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Foliation and lineation Goal: To interpret some common types of foliation and lineation in deformed rocks. Part-I foliation Foliation: “Any mesoscopically penetrative subparallel alignment of planar fabric elements in a rock”. — Expand on “fabric elements”, “mesoscopic”, and “penetrative” Typically forms in metamorphic rocks Combines mineral “Shape-preferred orientation” and compositional banding A. Nomenclature — S0 = bedding, S1 = first foliation, S2 = second foliation.... B. Continuous foliations: Will work from “low-grade” to “high-grade” — Expand on “high-grade” and “low-grade” 1. Slaty cleavage: Low-grade (lower- to middle-greenschist facies), microscopically penetrative foliation that causes rocks to split into slabs along “cleavage” planes. — Expand on why I don’t like “cleavage”. Hard to define, confuses rocks with minerals. Entrenched in literature. a) Hand-specimen description (not shiney) — pass around example b) Micro-scale description M-domains and Q-F-domains at micro-scale Roles of pressure-solution/reprecipitation and rotation in forming slaty cleavage — Enormous volume loss in slates 2. Phyllitic cleavage/foliation (in book): Higher-grade version of slate (middle- to upper-greenschist-facies conditions). Hand-specimen description: Shiney, still cannot make out individual mineral grains with naked eye. Pass around example 3. Schistose foliation: Penetrative foliation in which individual mineral grains are visible. (upper-greenschist facies to lower-amphibolite facies) May also be able to see M-domains and Q-F-domains with naked eye. May contain large metamorphic minerals (garnet, staurolite, Alsilicates, ect.) Metamorphic reactions play an important role in growing aligned minerals 4. Gneissic foliation: Shape-preferred alignment of medium- to coarsegrained minerals accompanied by compositional banding. (middleamphibolite facies to granulite facies) Requires compositional segregation... not fully understood Pre-existing sedimentary Metamorphic/igneous segregation C. Discontinuous foliations (Disjunctive foliations): Mesoscopically visible, unfoliated domains between individual foliation surfaces. 1. Spaced cleavage: Array of anastomosing, fracture-like partings that are often occupied by clay minerals or carbonaceous material (graphite). Generally weak deformation at low-grades. 2. Crenulation cleavage: Forms by mm- to cm-scale folding of a preexisting continuous foliation. Significant in that it marks a second phase of deformation with different stress-axes!! As pre-existing foliation is rotated into the limbs of micro-folds, pressure solution preferentially removes Q-F-domains in limbs of these folds, leaving new, concentrated M-domains. Part-II lineation Lineation: Subparallel alignment of elongate, linear fabric elements in a deformed rock. A. Nomenclature — L1 = first lineation, L2 = second lineation.... B. Elongation lineations: Always in the plane of foliation. Define one of the principal axes along which the rock was “stretched”. 1. Mineral lineations: Preferred alignment of tabular or acicular (needleor splinter-shaped) mineral grains. Not always a true elongation lineation!!! 2. Elongated clasts: Can include cobbles, pebbles, sand grains, breccia clasts, ect. 3. Rodded quartz: Quartz grains that have been elongated into rod or blade shapes. C. Intersection lineations: Form due to the intersection of two planar fabric elements (e.g. S0 and S1, S1 and S2....). Nomenclature — L0x1 = S0 crossed by S1, L1x2 = S1 crossed by S2.... D. Other linear elements 1. Boudinage: Forms due to competency contrast between two layers. Stronger layer is pulled apart into sausage-shaped pods. 2. Mullion structure: Also forms due to competency contrast. Very low wave-length folds with “mullion” pointing outwards towards less competent layer. 3. Fold hinge lines: Lines of maximum curvature on folded surface 4. Slickenlines: Grooves or fibers that form on a fault surface. Give direction of fault slip.