Download b) Explain the smoothing of rectified output voltage by capacitor by

PHYSICS
TOPIC
17.0
GEOMETRICAL
OPTICS
17.1
Reflection at a
plane surface
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
HOUR
At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:
5
a) State laws of reflection.
1
b) State the characteristics of image formed by a plane
mirror.
Sketch ray diagrams
minimum two rays.
with
v
17.2
Reflection at a
spherical
surface
a) Sketch and use ray diagrams to determine the Magnification, m 
u
characteristics of image formed by spherical
mirrors.
Use sign convention for focal
1 1 1 2
length: + f for concave mirror
b) Use
   for real object only
f u v r
and – f for convex mirror.
Sketch ray diagrams
minimum two rays.
1
with
r = 2f only applies to spherical
mirror.
17.3
Refraction at a
plane and spherical
surfaces
a) State and use the laws of refraction (Snell’s Law) Maximum three layers.
for layers of materials with different densities.
b) Apply
(n2  n1 )
n1 n2


for spherical surface
u
v
r
29
Use sign convention for r :
+ve if centre of curvature is
located in more dense medium
and
ve if centre of curvature is
located in less dense medium.
1
PHYSICS
TOPIC
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
HOUR
2
v
17.4 Thin lenses
a) Sketch and use ray diagrams to determine the Magnification, m 
u
characteristics of image formed by diverging and
converging lenses.
Sketch ray diagrams
minimum two rays.
with
b) Use equation stated in 17.3(b) to derive thin lens Use sign convention for focal
length: – f for diverging lens
1 1 1
and + f for converging lens.
formula,  
for real object only
u
v
f
c) Use lensmaker’s equation
1 1 
1
 (n  1)    .
f
 r1 r2 
d) Use the thin lens formula for a combination of System of two separated lenses
converging lenses.
Magnification, mf =m1m2
18.0
PHYSICAL OPTICS
18.1 Huygen’s principle
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
a) Explain Huygen’s principle
propagation of wave fronts
governing
9
the
b) Explain diffraction patterns by using Huygen’s
principle.
30
1
Include spherical
wavefronts.
and
plane
PHYSICS
TOPIC
18.2 Constructive
interference and
destructive interference
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
HOUR
a) Define coherence.
1
b) State the conditions to observe interference of light.
c) State the conditions of constructive and destructive
interference.
18.3 Interference of
transmitted light through
double-slits
a) Derive with the aid of a diagram and use
i) y m 
m D
for bright fringes (maxima)
d
(m  12 )D
ii) y m 
for dark fringes (minima),
d
2
Bright fringes:
m = 0, central/ 0th order max
m =1, first bright / 1st order max
Dark fringes:
m = 0, first dark / 0th order min
m = 1, 2nd dark /1st order min
where m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, … .
b) Use expression  y 
D
and explain the effect y : separation between two
consecutive dark or bright fringes
of changing any of the variables.
d
31
PHYSICS
TOPIC
18.4 Interference of reflected
light in thin films
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the interference For non-reflective coating:
of light in thin films for normal incidence.
Constructive interference
2nt = mλ
Destructive interference
2nt = (m + ½ )λ
For reflective coating:
Constructive interference
2nt = (m + ½ )λ
Destructive interference
2nt = mλ
where m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, …
Limited to three media.
Emphasize on the phase change
due to reflection.
32
HOUR
1
PHYSICS
TOPIC
18.5
Interference of
reflected light in air
wedge and Newton’s
rings
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the interference
in air wedge.
1
b) Explain with the aid of a diagram the formation of Newton’s rings experiment.
Newton’s rings.
Derivation is not required.
Explain the formation of dark
spot at the centre of the rings.
c) Use
i)
2t = (m + ½)λ for bright fringes (maxima)
Bright fringes :
m = 0, 1st bright / 0th order max
m = 1, 2nd bright / 1st order max
ii)
2t = mλ for dark fringes (minima),
Dark fringes :
m = 0, 1st dark /0th order min
m =1, 2nd dark /1st order min
where m = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Limit to air only.
33
HOUR
PHYSICS
TOPIC
18.6
Diffraction by a
single slit
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the diffraction of
a single slit.
b) Derive and use formula
i) y n  nD for dark fringes (minima)
HOUR
1
Dark fringes :
n = 1, 1st dark / 1st order min
n = 2, 2nd dark / 2nd order min
a
ii) y n  (n  2 )D for bright fringes (maxima),
1
a
Bright fringes :
n = 1, 1st bright /1st order max
n = 2, 2nd bright / 2nd order max
where n = ±1, ±2, ±3, ...
Central bright:
Use formulae for first dark.
on
differences
c) Explain with the aid of a diagram the effect of Emphasize
between
diffraction
and
changing wavelength on the resolution of single slit
interference patterns in terms of
from two coherent sources.
intensity and width.
2
18.7
Diffraction
grating
a)
Explain with the aid of a diagram the formation of Use compact disc as an example
diffraction.
of a reflection diffraction grating
b)
Apply formula d sin θ = nλ where d 
1
.
N
Bright fringes :
n = 0, central / 0th order max
n = 1, first bright / 1st order max
N : number of slits per unit
length
c) Describe with the aid of diagram the formation of
spectrum by using white light.
34
PHYSICS
TOPIC
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
19.0 ELECTROSTATICS
19.1
REMARKS
a) State Coulomb’s law, F 
Coulomb’s law
Qq
kQq
 2 .
2
4o r
r
b) Apply Coulomb’s law for a system of point charges.
HOUR
7
k
1
4 0
 9.0  10 9 N C -2 m 2
1
Simple configuration of charges
with a maximum of three
charges.
Limit to 2D.
19.2
Electric field
a) Define electric field
2
b) Define electric field strength, E 
F
.
q0
Emphasize E as a vector.
q0= positive test charge
c) Sketch the electric field lines of isolated point charge,
two charges and uniformly charged parallel plates.
Simple configuration of charges
d) Obtain numerically and pictorially the electric field
with a maximum of three charges
strength E of a point charge and a system of charges.
in 2D.
19.3
Charge in
uniform electric field
a
a) Sketch the trajectory of a charged particle moving in a
uniform electric field.
b) Determine the velocity and the angle of deflection of a
charged particle on exit from a uniform electric field.
35
1
PHYSICS
TOPIC
19.4
Electric
Potential
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
a) Define electric potential.
2
b) Determine the electric potential due to a point charge Maximum three charges in 2-D.
and a system of charges.
Q
V
4o r
c) Calculate potential difference between two points.
VAB = VA – VB
VAB =
HOUR
W BA
q
d) Explain the relationship between electric field strength
and electric potential.
E
dV
dr
e) Obtain the change in potential energy, U when a
charge is moved between two points in a uniform Consider sign of charge.
electric field.
U  qV
f) Calculate potential energy of a system of point Maximum three charges.
Consider sign of charge.
charges.
q q
qq
qq 
U  k  1 2  1 3  2 3 
r13
r23 
 r12
36
PHYSICS
TOPIC
19.5
Equipotential
Lines and Surfaces
20. 0 CAPACITOR AND
DIELECTRICS
20.1
Capacitors and
dielectric
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
HOUR
a) Define and sketch equipotential lines and surfaces of
i) an isolated charge
ii) a uniform electric field
iii) an electric dipole
1
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
5
a)
Define capacitance.
Capacitance measures the charge
on the capacitor for unit voltage
across it
b)
Use formula C 
c)
State and explain the geometrical factors affecting the
capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
Q
.
V
Air-filled capacitor
C0 
0 A
, C = εrCo
d
Table of dielectric constant
d) Determine capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.
Other types of capacitors are not
discussed.
e) Describe the effect of dielectric on a parallel plate
capacitor.
f)
Determine the energy stored in a capacitor
37
U  12 CV 2  12 QV 
1
2
Q2
C
2
PHYSICS
TOPIC
20.2
Capacitors in
series and parallel
LEARNING OUTCOMES
a)
21.0 ELECTRIC CURRENT
AND DIRECT-CURRENT
CIRCUITS
21.1
Electrical
Conduction
HOUR
Deduce and use the effective capacitance of capacitors Include their combination. Limit
in series and parallel.
to five capacitors.
Obtain the electric potential across each capacitor
2
a)
Explain the process of charging and discharging
capacitor.
1
b)
Define and explain the physical meaning of time  = RC.
constant ,
c)
Sketch and explain the characteristics of Q-t and I-t
graph for charging and discharging of a capacitor.
No derivation.
b)
20.3
Charging and
discharging of capacitors
REMARKS
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
a)
b)
c)
Define electric current
Determine the current from Q-t graph
Define electromotive force (emf)
38
10
I
dQ
dt
1
PHYSICS
TOPIC
LEARNING OUTCOMES
21.2
Ohm’s law and a)
Resistivity
b)
21.3
Variation
resistance
temperature
REMARKS
State Ohm’s law.
V=IR
Define resistance and relate it to resistivity .
R
2
l
A
c)
State and discuss the factors affecting the resistivity of
a resistor.
d)
Explain the potential drop across a resistor in a simple
circuit.
e)
Explain the effect of internal resistance to the potential V = - Ir.
difference across battery terminals.
of a)
with
b)
21.4
Electrical energy a)
and power
b)
HOUR
Introduce conductivity as the
inverse of resistivity

1

Explain the effect of temperature on electrical
resistance in metals.
1
Determine the resistance change due to variation of  = 0 [ 1 + α T ]
temperature.
R =Ro [1+ α(T - To)].
Explain joule heating and relate it to the dissipative
power of a resistor.
Determine the dissipative power and energy loss in a
simple circuit
39
Include P =I2R and P = V2/R for
power.
Emphasize on V as potential
difference across resistors.
P = VI and W = VIt
1
PHYSICS
TOPIC
21.5
Resistors in
series and parallel
LEARNING OUTCOMES
a)
Determine effective resistance of resistors in series and
effective resistance of resistors parallel.
b)
Determine effective resistance of resistors connected in Include combination of resistors.
parallel-series combination.
Limit to five resistors.
Obtain the voltage and current in the circuit.
c)
21.6 Kirchhoff’s Laws
REMARKS
a)
b)
c)
State Kirchhoff’s current and voltage law.
Label the high and low potential points across resistors
and batteries for a given current direction.
Use Kircchoff’s laws to determine currents flowing in
two loops closed circuit.
HOUR
2
Current direction is already
specified.
Maximum two closed circuit
loops.
2
No need to calculate potential
between two points in the circuit
21.7 Potential divider
22.0 MAGNETIC FIELD
a)
Explain the principle and usage of a potential divider.
b)
Determine the potential across a chosen resistor in a
circuit by using the potential divider equation.
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
40
1
 R1 
V1  
V
 R1  R2 
7
PHYSICS
TOPIC
22.1 Magnetic field
22.2
Magnetic field
produced by currentcarrying conductor
LEARNING OUTCOMES
a)
Define magnetic field.
b)
Identify magnetic field sources.
Bar magnet and current carrying
conductor
c)
Sketch the magnetic field lines.
Introduce earth magnetic field.
Consider also magnetic flux.
a)
Apply magnetic field formula
Suggest Right Hand Rule to
determine direction of B .
22.3
Force
on
a a)
moving
charged particle in a
b)
uniform magnetic field
c)
22.4
Force on a
current-carrying
conductor in a uniform
magnetic field
REMARKS
a)
HOUR
1
 I
i) B  0 for a long straight wire
2r
 I
ii) B  0 for a circular coil and
2r
iii) B   0 nI for a solenoid.
Magnetic field at the centre only.
For electron, q =  e
Use formulae F  qv  B
1
1
Limit to motion of charge
Describe circular motion of a charge in a uniform
perpendicular to magnetic field.
magnetic field.
Anything about circular motion
FB : magnetic force
Use relationship FB = FC.
FC : centripetal force
Use formulae F  I l  B .
Emphasize on magnitude and
direction of F .
Suggest Right Hand Rule.
41
1
PHYSICS
TOPIC
22.5
Forces between
two parallel currentcarrying conductors
22.6
Torque on a coil
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
a)
Derive force per unit length of two parallel currentcarrying conductors.
b)
Use formulae
c)
Define one ampere.
The coulomb is defined in terms
of the ampere and the ampere is
defined in terms of the mutual
force between parallel currentcarrying conductors.
a)
Use formulae   N I A  B
  NIAB sin 
F o I1 I 2

.
l
2 d
HOUR
1
The
direction
of
force
experienced by the conductors
depends on the direction of
current flow.
1
where N = number of turns
22.7 Motion of charged
particle in magnetic field
and electric field
b)
Explain the working principles of a moving coil
galvanometer
c)
Explain the DC electrical measuring instruments
The use of shunt and multiplier,
voltmeter, ammeter, resistance
meter and multimeter
a)
Explain the motion of a charged particle in both
magnetic field and electric field.
FB = FE
b)
Derive and use formulae v 
E
in a velocity selector.
B
42
Working principle of a mass
spectrometer.
1
PHYSICS
TOPIC
23.0 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
23.1 Magnetic flux
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
HOUR
7
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
a)
Emphasize on the angle, θ
between magnetic field and the
normal to plane of the coil
Define and use magnetic flux,
  B  A  BA cos
43
1
PHYSICS
TOPIC
23.2
Induced emf
LEARNING OUTCOMES
a)
Explain induced emf.
b)
State Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law.
REMARKS
2
Emphasize
on
describing
electromagnetic induction based
on Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law.
Use Lenz’s law to determine the
direction of induced current.
d
.
dt
c)
Apply formulae   
d)
Derive induced emf of a straight conductor and a coil
in changing magnetic flux.
e)
Apply formula of:
i. a straight conductor,   Blv sin  ,
ii. a coil,    A
HOUR
dB
dA
or    B
dt
dt
iii. a rotating coil,   NAB sin  t
44
PHYSICS
TOPIC
23.3 Self-inductance
LEARNING OUTCOMES
a)
Define self-inductance.
b)
Apply formulae L  

dI / dt
=
o N 2 A
l
REMARKS
L
HOUR
1
 N

I
I
for a loop and solenoid
23.4 Energy stored in
inductor
a)
Derive and use formulae for energy stored in an
inductor, U  12 LI 2
23.5 Mutual Inductance
a)
Define mutual inductance.
b)
Derive and use formulae for mutual inductance of two Derivation of mutual inductance
is not required in examination.
 NN A
N 
coaxial coils, M 12  2 12  o 1 2
I1
l
c)
Explain the working principle of transformer and the
effect of eddy current in transformer.
a)
Explain back emf and its effect on DC motor.
23.6 Back emf in DC motor
24.0 ALTERNATING
CURRENT
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
45
½
2
½
6
PHYSICS
TOPIC
24.1 Alternating current
24.2 Root mean square
(rms)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
a)
Define alternating current (AC).
b)
Sketch and use sinusoidal AC waveform.
c)
Write and use sinusoidal voltage and current equations.
a)
Define root mean square (rms) current and voltage for DC equivalent current is rms
AC source.
current.
b)
Use I rms 
a)
Use phasor diagram and sinusoidal waveform to show
the phase relationship between current and voltage for
a circuit consisting of
i) pure resistor
ii) pure capacitor
iii) pure inductor.
HOUR
1
1
Io
V
, Vrms  o
2
2
2
24.3 Resistance, reactance
and impedance
Emphasize on phasor diagram of
single component circuit.
Explain
graphically
the
dependence of R,, XC , XL and Z
on f.
b)
Define capacitive reactance, inductive reactance and
XC =
impedance.
c)
Analyse voltage, current and phasor diagrams for a
series circuit consisting of
i) RL
ii) RC
iii) RLC.
1
, XL = 2 f L ,
2fC
Z  R2  ( X L  X C )2 ,
  tan 1
(X L  XC )
R
For resonance : XC = XL
46
PHYSICS
TOPIC
24.4 Power and power
factor
LEARNING OUTCOMES
a)
Apply
i)
average power, Pav = I V cos θ,
ii)
iii)
REMARKS
HOUR
Emphasize on power loss only in
resistor of the AC circuit.
1
dW
dt
P
P
power factor, cos θ  r  av
Pa IV
instantaneous power, P 
in AC circuit consisting of R, RC, RL and RLC in series.
24.5
Rectification
25.0 QUANTIZATION OF
LIGHT
25.1 Planck’s Quantum
Theory
a)
Explain half-wave and full wave rectification by using
a circuit diagram and V-t graph.
b)
Explain the smoothing of rectified output voltage by
capacitor by using a circuit diagram and V-t graph.
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
a)
Explain briefly Planck’s quantum theory and classical Quantum energy, E = nhf
theory of energy.
Classical energy, E = kB T
b)
Write and use Einstein’s formulae for photon energy,
hc
E  hf 

47
1
4
1
PHYSICS
TOPIC
25.2 The Photoelectric
Effect
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
a)
Explain the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
b)
Define threshold frequency, work function and
stopping potential.
c)
Describe and sketch diagram of the photoelectric effect
experimental set-up.
d)
Explain by using graph and equations the observations
of photoelectric effect experiment in terms of the
dependence of :
i) kinetic energy of photoelectron on the frequency of
2
Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
light; 12 mvmax  eVs  hf  hf 0
K max  eVs  hf  W0
ii) photoelectric current on intensity of
incident light;
iii) work function and threshold frequency on the types
of metal surface; W0  hf 0 .
e)
Explain the failure of wave theory to justify the 1. Electrons
are
emitted
photoelectric effect.
spontaneously.
2. Maximum kinetic energy of
photoelectrons
does
not
depend on intensity of light
3. The existence of threshold
frequency of photons.
48
HOUR
3
PHYSICS
TOPIC
26.0 WAVE PROPERTIES
OF PARTICLE
26.1 The de Broglie
wavelength
26.2 Electron diffraction
27.0 BOHR’S MODEL OF
HYDROGEN ATOM
27.1 Bohr’s Atomic
Model
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
a)
State and use formulae for wave-particle duality of
h
de Broglie,  
p
HOUR
2
Emphasize on  
h
p
1
where wavelength, λ represents
property
of
wave;
and
momentum, p represents property
of particle.
a)
Describe Davisson-Germer experiment by using a
schematic diagram to show electron diffraction.
b)
Explain the wave behaviour of electron in an electron Relate de Broglie wavelength of
microscope and its advantages compared to optical electron with the resolving power
microscope.
of the microscope.
1
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
3
Explain Bohr’s postulates of hydrogen atom.
1
a)
49
PHYSICS
TOPIC
27.2 Energy level of
hydrogen atom
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
a)
Derive Bohr’s radius and energy level in hydrogen Bohr radius, ao = 0.53 Å
atom.
b)
 h2

,
Use rn = n ao= n 
2
2 
4

mke


2
En = 
2
ke2  1 
 
2ao  n 2 
k
1
40
En  
50
13.6
eV
n2
HOUR
1
PHYSICS
TOPIC
27.3 Line spectrum
LEARNING OUTCOMES
a)
Explain the emission of line spectrum by using energy
level diagram.
b)
Define ground state energy, excitation energy and
ionisation energy.
c)
State the line series of hydrogen spectrum.
d)
Use formula
1 E

.
 hc
51
REMARKS
HOUR
1
Lyman (n = 1), Balmer (n = 2),
Paschen (n = 3), Brackett (n = 4)
and Pfund (n = 5) series.
PHYSICS
TOPIC
28.0 X-RAY
28.1 X-ray spectra
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
HOUR
At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:
2
a)
Explain with the aid of a diagram, the production of
X-ray from an X-ray tube.
1
b)
Explain the production of
characteristic X-ray spectra.
c)
Derive and use the formulae for minimum
wavelength for continuous X-ray spectra,
min 
d)
continuous
and
hc
eV
Identify the effects of the variation of current,
accelerating voltage and atomic number of the
anode on the continuous and characteristic X-ray
spectra.
28.2 Moseley’s Law
a)
State Moseley’s Law and explain its impact on the f  Z²
periodic table.
28.3 X-ray diffraction
a)
Derive with the aid of a diagram the Bragg’s equation.
Condition for diffraction, d  λ
b)
Use 2d sin θ = nλ
Emphasize that  , the glancing
angle is different from incident
angle.
52
½
½
PHYSICS
TOPIC
29.0 NUCLEUS
29.1 Properties of nucleus
29.2 Binding energy and
mass defect
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
HOUR
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
3
a)
State the properties of proton and neutron.
1
b)
Define
i) proton number
ii) nucleon number
iii) isotopes
A
Z
X to represent a nucleus.
c)
Use
d)
Explain the working principle and the use of mass
spectrometer to identify isotopes.
Consider
Bainbridge
spectrometer
a)
Define mass defect and binding energy.
Include binding
nucleon.
b)
Use formulae E = ∆ mc².
Emphasize on Δm.
c)
Identify the average value of binding energy per 1 atomic mass unit,
nucleon of stable nuclei from the graph of binding
MeV
1 u  931.5 2
energy per nucleon against nucleon number.
c
53
energy
mass
per
2
PHYSICS
TOPIC
30.0 NUCLEAR REACTION
30. 1 Nuclear reaction
30.2 Nuclear fission and
fusion
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
HOUR
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
2
a)
State the conservation of charge (Z) and nucleon Conservation of momentum is
number (A) in a nuclear reaction.
not discussed.
1
b)
Write and complete the equation of nuclear reaction.
c)
Calculate the energy liberated in the process of nuclear
reaction
a)
Distinguish the processes of nuclear fission and fusion.
b)
Explain the occurrence of fission and fusion in the
form of graph of binding energy per nucleon.
c)
Explain chain reaction in nuclear fission of a nuclear Use related diagram
reactor.
d)
Describe the process of nuclear fusion in the sun.
54
Emphasize on Δm = mi – mf
1
PHYSICS
TOPIC
31.0 RADIOACTIVITY
31.1 Radioactive decay
31.2 Radioisotope as tracers
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REMARKS
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
a)
Explain α, β+, βˉ and γ decays.
b)
State decay law and use
c)
Define activity, A and decay constant,
d)
Derive and use N  N o e   t or A  Ao e   t
e)
Define half-life and use T1 / 2 
a)
Explain the application of radioisotopes as tracers.
3
Radioactive
decay
as
spontaneous and random process.
dN
  N .
dt
HOUR
2
N : number of remaining nuclei
Consider decay curve
ln 2

Use dilution method to explain
the principles of tracers,
A1V1 = A2V2.
(A : activity; V : volume)
Limit to 3 applications only.
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1