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Name: _____________ Chapter 5: Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Section 1: ___________ and Living Things Deer (and us) get energy from ________________. Food gets energy from the __________ (either directly or indirectly). _____________ Store Energy! _____________ energy must be converted to ______________ energy that organisms can use during metabolism. Only ___________________ are capable of doing this! This process of converting light energy into chemical energy is ____________________. Breaking Down Food for ________________ All organisms must produce energy from food. Autotrophs can ________________________food. _____________________ must take in food to have energy. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs must break down food to produce ________ energy. This process is ____________ ______________. Transfer of Energy to ___________ How are cells like these burning logs? ___________ energy was stored in both. Energy is being ___________________. __________ __________ & water are by-products. ATP Adenosine _________________ Has 3 _______________ groups in the molecule. When a phosphate group is removed __________ is produced! Section 2: Photosynthesis In what type of organisms does photosynthesis occur? All _________ ___________ Some _____________ (cyanobacteria) Importance of plants & photosynthesis (other than for food): ___________ for animals to breathe ___________ Shelter ____________ Regulates ____________________ Photosynthesis: 3 basic stages: 1. ___________ is captured 2. Light energy _______________to chemical energy 3. Organic compounds are formed using __________ __________. The Formula for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 _____________ _______________ The __________ is the ____________ of photosynthesis. __________________ are the organelles in the cell where photosynthesis happens. The Chloroplasts: Are out in the _____________ (≈50 or more/cell) Are enclosed in a double ________________ Have stacks of flattened sacs called ____________ (one sac is a ____________) Filled with a solution called the _______________ Stage 1 of photosynthesis: _____________ Absorption Reactions of 1st & 2nd stage are called the ___________ reactions (happen because light must be ____________) White light has many ____________ of light and all have different ____________ and _________________. Light Absorbing Pigments: Located in the ________________ Most important pigments are ________________ a and b Pigments absorb different ______________ of light. Only chlorophyll a is used in “____________ reactions” Other pigments: Carotenoids (____________) Anthocyanin (__________) Xanthophylls (____________) These ____________ pigments help to absorb light frequencies that chlorophyll a can’t. Producing Oxygen during Photosynthesis: Light hits _____________. Causes ____________ in chlorophyll to be “excited” and _________ to other molecules Electrons are _____________ by other electrons produced when _________ is split. _______________ ions (H+) are left & ___________ gas (O2) Stage 2: Conversion of _________ Energy Excited _____________ produce new molecules including _______to store chemical energy. Electrons are passed along electron _____________chains. Another molecule, ________________, is made to carry electrons. ________________ ions accumulate inside ____________ Stage 3: ___________ of energy Sometimes called the ________ Reactions since they do not require ________ to power them. These reactions require _________ & _________ to run them. Also referred to as “Carbon dioxide __________ ” or the “_________ Cycle” A complex series of reactions occur in ___________ Carbon dioxide is used as a ___________ for these. _____________ is produced as the end product. A Comparison of light & dark reactions of photosynthesis: Light Reactions Dark Reactions Reactants used Products of photosynthesis made Role of ATP Energy Source Site Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis: Light _____________ _____________ (70°-80° F is best) CO2 __________________ Section 3: Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy: An Overview We eat _________. It contains ___________, ___________, and ________ which contain __________. Cells must transfer that into form of ____________. This process is ______________ ____________. Two kinds of CR: ____________ – uses oxygen _____________ – does not use oxygen For cellular respiration to occur _____________ compounds (like glucose & other carbohydrates) must be _________________. Both types of cellular respiration begin with: ____________________ Then, there are 2 pathways after glycolysis: One using oxygen - _____________ and One using no oxygen - ________________ So, what is “glycolysis?” 1 6-carbon molecule of ____________ is broken down into: 2 3-carbon molecules of ____________ ________. Happens in the ________________ How is energy related to Glycolysis? It requires 2 ________ molecules to start glycolysis 4 ATP molecules are _____________ at the end so….. Net gain is only __________ molecules Stages of Cellular Respiration The formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O _________ __________________ Stage 1: Glycolysis – ____________ is broken down to ______________ Stage 2: ___________ Cycle and Electron Transport Chain – _________ is produced Aerobic Respiration Occurs ________ glycolysis Uses __________ Produces much more ____________ than anaerobic – approximately ____ times more! Where does Aerobic Respiration occur? In the ____________________ Stage 2: ATP Production Has 2 major events: 1. The __________ Cycle 2. The ____________ transport chain Krebs Cycle: Carbon ____________ is released Energy containing molecules _________ and ____________are made These molecules will provide electrons for next stage. Electron Transport Chain: Electrons cause H+ ions to be pumped ______ across membrane of ____________. Concentration _____________ builds up of H+ ions 34 _________ molecules are formed ______________ molecules combine with H+ ions to form ___________ Cellular Respiration with no oxygen: ______________________ Does not produce any ______! Occurs in the ____________ Two different fermentation pathways: - ___________ acid fermentation - ______________fermentation Lactic Acid ________________: A 3-carbon molecule, ___________, is formed during lactic acid fermentation Some microorganisms (bacteria) use this in _________ & ___________ formation. Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in very strenuous __________________ Muscles use up ______________ ____________________forms in the muscle tissue and they become sore ____________ Fermentation: Used by some _________ cells and unicellular organisms – especially __________ Two products are formed: 1. Ethyl ___________ and 2. ___________ _____________ Anaerobic summary: It is not an efficient way to produce _____________ Only 3.5% of glucose’s energy is transferred into _________