Download Microsoft Word - APES Chapter 16 Study Guide

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Date: ________________________ Pd. _____
APES Chapter 16 – Geology and Nonrenewable Resources Reading/Study Guide
1. Name the earth’s interior concentric zones.
2. Name the earth zone with the most volume and mass.
3. True/False:
• The thickest zone is the crust.
• The core of the earth occupies most of its volume.
• The inner core is liquid, whereas the outer core is solid.
• The most common element in the center of the earth’s core is iron.
• Extreme pressure makes the interior of the earth liquid.
4. True/False:
• The outermost part of the mantle is partially melted rock.
• The outermost part of the mantle is rigid.
• The mantle is Earth’s largest zone.
• Iron is a major constituent of the mantle.
• The innermost part of the mantle is partially melted rock.
5. Which part of the earth’s structure is the source of most nonrenewable resources humans use?
6. Describe the asthenosphere.
7. Where do the majority of earthquakes and volcanoes occur?
• in the interior of continents
• on oceanic islands
• along the edge of continents
• in the open ocean
8. True/False:
• The theory of plate tectonics explains the occurrence of earthquakes.
• The theory of plate tectonics explains the occurrence of volcanoes.
• The theory of plate tectonics explains the occurrence of mountains.
• The theory of plate tectonics explains the movement of Earth’s plates.
9. Name the 3 types of boundaries between lithospheric plates.
10. True/False:
• Tectonic plates produce mountains.
• Tectonic plates produce volcanoes.
• Tectonic plates produce ocean trenches.
• Tectonic plates are composed of crust and core.
• Tectonic plates move on the asthenosphere.
11. Name the boundary where the tectonic plates move apart in opposite directions.
12. Name the boundary where the tectonic plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fault.
13. Why is the movement of lithospheric plates significant?
14. Name the two energy sources primarily responsible for Earth’s external geological processes.
15. What is an earthquake most directly caused by?
16. Name the scale used to measure the strength of an earthquake.
17. An earthquake with a magnitude of 9 would be given what rating by seismologists?
18. List some secondary effects from an earthquake.
19. Which of the following would least likely reduce earthquake hazards?
• filling of fault zones with rubberized cement.
• making maps of high-risk areas.
• better prediction of location and timing of earthquakes.
• establishment of building codes regulating placement and design of buildings in high-risk areas.
• locating active fault zones.
20. Define: ejecta
21. Name the most important volcanic eruption in North America in recent times?
22. How can loss of human life from volcanic activity be reduced?
23. Define: mineral
24. All of the following are broad classes of rock except
• igneous.
• sedimentary.
• metamorphic.
• crystal.
• plasticized.
25. Lava is an example of what type of rock?
26. Define: rock cycle
27. Which type of rock is the main source of many nonfuel mineral resources.
28. Which does not belong with the others?
• granite
• sandstone
• pumice
• basalt
• volcanic rock
29. What rock is most likely to be formed from compacted shells and skeletons?
30. What rock is most likely to be formed from compacted plant remains?
31. Lignite and bituminous coal are what class of rock?
32. Heat and pressure convert ____________________ rock into __________________ rock.
33. What class of rock covers most of the Earth’s land surface?
34. Slate, anthracite, and marble are what class of rock?
35. Which of the following terms includes the others?
• metallic mineral resources
• mineral resources
• energy resources
• nonmetallic mineral resources
36. List some examples of nonmetallic mineral resources.
37. Reserves are ______________________________________________ resources.
38. What is the most common way ore deposits are formed?
39. _________________________rich nodules are found on the deep ocean floor.
40. Why are manganese rich nodules an attractive resource?
41. Of the following concerns about obtaining manganese rich nodules from the ocean floor, the most
significant is that
• it may contribute to global warming.
• the mining could heat up the water and disrupt ocean currents.
• an unknown species could be destroyed.
• this type of mining would cause more harm than mining on land.
• countries cannot come to an agreement over who owns the minerals.
42. List the rich hydrothermal deposits that have been found around very hot volcanic springs and vents in
the deep ocean.
43. Subsurface mining is more or less dangerous than surface mining.
44. What mineral resources often occur in placer deposits?
45. List some ways in which mineral deposits are found.
46. List the different types of surface mining.
47. List the different types of subsurface mining.
48. When comparing subsurface and surface mining, which disturbs more land?
49. Extracting, processing, and using mineral resources
• requires enormous amounts of energy.
• produces solid and hazardous wastes.
• release toxic chemicals into the atmosphere.
• causes land disturbance and erosion.
50. List some ways in which mining can be harmful to the environment.
51. Can acid mine drainage contaminate groundwater?
52. Runoff from acid mine drainage carries ____________________ to nearby streams and
_______________________________.
53. What is the term that is used to describe waste soil and rock removal during surface mining?
54. What is the term used to describe the fraction of the ore containing waste minerals?
55. What is the term used to describe when an ore undergoes processing and waste is produced?
56. Smelting of ore minerals can give off what pollutants?
57. The environmental impact would be the greatest for which grade of ore?
58. A change in the U.S. Mining Law of 1872 that environmentalists would least like to see would be
• making mining companies pay for damage resulting from mining activities.
• making mining companies pay for environmental cleanups resulting from mining activities.
• making it possible to buy cheap public land and sell it for development at a high profit.
• making mining companies responsible for restoring the land.
• requiring mining companies to pay a 12.5% royalty on any of the hard-rock minerals they extract.
59. List the 5 choices humans have when a resource has been economically depleted.
60. Define: depletion time
61. When would a depletion curve generally be used?
62. True/False:
• Recycling, reusing, and reducing consumption cause a depletion curve to peak sooner and higher.
• All of a resource will not be used because it is not economically feasible to continue to extract the
resource.
• Usually, the first deposits of a mineral to be exploited are high-grade deposits.
• Depletion time is dependent on rate of use and amount of know reserves.
63. Based upon the answer to #59 and how minerals are mined, depletion time can be extended by
• recycling and reuse.
• discoveries of new resources.
• reduce consumption.
• better mining technology.
64. The U.S. Mining Law of 1872
• encourages miners to reclaim the land.
• encourages miners to prevent land degradation.
• requires miners to reclaim the land when they close a mining operation.
• encourages extraction on public lands almost free of charge.
• requires miners who purchase public lands to pay 10% of their profits to the federal government.
65. All of the following have occurred under the U.S. Mining Law of 1872 except
• encouraged extraction on public lands almost free of charge.
• it has been common for taxpayers to be left with the cleanup bill.
• there has been no provision for reclamation of damaged land.
• mining companies have paid substantial royalties to the U.S. government.
• half of the mining companies taking advantage of the law are owned by foreign corporations.
66. How many major nonfuel minerals are there?
67. Name the industrialized country which came close to meeting all of its mineral resource needs.
68. For manganese, cobalt, platinum, and chromium, the U.S. is dependent upon which of the following
potentially unstable countries (because it has no reserves for these minerals)?
• Zambia
• Zaire
• South Africa
• Peru
69. Match the following minerals with the areas that has it major supply. (Country can be used more than
once.)
• cobalt Zimbabwe
• chromium South Africa
• manganese Zaire
• nickel
70. The U.S. is most heavily dependent on what country for its supplies of chromium, manganese, and
industrial diamonds?
71. Why doesn’t the scarcity of minerals raise the price of material goods much?
72. True/False:
• Low prices encourage waste and faster depletion.
• Low mineral prices are caused by failure to include the external costs of mining.
• Consumers have few incentives to reduce demands before economic depletion occurs.
• Market prices clearly reflect dwindling mineral supplies.
73. Most of the world’s easily accessible high-grade mineral deposits
• are not worth extracting at today’s prices.
• cannot be located using known techniques.
• lie in unexplored areas of developing countries.
• have already been discovered
• are located in U.S.
74. According to geological theory, if there were 10,000 sites where a deposit of a particular resource might
be found, ______ could probably be (a) producing mine(s).
75. Copper mining illustrates that it can or cannot be profitable to mine low-grade ores.
76. Some analysts believe that mining low-grade ores could be limited by what factors?
77. List some advantages of using microorganisms for mining.
78. What is the major problem associated with extracting minerals from seawater.
79. List the chemicals that could be extracted from the ocean with today’s technology at a profit.
80. Continental shelf deposits are significant sources of all the following except
• manganese nodules.
• oil and natural gas.
• phosphates.
• sand.
• zinc.
81. Does electricity flow with or without resistance in high-temperature ceramic superconductors?
82. List the reasons why high strength plastics and composite materials strengthened by carbon and glass
fibers are advantageous.
83. Which of the following would it be the easiest to find a substitute for?
• phosphates
• helium
• steel
• copper
• manganese