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Chapter 13 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; • any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Late 1600s – treatment was advocated 19th c. – Most common recommendation was for institutionalization Early 20th c. – Attention to war veterans brought about laws to assist individuals National organizations developed – Easter Seals and the March of Dimes Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Irving Independent School District v. Tatro, 468 U.S. 883 (1984) Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garrett F., 19 S. Ct. 992 (1992) Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chronic – e.g., cerebral palsy Acute – e.g., childhood cancers Progressive – e.g., muscular dystrophy Episodic – e.g., epilepsy Congenital – present at birth Acquired – occurs after birth Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 a severe … impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term includes impairments caused by congenital anomaly, impairments caused by disease, and impairments from other causes Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Monoplegia – only one limb is affected Hemiplegia – one side of the body is affected Paraplegia – only legs are affected Tetraplegia (formerly called quadriplegia) – involves all limbs and trunk of the body Diplegia – both legs or both arms are affected Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Types of Paralysis Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Cerebral palsy – “paralysis of the brain.” disability in muscle control, posture, and movement Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 spastic, athetoid, ataxic, mixed Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Spina bifida – bones of the spinal column are not closed Hydrocephalus – cerebrospinal fluid in the brain Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Spinal cord injury – break, severe bruise, or other damage to spinal cord that affects motor and sensory functions. Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Duchenne muscular dystrophy – deterioration of muscles Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis – inflammation (redness, swelling, and soreness) of the joints – autoimmune disorder Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 …an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Closed head injury – no physical injury to the skull Open head injury – skull is fractured and membrane surrounding the brain is penetrated Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Cognitive skills Processing ability Language Academic achievement Emotions Behavior Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Car/motorcycle accidents Playground accidents Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Falls from bicycles Shaken baby syndrome Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 …having limited strength, vitality or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that… adversely affects a child’s educational performance. Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Asthma – lung disease that causes episodes of extreme difficulty in breathing. Triggers in environment cause airways to swell and produce mucus Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Epilepsy (seizure disorder) Partial seizure – electrical charge affects only part of the brain; involuntary twitching of muscles or rapid eye blinks Generalized 1) tonic-clonic – person stiffens, loses consciousness, falls, and arms and legs contract 2) absence (ab-sawnce) seizures – lasts up to 30 seconds; mistaken for daydreaming. Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Cancer – uncontrolled division of abnormal cells 1) Leukemia (white blood cell cancer) 2) Brain tumor Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Caused by hemoglobin S that reduces O2 About 9% affected in U.S. Homozygous recessive (ss) Heterozygous: (Ss) “carriers” Can transmit gene to offspring Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Type I Diabetes (juvenile) – body cannot break down sugars and store them due to a lack of insulin (hormone and protein) Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Cognitive and academic – varies widely Behavior, Emotional, and Social – Behavior problems may be present Student may have low self-esteem May need help relating to peers Physical and medical – teachers must learn about each student’s challenges and needs Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Medical condition and physical functioning Intellectual functioning Academic achievement, language, and related areas Behavior Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Infants/toddlers – services at home Preschoolers – in-home, center-based, or preschool programs Services focus on family relationships as well as treatment for the child Early interventionists help family locate and access needed resources Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 In general education classrooms: About 50% of students with physical disabilities and health impairments Less than 33% of students with traumatic brain injury Many students receive services in special education classrooms, residential facilities, at home, or in hospitals Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Public School Placements for Students with Physical and Health Disabilities: Time Spent Outside General Education (in percentages) Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Postsecondary education Transportation Living arrangements Career choices Agency supports Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Access to education Aids for posture and mobility Aids for communication Aids for learning Related services Factors related to disability School re-entry Responding to emergencies Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 How prepared are teachers to work with students with physical and health disabilities? How available is technology to students in rural areas or those who are poor? Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008