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preAP/GT S12 Ch. 19 Bacteria and Viruses Review Name ____________________ Period______________ 1. Why is it important to sterilize the Petri dishes and agar before growing bacteria? Prevent crosscontamination 2. Which of the following is the smallest in size? Circle one: bacterium animal cell virus 3. What is the difference between passive short-term injection of serum antibodies and active immunity?Life-long – get the disease 4. Draw and name the 3 shapes of bacteria. Cocci – round , Bacilli – rod ; Spirilla - spiral 5. How can HIV be spread? blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk How can you avoid HIV?avoid those fluids of an infected person 6. What does an antibiotic do? interfere with cellular processes of bacteria 7. Where can bacteria be found? everywhere 8. List examples of uses for helpful bacteria. Decomposers, nitrogen fixation, produce foods like yogurt, cheese 9. What does a vaccine do? trick body into producing antibodies 10. Which kingdom(s) contain prokaryotes? Archaebacteria and eubacteria 11. What are the bacterial kingdoms? Archaebacteria and eubacteria 12. What are the two ways in which bacteria cause disease? either break down tissues of infected cells or produce toxins 13. List the major groups of pathogens to humans. Bacteria, virus, worms, fungi, protists 14. What is a virus? Non-living particle that is host and tissue specific. 15. What is a viroid? What is a prion? Viroid - just nucleic acid; infects plants Prion - just protein; infects animals (ex. Mad Cow disease) 16. List and describe the various methods of reproduction in bacteria. Binary fission - bacteria replicates DNA then splits; ASEXUAL form of reproduction Conjugation - bacteria shares DNA with other bacteria through pili; simple form of SEXUAL reproduction Endospores - not repro but “dormant” stage that allows bacteria to live through non-ideal times. 17. Why are viruses not considered to be truly “living” organisms? Don’t demonstrate all characteristics of life such as true reproduction, use of energy, and independent growth 18. Overuse of antibiotics has caused bacteria to become resistant to our best arsenal of antibiotics. This is due to _natural selection_ of the bacteria in which only those with the resistant genes survive. Matching. 19. dormant cycle of viral infection d a. prokaryote 20. organism without a nucleus a b. antibiotics 21. organism with a nucleus g c. HIV 22. destructive cycle of viral infection f d. Lysogenic 23. kills bacteria b e. capsid 24. causes infectious diseases j f. Lytic 25. instrument used to see bacteria i g. eukaryote 26. instrument used to see viruses h h. electron microscope 27. protein coat of a virus e i. compound/light microscope 28. virus that causes AIDS c j. pathogen 29. virus that attacks bacteria k k. bacteriophage 30. visible group of bacteria n l. agar 31. growth medium for bacteria l m. virus 32. all are obligate parasites m n. colony Matching. Which type of pathogen causes the following diseases? 33. smallpox a a. virus 34. tooth decay b b. bacteria 35. HIV/AIDS a c. prion 36. tuberculosis b 37. Lyme disease b 38. herpes a 39. flu a 40. diphtheria b 41. Mad Cow Disease c 42. strep throat b *Study chapter 19 review on pages 493-494. 43. What is the germ theory of disease? Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms of different types, commonly called “germs” 44. List the five agents of disease. Virus, bacteria, worms, fungi, protists 45. How are diseases spread? Person to person, contaminated food and water, vectors 46. How are bacterial infections treated? Antibiotics Prevented? Vaccines; avoid contact 47. How are viral infections treated? Anti-virals Prevented? Vaccines; avoid contact preAP/GT S12 48. Differentiate between specific directed against a particular pathogen; and non-specific defense. not directed against a particular pathogen; 49. Differentiate between first line, Barriers to outside second line inflammatory to pathogens which release toxins into body. and third line of defense. specialized cells that attack the pathogen 50. What is interferon? proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens 51. Differentiate between humoral immunity respond to antigens (proteins on outer membrane of the pathogens) and cell-mediated immunity. Attack antigen-bearing cells 52. What is active immunity Life-long – get the disease and how is it different from passive immunityshort term – injected with vaccine? 53. An overreaction of the immune system to an antigen is referred to as _allergies_. 54. What is the function of histamines? chemicals released by cells of the immune system during the inflammatory response 55. What is an autoimmune disease? Immune systems turns on and fights the body List a few examples. Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis 56. How does the environment affect your immune system? What you come in contact with in your environment can affect how your body reacts and protects you. 57. List four behaviors important in maintaining health. A. Cleanliness B. Regular check-ups C. Proper nutrition D. Keep vaccinations up to date *Study chapter 40 review on pages 1057-1058 __B___ 58.The first time your body encounters a foreign organism, your immune system fights the organism by using __?_; also called the body’s first line of defense. A. specific immunity B. non-specific immunity C. antihistamines D. T-cells __A___ 59. White blood cells that recognize and destroy specific foreign organisms are called A. B- cells B. histamines C. macrophages D. lysomes _B____ 60. Which is NOT part of your body’s first line of defense against disease? A. macrophages B. T-cells C. stomach acid D. mucous membranes _B____ 61. Which is NOT true about specific immunity? A. The body had already been exposed to the antigen. B. Macrophages ingest the antigen. C. T-cells attach to the antigen. D. Suppressor B-cells stop the attack on the antigen. __D___ 62. Which is NOT true about T-cells? A. They mature in the thymus. B. They form in the bone marrow. C. They are deficient in people with HIV. D. They ingest disease-causing organisms, using pseudopods. True or False: On the lines provided write T for true statements and F for any false statements. ___F__ 63. Phagocytosis occurs when mast cells eat antigens. ___T__ 64. Some lymphocytes destroy antigens the first time the two meet. ___F__ 65. Most antigens break the immune system’s first line of defense and are destroyed by lymphocytes. __T___ 66. Vaccines introduce antigens into the body; as a result, the immune system learns to recognize and destroy the antigen the next time it enters the body. Matching: Write the letter of the term that matches the description on the lines provided. A. allergen B. histamine C. phagocyte D. specific immunity E. vaccination ___C__ 67. Cell that ingest antigens. ___D__ 68. Cell Mediated response to specific antigens that occurs after first exposure to the disease organism. ____B_ 69. A chemical released by mast cells that causes swelling, increased mucus and allergy symptoms. ____E_ 70. The introduction of dead or weakened antigens into the body that results in lasting immunity. preAP/GT S12 Label the parts of the bacteriophage below. 71. . capsid 72. tail sheath 73. DNA 74. tail fibers Label the bacterium below. 75 A -cell wall 76. B – cell membrane 77. D - DNA 78. C – flagellum E - pili 71 . 72 73 74