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CHAPTER 4, SECTION 3 “LECTURE NOTES” *Crimean War: 1. Changed balance of power in Europe, 2. Gave Germany & Italy opportunity to unite! -Ottoman Empire (Turkey) was considered the “sick man of Europe.” -Ottoman control weakened in the Balkan Peninsula. Russia began to exploit Ottoman weakness. -Russia had few warm-water ports and coveted territory in “the Balkans.” It wanted to control straits between Black & Mediterranean Seas. -Britain & other European powers feared that Russian control in Balkans would upset balance of power. -In 1853 Russia invaded the Balkans. The Turks (plus British & French) declared war on Russia. -Austria also wanted Ottoman lands, so Austria quit its alliance with Russia and became its rival. -Russia lost many troops & asked to end war, resulting in Treaty of Paris. -Crimean War ended the Concert of Europe. -Russia humiliated by loss, withdrew from European affairs. -Austria was now without friends among Great Powers. -Nationalists exploited “isolation of Russia & Austria” by unifying Italy & Germany. * Italian peninsula dominated by Austrian Empire by family ties between emperor & royalty in Italian states. -Italian nationalists supported northern state of Piedmont. -Piedmont king Victor Emmanuel II did not have ties with the Austrian emperor’s family. -King Emmanuel II appointed Camillo di Cavour as his prime minister. -Cavour wanted Italian independence. He made an alliance with Louis-Napoleon of France to defeat Austria. -Cavour provoked Austria into war. Austria was defeated. Piedmont earned independence & also gained northern Italian state of Lombardy. -This encouraged Italian nationalists living in other states to also revolt. They joined their newly independent states to Emmanuel II’s northern kingdom. -Giuseppe Garibaldi, nationalist leader in southern Italy very popular w. people: “The popular idol… was walking on foot among those cheering, laughing, crying, mad thousands… who threw themselves forward to kiss his hands, or to touch the hem of his garment” -Italians in southern island Sicily revolted against foreign monarch. -Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts” joined victorious revolution. -Garibaldi’s forces defeated Naples. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies became independent. -Garibaldi turned over his southern conquests to northern Piedmont! -March 17, 1861, new united Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed under King Victor Emmanuel II. -Italy exploited war between Austria & Prussia. Italy supported Prussia & was rewarded the region of Venetia. -Italian army marched on papal states & Rome. Rome was annexed & became Italy’s new capital. *German states looked to strong state of Prussia for leadership in unification. -Prussia was authoritarian & militaristic. -Prussian King William I appointed Count Otto von Bismarck as prime minister. -Bismarck practiced realpolitik & expansionism. Bismarck ignored legislative opposition to military growth: “The great questions of the day are decided… by blood & iron!” -Bismarck’s aggressive foreign policy led to war. He defeated Denmark, with help of Austria. -Bismarck then turned on & defeated Austria! Bismarck created North German Confederation. -South German states allied with Prussia for protection vs. France. -Bismarck goaded French into the Franco-Prussian War. -German armies advanced into France, captured entire French army & Napoleon III. -Paris surrendered Jan, 1871. France paid $1 billion to Germans and lost provinces of Alsace & Lorraine. -Germans met at Palace of Versailles Sept. 1870, to proclaim William I the kaiser of Second German Reich. -Germany’s military & industrial strength made it strongest state in Europe. *Britain avoided revolutions of first half of nineteenth century, due to laws giving suffrage to industrial middle class & Parliament’s reform laws to protect industrial working class. -Continued economic stability (Crystal Palace Exhibition.) Working class real wages increased 25% -Height of British Empire during reign of Queen Victoria. “The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire” *France elected Louis Napoleon president of France in 1848. In 1852 he held a plebiscite, 97% voted to make him Napoleon III, emperor of France! -Napoleon III controlled military, police & civil service. -Legislative Corps gave “appearance” of representative government, but only Napoleon III held real legislative power. -Napoleon III limited civil liberties, but his first 5 years were still “successful” because he expanded economy, subsidized construction of railroads, harbors, roads, canals and completely rebuilt Paris. -Napoleon III lost his title, after France lost the Franco-Prussian War. *Austria’s defeat by the Prussians forced Austrians to make concessions to Hungarians. -Compromise of 1867 created Austria-Hungary (two govts. with one emperor, Francis Joseph) but other ethnic minorities not happy because Austria did not compromise with them. *Russia in early 19th century, was mostly rural & autocratic and was falling behind the “industrialized West.” -Russia ruled by divine-right czar with unlimited powers. -Czar Alexander II chose to make reforms, including emancipation of the serfs. Many reformers wanted faster change but autocrats feared traditions were being destroyed. -Radicals assassinated czar, so his son & successor, Alexander III returned to repression! *United States Constitution committed to liberalism & nationalism. -Two factions (political parties) split over division of power. -Federalists favored a stronger central govt. -Republicans feared central power & wanted federal govt. to be subordinate to stronger states. -Early U.S. divisions disappeared after War of 1812 (wave of U.S. nationalistic feelings vs. Britain.) -By election of Andrew Jackson in 1828, almost all adult white males had suffrage. -By mid-1800’s slavery was threat to American national unity. -South’s economy based on growing cotton using slave labor. -Eli Whitney’s cotton gin greatly increased cotton production. Southerners determined to keep status quo! -Northern states had more resources, industrialization & people. Abolitionism spread throughout the North. -North vs. South became more divided with election of Abraham Lincoln! -December, 1860 S. Carolina voted to secede from the U.S. In Feb. 1861 six more states seceded. -The Confederate States of America was formed & fighting erupted in April. -Civil War was bloodiest war in American history! -Jan. 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued. -April 9, 1865 Confederate forces surrendered. U. S. survived as one nation, indivisible.