the Dreyfus Affair in the 1890s to 1939.
25. Analyze the impact of the rise of militarism and the Second World War on the lives of European
women. In your answer consider the period 1930 to 1950.
26. Analyze how the Balkan crises from 1903 to 1914 and the crises in central and eastern Europe from
1935 to 1939 threatened Europe’s balance of power.
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27. Considering the period 1918 to 1948, analyze the political and diplomatic problems faced by TWO of
the following newly created Eastern European states: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, or Poland.
28. Analyze the ways in which the theories of both Darwin and Freud challenged traditional European ways
of thinking about religion, morality, and human behavior in the period circa 1850-1950.
29. Analyze the ways in which the policies of Joseph Stalin transformed the policies of Vladimir Lenin.
Unit 11: Europe, 1945-present
1. The European saw himself as a benefactor, carrying the blessings of Western civilization to Asia and
Africa. The peoples of these regions viewed the Europeans as disrupters of their own valued traditions.
Discuss the conflicting outlooks for the colonized regions of the world from the mid 19th century o 1960.
(74)
2. Enumerate and explain some of the major causes that contributed to the oscillation from strong to weak
governments in France during the period from 1789 to the founding of the Fifth Republic in 1958. (75)
3. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the economic revival of Western Europe between 1945 and
1970. (86)
4. Analyze the ways in which the Cold War affected the political development of European nations from
the end of the Second World War in 1945 to the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961. (87)
5. Analyze the ways in which technology was an issue in European social activism between 1945 and
1970. Be sure to include three of the following: environmentalism, peace movements, student protests,
women’s movements, workers’ movements. (90)
6. Describe and analyze the changing relationships between the Soviet Union and eastern European
countries from 1945 to 1970. (91)
7. Analyze criticisms of European society presented by European authors in the period 1940 to 1970. Be
sure to discuss at least two works. (92)
8. Compare and contrast the attitudes toward science and technology held by Enlightenment thinkers with
various attitudes held by European artists and intellectuals in the 20th Century. (93)
9. Analyze the common political and economic problems facing Western European nations in the period
1945-1960 and discus their responses to these problems. (94)
10. Identify four specific changes in science and technology, and explain their effects on Western European
family and private life between 1918 and 1970. (95)
11. Compare and contrast the woman’s suffrage movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the
European feminist movements of the 1960s and 1970s. (96)
12. Describe and analyze the resistance to Soviet authority in the Eastern block from the end of the Second
World War through 1989. Be sure to include examples from at least two Soviet satellite countries. (97)
13. Using specific examples from eastern and Western Europe, discuss economic development during the
period 1945 to the present, focus on one of the following a) economic recovery and integration
b) development of the welfare state and its subsequent decline. (98)
14. Compare and contrast the political and economic policies of Joseph Stalin in the period before the
Second World War and those of Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991).
15. Compare and contrast the political and economic effects of the Cold War (1945-1991) on Western
Europe with the effects on Eastern Europe.
16. Many historians have suggested that since 1945, nationalism has been on the decline in Europe. Using
both political and economic examples from the period 1945 to 2000, evaluate the validity of this
interpretation.
17. Between 1945 and 1970, virtually all of the European colonies achieved independence. Discuss the
changes within Europe that contributed to this development.
18. Analyze three reasons for the end of Soviet domination over Eastern Europe.
19. Compare and contrast the relationship between artists and society in the Baroque era and in the twentieth
century. Illustrate your essay with references to at least TWO examples for each period.
20. Analyze the factors working for and against European unity from 1945 to 2001.
21. Analyze the factors responsible for decolonization since the Second World War.
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22. Compare and contrast the social and economic roles of the state in seventeenth and eighteenth –century
Europe (before 1789) to the social and economic roles of the state in Europe and the Second World War.
23. Describe and analyze economic policies in Eastern and Western Europe after 1945.
24. Considering the period 1953 to 1991, analyze the problems within the soviet Union that contributed to
the eventual collapse of the soviet system.
25. Analyze the economic and social challenges faced by Western Europe in the period from 1945 to 1989.
26. Contrast late-nineteenth-century European attitudes and policies about race to those after 1950.
27. Analyze the long-term and short-term factors responsible for the disintegration of communist rule in
TWO of the following states: Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, or Poland.
28. Compare and contrast the goals and achievements of the feminist movement in the period circa 18501920 with those of the feminist movement in the period 1945 to the present.
29. Analyze the ways in which western European nations have pursued European economic and political
integration from 1945 to the present, referring to at least two nations.
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