Download KEY: Chapter 4 Review Questions Multiple Choice/Matching (a

KEY: Chapter 4 Review Questions
Multiple Choice/Matching
1. (a) Connective = Tissue type composed almost entirely of nonliving extracellular matrix; important
in protection and support
(c) Muscle = Tissue immediately responsible for movement
(d) Nervous = The tissue that enables us to be aware of the external environment and to react to it
(b) Epithelium = The tissue that lines body cavities and covers surfaces
2. An epithelium that has several layers, with an apical layer of flattened cells is called:
(c) Stratified (layered)
(d) Squamus (flattened apical, top, layer)
3. Match epithelial tissue to appropriate description:
Column A
Column B
Lines most of the digestive tract
Simple columnar
Lines the esophagus
Stratified squamous (non-keratinized)
Lines much of the respiratory tract
Psuedostratified ciliated columnar
Forms the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
Simple squamous
Found in urinary tract organs
transitional
Endothelium and Mesothelium
Simple squamous
4. (B) an exocrine gland is a gland that secretes products (i.e., milk, saliva, bile or sweat) through a duct
5. (C) mucous membranes line body cavities that open to the exterior (dig., resp. or urinary tract)
6. (B) scar tissue is a variety of connective tissue
Short Answer/Essay Questions
7. Tissue = collection of structurally similar cells with related function; The four primary tissues are
epithelial, connective, muscle & nervous
8. Four important functions of epithelial tissue with an example of each
Epithelial Tissue Function
Example
Protection
Skin protect from mechanical & chemical injury and bacterial invasion
Absorption
Lining of the digestive tract
Secretion
Glands
Filtration
Kidneys (tissue of kidneys perform all but sensory)
Sensory Reception
Skin contains nerve endings that respond to various stimuli (heat, pressure)
9. The criteria used to classify covering and lining epithelia are:
- the number of layers present
- the shape of its cells
10. On the basis of their duct structures, multicellular exocrine glands are first classified as either simple,
with a single unbranched duct or compound, with a branched duct. They are further classified based
on their secretory units. Tubular if the secretory cells form tubes, alveolar if they form small, flasklike sacs and tubuloaveolar if they contain both types of secretory units.
Examples of Multicellular Exocrine Gland Classification
Simple tubular
Simple branched tubular
Simple alveolar
Simple branched alveolar
Compound tubular
Compound alveolar
Compound tubuloalveolar
Intestinal glands
Stomach (gastric) glands
**no important examples in humans**
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Brunner’s glands of small intestine
Mammary glands
Salivary glands
11. Four important functions of connective tissue with example:
Connective Tissue Function
Example
Binding & Support
Bone and cartilage support organs
Protection
Bone and cartilage protect organs; Fat
Insulation
Fat
Transportation
blood
12. The primary cell type in
- connective tissue proper: is the fibroblast
- Cartilage: is the chondroblast
- Bone: is the osteoblast
13. The two major components of matrix are ground substance and fibers.
- Ground substance is composed of interstitial (tissue) fluid, cell adhesion proteins and
proteoglycans
- Fibers can be collagen, elastic or reticular fibers
14. Extracellular matrix gets to its characteristic position outside the cell when the mitotically active,
undifferentiated, immature ‘-blast’ cell of a secretes the ground substance and fibers characteristic of
the matrix of the particular connective mature cell they are forming. After the matrix is synthesized,
the ‘-blast’ cells assume their less active, mature ‘-cyte’ mode.
15. Specific type of connective tissue found in the following locations:
Location
Type of Connective Tissue
Forming soft packing around organs
Connective Tissue Proper > Loose > Areolar
Supporting the ear pinna
Elastic cartilage
Forming “stretchy” ligaments
Connective Tissue Proper > Dense regular connective tissue
First connective tissue in the embryo
Embryonic Connective Tissue > Mesenchyme
Forming the intervertebral discs
Cartilage > Fibrocartilage
Covering the ends of joints at joint surfaces Cartilage > Hyaline cartilage
Main components of subcutaneous tissue
Connective Tissue Proper > Loose > Adipose
16. Macrophages are important cells in the immune system. Their function is to actively engulf a broad
variety of foreign material, from bacteria to dust. They also dispose of dead tissue cells.
17. Nervous tissue includes both neurons and supporting cells. Neurons are highly specialized nerve
cells whose function is to generate and conduct nervous impulses. Supporting cells are nonconductive cells that support, insulate and protect the delicate neurons.
18. Compare and contrast cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle tissue:
Tissue Type
Structure
Body Location
Skeletal
Cylindrical, striated,
Attached to bones of the
multinucleated
skeleton
Cardiac
Striated, branching,
Wall of the heart
intercalated disc junction,
uninucleate
Smooth
No striations, spindleWalls of hollow organs
shaped, one central nucleus other than heart (dig,
urinary tract, uterus, blood
vessels)
Specific Function
Form flesh; Cause body
movement by pulling bones
Help propel blood through
vessels
Squeeze substance through
organs by alternately
contracting and relaxing
19. Tissue repair occurs in two major ways, regeneration and fibrosis, depending on the type of tissue
damaged and the severity of the injury. Inflammation kicks off the repair process, allowing WBCs
and plasma fluid with clotting proteins antibodies etc. into the area, which results in the formation of
a clot. This is followed by organization during which the clot is replaced by granulation tissue.
Regeneration and fibrosis occurs to complete the repair. If the injury is strictly infection (pimple or
sore throat), only regeneration is involved in repair.
20. Embryonic germ layers and tissue classes derived from each:
Embryonic Germ Layer
Primary Tissue Classes Derived From Layer
Ectoderm
Epithelium, nervous
Mesoderm
Epithelium, muscle and connective
Endoderm
Epithelium
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application:
1. John should not expect a quick uneventful recovery from a torn knee cartilage. Cartilage is avascular
and aging cartilage cells lose their ability to divide, so cartilages heal slowly when injured.
2. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is better than a mucosa of simple columnar epithelium at
protecting external surfaces because it is thick (as opposed to the one layer in the simple columnar),
it’s basal cells are constantly mitotic allowing continual replacement of surface cells and the tough
keratin protein provides additional protection. Simple columnar epithelium is designed for
absorption and secretion rather than protection.
3. Adding more elastic fibers to the ligaments binding bones would increase flexibility but it would also
lead to problems such as being easier to tear/break as the ligaments would stretch thinner and
movement would be less controlled.
4. Epithelial cells give rise to most cancers. This is because they have the highest need for replacement
and therefore divide most frequently and they are the most likely to be exposed to mutagens.
5. Cindy’s rationale for wanting to transform some of her white fat to brown fat is that brown fat, or
“good” fat consumes its nutrient stores, therefore burning calories, to release energy/generate heat
whereas white fat simply takes up (stores) or releases fat becoming plumper or more wrinkly, rather
than being consumed.