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Transcript
Chapter 1: Cells 1. Cell- the basic unit that makes up living things. 2. What three things does the cell theory state? (essay) a. All living things are made of one or more cells. b. The cell is the smallest unit of a living organism. c. Cells come from other cells. 3. Organelles- the smaller structures in a cell that perform specific functions in the cell. 4. Nucleus- directs the activities of the cell. 5. A nucleus is what part of a cell? An organelle 6. Cell Membrane- a thin, flexible covering that surrounds all types of cells. 7. Cell Wall- a rigid outer layer that surrounds the cell membrane. 8. Cytoplasm- the thick fluid between the nucleus and the cell membrane that contains all the remaining organelles. 9. Ribosome- a type of organelle that is not surrounded by a membrane and assembles compounds called proteins. 10. Lysosome- small, ball-shaped organelle that helps the cell break down nutrients and old cell parts. 11. Vacuoles- membrane-bound sacs that are filled with fluid; they store water, food, waste, and other substances the cell processes. 12. Chloroplast- an organelle that contains pigments that absorb sunlight. 13. Mitochondria- large, peanut-shaped organelle that breaks down sugar when it reacts with oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, water, and a lot of energy. 14. The number of mitochondria in a plant or animal cell is determined by the amount of energy a cell needs. 15. Endoplasmic Reticulum- system of membranes and tubes through which materials can pass. 16. Name the life processes of all living things. (essay) a. b. c. d. e. f. Take in food Get rid of waste Digest nutrients Store and use energy Be able to grow Be able to reproduce 17. What important job does bacteria have? (essay) Breaking down the remains of dead plants and animals and returning materials from dead organisms back to the environment, where new organisms can use them. 18. Cilia- small hairs that sweep food particles into a paramecium’s oral groove. 19. Diffusion- the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. 20. Osmosis- diffusion in which water passes through the cell membrane. 21. Flagellum- a tail that acts like a whip. 22. Classification- process of sorting things by how they are alike and how they are different. 23. Kingdom- a large group into which organisms are organized according to their traits. 24. Most scientists today recognize six kingdoms of living things. 25. Describe the characteristics of the kingdom monerans. They are single-celled organisms that do not possess a nucleus or other internal organelles. 26. Fungi- absorbs food and helps break down dead plants and animal matter. 27. Fungi are classified differently than plants. Explain why? Fungi cannot manufacture their own food as plants do. 28. Invertebrate- an animal that does not have an internal skeleton or a backbone. 29. Name some animals that are considered invertebrates. Clams, snails, crabs, insects, and worms 30. Vertebrate- an animal that does have an internal skeleton and a backbone. 31. What is the purpose of skin cells? They form a protective layer around an animal’s body. 32. Tissue- a large group of similar specialized cells. 33. Organ- a group of related tissues that perform a specific function. 34. Organ System- a group of related organs that work together to perform a specific function. 35. Which system brings oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from it? Respiratory System 36. List the organs in the nervous system. eyes, brain, spinal cord, and nerves 37. The muscular system of the human body has three types of muscle tissue. Name those three types of muscle tissue. (essay) a. smooth b. cardiac c. skeletal 38. What is a ligament? Stringy tissue that holds bones together 39. Describe the purpose of the endocrine system. The endocrine system produces the rush of energy you feel when you are frightened or excited.