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Chapter 13
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Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Late 1600s – treatment was advocated
19th c. – Most common recommendation was for
institutionalization
 Early 20th c. – Attention to war veterans brought
about laws to assist individuals
 National organizations developed – Easter Seals
and the March of Dimes


Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Irving Independent School District v.
Tatro, 468 U.S. 883 (1984)
Cedar Rapids Community School District
v. Garrett F., 19 S. Ct. 992 (1992)
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
 Chronic – e.g., cerebral palsy
 Acute – e.g., childhood cancers
 Progressive – e.g., muscular dystrophy
 Episodic – e.g., epilepsy
 Congenital – present at birth
 Acquired – occurs after birth
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
a severe … impairment that
adversely affects a child’s
educational performance. The term
includes impairments caused by
congenital anomaly, impairments
caused by disease, and impairments
from other causes
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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 Monoplegia – only one limb is affected
 Hemiplegia – one side of the body is affected
 Paraplegia – only legs are affected
 Tetraplegia (formerly called quadriplegia) –
involves all limbs and trunk of the body
 Diplegia – both legs or both arms are affected
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Types of
Paralysis
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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 Cerebral palsy – “paralysis of the brain.”
disability in muscle control, posture, and movement
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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spastic, athetoid, ataxic, mixed
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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 Spina bifida – bones of the spinal
column are not closed
 Hydrocephalus – cerebrospinal fluid
in the brain
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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 Spinal cord injury – break, severe bruise, or other
damage to spinal cord that affects motor and
sensory functions.
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Duchenne muscular
dystrophy – deterioration
of muscles
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis – inflammation
(redness, swelling, and soreness) of the joints –
autoimmune disorder
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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…an acquired injury to the brain
caused by an external physical force,
resulting in total or partial functional
disability or psychosocial impairment,
or both, that adversely affects a
child’s educational performance.
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Closed head injury – no physical
injury to the skull
Open head injury – skull is fractured
and membrane surrounding the brain
is penetrated
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Cognitive skills
Processing ability
Language
Academic achievement
Emotions
Behavior
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Car/motorcycle
accidents
Playground
accidents
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Falls from
bicycles
Shaken baby
syndrome
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…having limited strength, vitality or
alertness, including a heightened
alertness to environmental stimuli, that
results in limited alertness with respect
to the educational environment, that…
adversely affects a child’s educational
performance.
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Asthma – lung disease
that causes episodes of
extreme difficulty in
breathing.

Triggers in environment
cause airways to swell and
produce mucus
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Epilepsy (seizure disorder)
Partial seizure – electrical charge affects only
part of the brain; involuntary twitching of
muscles or rapid eye blinks
Generalized
1) tonic-clonic – person stiffens, loses
consciousness, falls, and arms and legs
contract
2) absence (ab-sawnce) seizures – lasts up to
30 seconds; mistaken for daydreaming.
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus) and
AIDS (acquired immune
deficiency syndrome
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Cancer – uncontrolled division of abnormal cells
1) Leukemia (white blood cell cancer)
2) Brain tumor
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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
Caused by hemoglobin S that reduces O2

About 9% affected in U.S.
 Homozygous recessive (ss)

Heterozygous: (Ss) “carriers”
 Can transmit gene to offspring
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Type I Diabetes (juvenile) – body cannot break
down sugars and store them due to a lack of
insulin (hormone and protein)
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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
Cognitive and academic – varies widely
Behavior, Emotional, and Social –
 Behavior problems may be present
 Student may have low self-esteem
 May need help relating to peers
Physical and medical – teachers must
learn about each student’s challenges and
needs

Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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 Medical condition and physical
functioning
 Intellectual functioning
 Academic achievement, language,
and related areas
 Behavior
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Infants/toddlers – services at home
Preschoolers – in-home, center-based, or preschool
programs
 Services focus on family relationships as well as
treatment for the child
 Early interventionists help family locate and access
needed resources


Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

In general education classrooms:
 About 50% of students with physical disabilities and health
impairments
 Less than 33% of students with traumatic brain injury
Many students receive services in special
education classrooms, residential facilities, at
home, or in hospitals

Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Public School Placements for Students with Physical
and Health Disabilities: Time Spent Outside General
Education (in percentages)
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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Postsecondary education
Transportation
Living arrangements
Career choices
Agency supports
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
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
Access to education





Aids for posture and mobility
Aids for communication
Aids for learning
Related services
Factors related to disability
 School re-entry
 Responding to emergencies
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
How prepared are teachers to work with
students with physical and health
disabilities?
How available is technology to students
in rural areas or those who are poor?
Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008