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PHYSICS TOPIC 17.0 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 17.1 Reflection at a plane surface LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR At the end of this topic, the students should be able to: 5 a) State laws of reflection. 1 b) State the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror. Sketch ray diagrams minimum two rays. with v 17.2 Reflection at a spherical surface a) Sketch and use ray diagrams to determine the Magnification, m u characteristics of image formed by spherical mirrors. Use sign convention for focal 1 1 1 2 length: + f for concave mirror b) Use for real object only f u v r and – f for convex mirror. Sketch ray diagrams minimum two rays. 1 with r = 2f only applies to spherical mirror. 17.3 Refraction at a plane and spherical surfaces a) State and use the laws of refraction (Snell’s Law) Maximum three layers. for layers of materials with different densities. b) Apply (n2 n1 ) n1 n2 for spherical surface u v r 29 Use sign convention for r : +ve if centre of curvature is located in more dense medium and ve if centre of curvature is located in less dense medium. 1 PHYSICS TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR 2 v 17.4 Thin lenses a) Sketch and use ray diagrams to determine the Magnification, m u characteristics of image formed by diverging and converging lenses. Sketch ray diagrams minimum two rays. with b) Use equation stated in 17.3(b) to derive thin lens Use sign convention for focal length: – f for diverging lens 1 1 1 and + f for converging lens. formula, for real object only u v f c) Use lensmaker’s equation 1 1 1 (n 1) . f r1 r2 d) Use the thin lens formula for a combination of System of two separated lenses converging lenses. Magnification, mf =m1m2 18.0 PHYSICAL OPTICS 18.1 Huygen’s principle At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: a) Explain Huygen’s principle propagation of wave fronts governing 9 the b) Explain diffraction patterns by using Huygen’s principle. 30 1 Include spherical wavefronts. and plane PHYSICS TOPIC 18.2 Constructive interference and destructive interference LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR a) Define coherence. 1 b) State the conditions to observe interference of light. c) State the conditions of constructive and destructive interference. 18.3 Interference of transmitted light through double-slits a) Derive with the aid of a diagram and use i) y m m D for bright fringes (maxima) d (m 12 )D ii) y m for dark fringes (minima), d 2 Bright fringes: m = 0, central/ 0th order max m =1, first bright / 1st order max Dark fringes: m = 0, first dark / 0th order min m = 1, 2nd dark /1st order min where m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, … . b) Use expression y D and explain the effect y : separation between two consecutive dark or bright fringes of changing any of the variables. d 31 PHYSICS TOPIC 18.4 Interference of reflected light in thin films LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the interference For non-reflective coating: of light in thin films for normal incidence. Constructive interference 2nt = mλ Destructive interference 2nt = (m + ½ )λ For reflective coating: Constructive interference 2nt = (m + ½ )λ Destructive interference 2nt = mλ where m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, … Limited to three media. Emphasize on the phase change due to reflection. 32 HOUR 1 PHYSICS TOPIC 18.5 Interference of reflected light in air wedge and Newton’s rings LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the interference in air wedge. 1 b) Explain with the aid of a diagram the formation of Newton’s rings experiment. Newton’s rings. Derivation is not required. Explain the formation of dark spot at the centre of the rings. c) Use i) 2t = (m + ½)λ for bright fringes (maxima) Bright fringes : m = 0, 1st bright / 0th order max m = 1, 2nd bright / 1st order max ii) 2t = mλ for dark fringes (minima), Dark fringes : m = 0, 1st dark /0th order min m =1, 2nd dark /1st order min where m = 0, 1, 2, 3, … Limit to air only. 33 HOUR PHYSICS TOPIC 18.6 Diffraction by a single slit LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the diffraction of a single slit. b) Derive and use formula i) y n nD for dark fringes (minima) HOUR 1 Dark fringes : n = 1, 1st dark / 1st order min n = 2, 2nd dark / 2nd order min a ii) y n (n 2 )D for bright fringes (maxima), 1 a Bright fringes : n = 1, 1st bright /1st order max n = 2, 2nd bright / 2nd order max where n = ±1, ±2, ±3, ... Central bright: Use formulae for first dark. on differences c) Explain with the aid of a diagram the effect of Emphasize between diffraction and changing wavelength on the resolution of single slit interference patterns in terms of from two coherent sources. intensity and width. 2 18.7 Diffraction grating a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the formation of Use compact disc as an example diffraction. of a reflection diffraction grating b) Apply formula d sin θ = nλ where d 1 . N Bright fringes : n = 0, central / 0th order max n = 1, first bright / 1st order max N : number of slits per unit length c) Describe with the aid of diagram the formation of spectrum by using white light. 34 PHYSICS TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 19.0 ELECTROSTATICS 19.1 REMARKS a) State Coulomb’s law, F Coulomb’s law Qq kQq 2 . 2 4o r r b) Apply Coulomb’s law for a system of point charges. HOUR 7 k 1 4 0 9.0 10 9 N C -2 m 2 1 Simple configuration of charges with a maximum of three charges. Limit to 2D. 19.2 Electric field a) Define electric field 2 b) Define electric field strength, E F . q0 Emphasize E as a vector. q0= positive test charge c) Sketch the electric field lines of isolated point charge, two charges and uniformly charged parallel plates. Simple configuration of charges d) Obtain numerically and pictorially the electric field with a maximum of three charges strength E of a point charge and a system of charges. in 2D. 19.3 Charge in uniform electric field a a) Sketch the trajectory of a charged particle moving in a uniform electric field. b) Determine the velocity and the angle of deflection of a charged particle on exit from a uniform electric field. 35 1 PHYSICS TOPIC 19.4 Electric Potential LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS a) Define electric potential. 2 b) Determine the electric potential due to a point charge Maximum three charges in 2-D. and a system of charges. Q V 4o r c) Calculate potential difference between two points. VAB = VA – VB VAB = HOUR W BA q d) Explain the relationship between electric field strength and electric potential. E dV dr e) Obtain the change in potential energy, U when a charge is moved between two points in a uniform Consider sign of charge. electric field. U qV f) Calculate potential energy of a system of point Maximum three charges. Consider sign of charge. charges. q q qq qq U k 1 2 1 3 2 3 r13 r23 r12 36 PHYSICS TOPIC 19.5 Equipotential Lines and Surfaces 20. 0 CAPACITOR AND DIELECTRICS 20.1 Capacitors and dielectric LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR a) Define and sketch equipotential lines and surfaces of i) an isolated charge ii) a uniform electric field iii) an electric dipole 1 At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 5 a) Define capacitance. Capacitance measures the charge on the capacitor for unit voltage across it b) Use formula C c) State and explain the geometrical factors affecting the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor Q . V Air-filled capacitor C0 0 A , C = εrCo d Table of dielectric constant d) Determine capacitance of parallel plate capacitor. Other types of capacitors are not discussed. e) Describe the effect of dielectric on a parallel plate capacitor. f) Determine the energy stored in a capacitor 37 U 12 CV 2 12 QV 1 2 Q2 C 2 PHYSICS TOPIC 20.2 Capacitors in series and parallel LEARNING OUTCOMES a) 21.0 ELECTRIC CURRENT AND DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS 21.1 Electrical Conduction HOUR Deduce and use the effective capacitance of capacitors Include their combination. Limit in series and parallel. to five capacitors. Obtain the electric potential across each capacitor 2 a) Explain the process of charging and discharging capacitor. 1 b) Define and explain the physical meaning of time = RC. constant , c) Sketch and explain the characteristics of Q-t and I-t graph for charging and discharging of a capacitor. No derivation. b) 20.3 Charging and discharging of capacitors REMARKS At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: a) b) c) Define electric current Determine the current from Q-t graph Define electromotive force (emf) 38 10 I dQ dt 1 PHYSICS TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES 21.2 Ohm’s law and a) Resistivity b) 21.3 Variation resistance temperature REMARKS State Ohm’s law. V=IR Define resistance and relate it to resistivity . R 2 l A c) State and discuss the factors affecting the resistivity of a resistor. d) Explain the potential drop across a resistor in a simple circuit. e) Explain the effect of internal resistance to the potential V = - Ir. difference across battery terminals. of a) with b) 21.4 Electrical energy a) and power b) HOUR Introduce conductivity as the inverse of resistivity 1 Explain the effect of temperature on electrical resistance in metals. 1 Determine the resistance change due to variation of = 0 [ 1 + α T ] temperature. R =Ro [1+ α(T - To)]. Explain joule heating and relate it to the dissipative power of a resistor. Determine the dissipative power and energy loss in a simple circuit 39 Include P =I2R and P = V2/R for power. Emphasize on V as potential difference across resistors. P = VI and W = VIt 1 PHYSICS TOPIC 21.5 Resistors in series and parallel LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Determine effective resistance of resistors in series and effective resistance of resistors parallel. b) Determine effective resistance of resistors connected in Include combination of resistors. parallel-series combination. Limit to five resistors. Obtain the voltage and current in the circuit. c) 21.6 Kirchhoff’s Laws REMARKS a) b) c) State Kirchhoff’s current and voltage law. Label the high and low potential points across resistors and batteries for a given current direction. Use Kircchoff’s laws to determine currents flowing in two loops closed circuit. HOUR 2 Current direction is already specified. Maximum two closed circuit loops. 2 No need to calculate potential between two points in the circuit 21.7 Potential divider 22.0 MAGNETIC FIELD a) Explain the principle and usage of a potential divider. b) Determine the potential across a chosen resistor in a circuit by using the potential divider equation. At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 40 1 R1 V1 V R1 R2 7 PHYSICS TOPIC 22.1 Magnetic field 22.2 Magnetic field produced by currentcarrying conductor LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Define magnetic field. b) Identify magnetic field sources. Bar magnet and current carrying conductor c) Sketch the magnetic field lines. Introduce earth magnetic field. Consider also magnetic flux. a) Apply magnetic field formula Suggest Right Hand Rule to determine direction of B . 22.3 Force on a a) moving charged particle in a b) uniform magnetic field c) 22.4 Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field REMARKS a) HOUR 1 I i) B 0 for a long straight wire 2r I ii) B 0 for a circular coil and 2r iii) B 0 nI for a solenoid. Magnetic field at the centre only. For electron, q = e Use formulae F qv B 1 1 Limit to motion of charge Describe circular motion of a charge in a uniform perpendicular to magnetic field. magnetic field. Anything about circular motion FB : magnetic force Use relationship FB = FC. FC : centripetal force Use formulae F I l B . Emphasize on magnitude and direction of F . Suggest Right Hand Rule. 41 1 PHYSICS TOPIC 22.5 Forces between two parallel currentcarrying conductors 22.6 Torque on a coil LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS a) Derive force per unit length of two parallel currentcarrying conductors. b) Use formulae c) Define one ampere. The coulomb is defined in terms of the ampere and the ampere is defined in terms of the mutual force between parallel currentcarrying conductors. a) Use formulae N I A B NIAB sin F o I1 I 2 . l 2 d HOUR 1 The direction of force experienced by the conductors depends on the direction of current flow. 1 where N = number of turns 22.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field b) Explain the working principles of a moving coil galvanometer c) Explain the DC electrical measuring instruments The use of shunt and multiplier, voltmeter, ammeter, resistance meter and multimeter a) Explain the motion of a charged particle in both magnetic field and electric field. FB = FE b) Derive and use formulae v E in a velocity selector. B 42 Working principle of a mass spectrometer. 1 PHYSICS TOPIC 23.0 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 23.1 Magnetic flux LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR 7 At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: a) Emphasize on the angle, θ between magnetic field and the normal to plane of the coil Define and use magnetic flux, B A BA cos 43 1 PHYSICS TOPIC 23.2 Induced emf LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Explain induced emf. b) State Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law. REMARKS 2 Emphasize on describing electromagnetic induction based on Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law. Use Lenz’s law to determine the direction of induced current. d . dt c) Apply formulae d) Derive induced emf of a straight conductor and a coil in changing magnetic flux. e) Apply formula of: i. a straight conductor, Blv sin , ii. a coil, A HOUR dB dA or B dt dt iii. a rotating coil, NAB sin t 44 PHYSICS TOPIC 23.3 Self-inductance LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Define self-inductance. b) Apply formulae L dI / dt = o N 2 A l REMARKS L HOUR 1 N I I for a loop and solenoid 23.4 Energy stored in inductor a) Derive and use formulae for energy stored in an inductor, U 12 LI 2 23.5 Mutual Inductance a) Define mutual inductance. b) Derive and use formulae for mutual inductance of two Derivation of mutual inductance is not required in examination. NN A N coaxial coils, M 12 2 12 o 1 2 I1 l c) Explain the working principle of transformer and the effect of eddy current in transformer. a) Explain back emf and its effect on DC motor. 23.6 Back emf in DC motor 24.0 ALTERNATING CURRENT At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 45 ½ 2 ½ 6 PHYSICS TOPIC 24.1 Alternating current 24.2 Root mean square (rms) LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS a) Define alternating current (AC). b) Sketch and use sinusoidal AC waveform. c) Write and use sinusoidal voltage and current equations. a) Define root mean square (rms) current and voltage for DC equivalent current is rms AC source. current. b) Use I rms a) Use phasor diagram and sinusoidal waveform to show the phase relationship between current and voltage for a circuit consisting of i) pure resistor ii) pure capacitor iii) pure inductor. HOUR 1 1 Io V , Vrms o 2 2 2 24.3 Resistance, reactance and impedance Emphasize on phasor diagram of single component circuit. Explain graphically the dependence of R,, XC , XL and Z on f. b) Define capacitive reactance, inductive reactance and XC = impedance. c) Analyse voltage, current and phasor diagrams for a series circuit consisting of i) RL ii) RC iii) RLC. 1 , XL = 2 f L , 2fC Z R2 ( X L X C )2 , tan 1 (X L XC ) R For resonance : XC = XL 46 PHYSICS TOPIC 24.4 Power and power factor LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Apply i) average power, Pav = I V cos θ, ii) iii) REMARKS HOUR Emphasize on power loss only in resistor of the AC circuit. 1 dW dt P P power factor, cos θ r av Pa IV instantaneous power, P in AC circuit consisting of R, RC, RL and RLC in series. 24.5 Rectification 25.0 QUANTIZATION OF LIGHT 25.1 Planck’s Quantum Theory a) Explain half-wave and full wave rectification by using a circuit diagram and V-t graph. b) Explain the smoothing of rectified output voltage by capacitor by using a circuit diagram and V-t graph. At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: a) Explain briefly Planck’s quantum theory and classical Quantum energy, E = nhf theory of energy. Classical energy, E = kB T b) Write and use Einstein’s formulae for photon energy, hc E hf 47 1 4 1 PHYSICS TOPIC 25.2 The Photoelectric Effect LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS a) Explain the phenomenon of photoelectric effect. b) Define threshold frequency, work function and stopping potential. c) Describe and sketch diagram of the photoelectric effect experimental set-up. d) Explain by using graph and equations the observations of photoelectric effect experiment in terms of the dependence of : i) kinetic energy of photoelectron on the frequency of 2 Einstein’s photoelectric equation, light; 12 mvmax eVs hf hf 0 K max eVs hf W0 ii) photoelectric current on intensity of incident light; iii) work function and threshold frequency on the types of metal surface; W0 hf 0 . e) Explain the failure of wave theory to justify the 1. Electrons are emitted photoelectric effect. spontaneously. 2. Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons does not depend on intensity of light 3. The existence of threshold frequency of photons. 48 HOUR 3 PHYSICS TOPIC 26.0 WAVE PROPERTIES OF PARTICLE 26.1 The de Broglie wavelength 26.2 Electron diffraction 27.0 BOHR’S MODEL OF HYDROGEN ATOM 27.1 Bohr’s Atomic Model LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: a) State and use formulae for wave-particle duality of h de Broglie, p HOUR 2 Emphasize on h p 1 where wavelength, λ represents property of wave; and momentum, p represents property of particle. a) Describe Davisson-Germer experiment by using a schematic diagram to show electron diffraction. b) Explain the wave behaviour of electron in an electron Relate de Broglie wavelength of microscope and its advantages compared to optical electron with the resolving power microscope. of the microscope. 1 At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 3 Explain Bohr’s postulates of hydrogen atom. 1 a) 49 PHYSICS TOPIC 27.2 Energy level of hydrogen atom LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS a) Derive Bohr’s radius and energy level in hydrogen Bohr radius, ao = 0.53 Å atom. b) h2 , Use rn = n ao= n 2 2 4 mke 2 En = 2 ke2 1 2ao n 2 k 1 40 En 50 13.6 eV n2 HOUR 1 PHYSICS TOPIC 27.3 Line spectrum LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Explain the emission of line spectrum by using energy level diagram. b) Define ground state energy, excitation energy and ionisation energy. c) State the line series of hydrogen spectrum. d) Use formula 1 E . hc 51 REMARKS HOUR 1 Lyman (n = 1), Balmer (n = 2), Paschen (n = 3), Brackett (n = 4) and Pfund (n = 5) series. PHYSICS TOPIC 28.0 X-RAY 28.1 X-ray spectra LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR At the end of this topic, the students should be able to: 2 a) Explain with the aid of a diagram, the production of X-ray from an X-ray tube. 1 b) Explain the production of characteristic X-ray spectra. c) Derive and use the formulae for minimum wavelength for continuous X-ray spectra, min d) continuous and hc eV Identify the effects of the variation of current, accelerating voltage and atomic number of the anode on the continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra. 28.2 Moseley’s Law a) State Moseley’s Law and explain its impact on the f Z² periodic table. 28.3 X-ray diffraction a) Derive with the aid of a diagram the Bragg’s equation. Condition for diffraction, d λ b) Use 2d sin θ = nλ Emphasize that , the glancing angle is different from incident angle. 52 ½ ½ PHYSICS TOPIC 29.0 NUCLEUS 29.1 Properties of nucleus 29.2 Binding energy and mass defect LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 3 a) State the properties of proton and neutron. 1 b) Define i) proton number ii) nucleon number iii) isotopes A Z X to represent a nucleus. c) Use d) Explain the working principle and the use of mass spectrometer to identify isotopes. Consider Bainbridge spectrometer a) Define mass defect and binding energy. Include binding nucleon. b) Use formulae E = ∆ mc². Emphasize on Δm. c) Identify the average value of binding energy per 1 atomic mass unit, nucleon of stable nuclei from the graph of binding MeV 1 u 931.5 2 energy per nucleon against nucleon number. c 53 energy mass per 2 PHYSICS TOPIC 30.0 NUCLEAR REACTION 30. 1 Nuclear reaction 30.2 Nuclear fission and fusion LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 2 a) State the conservation of charge (Z) and nucleon Conservation of momentum is number (A) in a nuclear reaction. not discussed. 1 b) Write and complete the equation of nuclear reaction. c) Calculate the energy liberated in the process of nuclear reaction a) Distinguish the processes of nuclear fission and fusion. b) Explain the occurrence of fission and fusion in the form of graph of binding energy per nucleon. c) Explain chain reaction in nuclear fission of a nuclear Use related diagram reactor. d) Describe the process of nuclear fusion in the sun. 54 Emphasize on Δm = mi – mf 1 PHYSICS TOPIC 31.0 RADIOACTIVITY 31.1 Radioactive decay 31.2 Radioisotope as tracers LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: a) Explain α, β+, βˉ and γ decays. b) State decay law and use c) Define activity, A and decay constant, d) Derive and use N N o e t or A Ao e t e) Define half-life and use T1 / 2 a) Explain the application of radioisotopes as tracers. 3 Radioactive decay as spontaneous and random process. dN N . dt HOUR 2 N : number of remaining nuclei Consider decay curve ln 2 Use dilution method to explain the principles of tracers, A1V1 = A2V2. (A : activity; V : volume) Limit to 3 applications only. 55 1