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Essential Life Functions Chart
Type of
Transport
Excretion
Unicellular
Protists
*No circulatory
System
*Diffusion
*Cyclosis
Annelid Worms
*Closed
circulatory
system
*Complete
digestive tract
(uses muscular
contraction)
*Skin
*Contractile
Vacuole
(removes
water)
*Anal pore
*Some Skin
*Most by
Nephridia
Insects
*Open
circulatory
system
Amphibians
*Circulatory
System (Three
chambered
heart)
* Complete
digestive tract
Regulation
Respiration
Nutrition
Synthesis
Reproduction
Growth/
Development
*Some use
aerobic
respiration
*Food Vacuole
*Heterotrophic/
Autotrophic
Protein
synthesis
*Binary Fission
*Some are
sexual
(conjugation)
mitosis
*Nervous
System (chain
of ganglia)
*Skin (must be
in moist
environment)
*MouthEsoph
aguscropgiz
zardintestine
(nutrients
absorbed by
blood)anus
*(Predators,
scavengers,
filter feeders,
organic matter,
parasites)
Protein
synthesis
*Hermaphrodite
( two worms
exchange
sperm, forms a
capsule for
sperm and
eggs, capsule is
left in soil for 23 weeks)
*Capsule is left
in soil for 2-3
weeks)
* mitosis
*Malpighian
tubules
(removes
waste)
*Nervous
System (brain,
ventral cord,
tympanum
sound sensing
organ)
*Communicate:
pheromone
*Do not use
circulatory
system but
Trachea,
Spiracles,
Tracheoles, and
air sacs
*Labrum &
Labium
(mouthparts)
esophaguscro
pgizzardmi
dgut (Gastic
caeca &
coelom) 
hindgut
Protein
synthesis
*Metamorphos
is & some do
incomplete
metamorphosi
s
*mitosis
*Kidney
(removes
nitrogenous
waste & excess
water)
*Bladder (holds
liquid from
kidney)
*Cloaca
(chamber holds
contents to be
expelled from
body)
*Nervous
System (brain &
spinal cord,
sense organs
are
incompletely
developed for
hearing,
smelling,
tasting &
seeing)
*Eustachian
tube
*Tympanic
Membrane
*Breath
through skin,
lining of mouth
when inactive,
& lungs when
active.
*Nares, Glottis,
Larynx
*Adults are
Carnivorous
*Tongue
*Cloaca
(chamber holds
contents to be
expelled from
body)
Protein
synthesis
* Sexually
*Male deposits
sperm into
female’s
seminal
receptacle, eggs
released by
ovaries, eggs
fertilized
internally
*Sexually
*Depend on
water (lay eggs
in water)
*Courtship:
Males call to
attract females
Organism
*Complete
Metamorphosis
*Parental
Care: one
parent remains
with the eggs
* mitosis
Type of
Organism
Transport
Excretion
Regulation
Respiration
Nutrition
Synthesis
Reproduction
Growth/
Developme
nt
Mammals
*Circulatory
System (4
chambered
heart)
*Digestive
System
*Kidneys,
bladder, &
urethra
*Nervous
System
*Sense Organs
*Hormones
*Endocrine
System
*Aerobic (lungs
& diaphragm)
*Chewing
(specialized
teeth)
*Digesting
Plants: aid of
microorganisms
Protein
synthesis
*Sexually
*Placental,
Marsupials
(pouch),
Monotremes
(lays eggs)
*Nourished
by milk
from
mother’s
mammary
glands
*Dependan
t on mother
for food &
care
* mitosis
Non-vascular
Plants
*Lack tissues,
instead absorb
nutrients
through cells
*Osmosis &
Diffusion
*Rhizoids
*Roots
*Xylem
*Phloem
Stomatas
*Hormones:
Auxin,
Gibberellins,
Cytokinins,
*
*Autotroph
*Photosynthesis
Protein
synthesis
*Alternatio
n of
generations
* mitosis
Stomatas
*Hormones:
Auxin,
Gibberellins,
Cytokinins,
*Exchange
gases by
tissues, leaves
*Autotroph
*Photosynthesis
Protein
synthesis
*Sexually/asexu
ally
*Sperm swim
through film of
water to reach
eggs in
archegonia
*Sexually/asexu
ally
*Roots
*Xylem
*Phloem
Stomatas
*Hormones:
Auxin,
Gibberellins,
Cytokinins,
*Exchange
gases by
tissues, leaves
*Autotroph
*Photosynthesis
Protein
synthesis
*Sexually/asexu
ally
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
*Alternatio
n of
generations
*Seed
produce
cone
* mitosis
*Alternatio
n of
generations
*Seed
produce
flowers
* mitosis
Life FunctionsLife Processes
Humans and other complex organisms require many different organ systems to carry on the activities
required for life. These life activities or processes include digestion, respiration, reproduction,
circulation, excretion, movement, coordination, and immunity.
Life Processes
Digestion breakdown of food to simpler molecules which can enter the cells
Circulation the movement of materials within an organism or its cells
Movement (locomotion) change in position by a living thing
Excretion removal of waste products by an organism (wastes may include carbon dioxide, water, and urea
in urine and sweat)
Respiration process which converts the energy in food to ATP (the form of energy which can be used by
the cells)
Reproduction the making of more organisms of one's own kind -- not needed by an individual living
thing but is needed by its species
Immunity the ability of an organism to resist disease causing organisms and foreign invaders
Coordination the control of the various activities of an organism (mostly involves the nervous system and
endocrine glands in complex animals)
Synthesis the production of more complex substances by combining two or more simpler substances
It is important to realize that cell organelles are involved in many of these life processes, as well as the
organ systems of complex organisms.
Used from http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/organization/life.cfm
Organism Newspaper Project- Essential Life Functions Chart (above)
Questions to be answered as one considers how the above listed organisms accomplish …
 Transport – How organisms get what they need to cells? How they move waste from cells to organs of excretion?
 Excretion – How organisms get rid of their waste and balance their fluids (pH, salt concentration, water)?
 Regulation – How organisms control body processes – hormones, nervous system?
 Respiration – How organisms get oxygen from the environment and release carbon dioxide back to the environment? How plants exchange
gases?
 Nutrition – How organisms break down and absorb foods?
 Synthesis – How organisms build necessary molecules?
 Reproduction – How organisms attract a mate? How organisms reproduce in terms of the type of reproduction (sexual versus asexual), the
production of eggs, the production of seeds, the production of spores, and the type of fertilization?

Growth and development – How organisms develop from the fertilized egg? How structures like the uterus and a seed provide support for the
developing organism? How young are cared for during early development?
Personal Ads
Choosing 8 of the 8 types of organisms from the essential functions chart, create 8 personal ads
After you choose the types, choose a specific organism with in that type. For example the type is mammals, the specific organism is
dolphin.
You must use each category from the essential functions chart (transport, excretion, regulation, respiration, nutrition, synthesis, reproduction,
growth and development etc) with in your ad.
EXAMPLE: Single female dolphin searching for a male dolphin to take long swims with. Must transport materials through a circulatory
system and get nutrition through a digestive system. You must love me fully with their four chambered heart. When materials need to be
excreted, you must do this through kidneys, bladder and urethra. Regulating yourself is of the utmost importance. A nervous system,
hormones, endocrine system and sense organs is how this must be done. You must be able to obtain energy through aerobic respiration using
lungs, mitochondria and a diaphragm. You must chew your fish with your mouth closed using specialized teeth. Being able to synthesize
molecules using protein synthesis. You must reproduce sexually as I am a placental mammal. I will nourish our young with milk from my
mammary glands. If you are such an organism, please respond at 1-910-555 1212.
Unicellular protists
Paramecium
Euglena
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/paramecium.gif
http://biologyclass13.weebly.com/uploads/7/3/0/8/7308786/878930.jpg?316
Amobea
http://universe-review.ca/I11-31-amoeba.jpg
Protista
Protista refers to one of the kingdoms of organisms commonly called protists. They were first described by the German biologist Ernst
Haeckel in the 1860s. Until this time, biologists recognized two kingdoms, the Plantae and Animalia. Haeckel observed a group of
microscopic organisms with both plant and animal characteristics, such as flagellated cells with chloroplasts. At this time, the Kingdom
Protista was proposed.
First of all, they are unicellular, which means one cell functions as a whole organism where all life functions are carried out.
Most protists are motile using pseudopodia ("false feet" extensions of the protoplasm), flagella (whip-like organelles), or cilia (short, hair-like
structures). Most parasitic species are non-motile. Asexual reproduction is most common through mitosis, but some species have sexual
reproduction as exemplified by conjugation in ciliates. Most species are free living, but many form symbiotic relationships with other
organisms including parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.
Protists live in a wide variety of habitats, including soil, freshwater, marine, and as ecto- and endoparasites. Taxonomically, protists are
identified by the structure of their cell, types of organelles, and form of reproduction or life cycle. There are three general groups of
protists. The first are the plant-like protists, sometimes known as the Protophyta. These include the diatoms or golden algae (Phylum
Chrysophyta), dinoflagellates (Phylum Pyrrophyta), euglenoids (Phylum Euglenophyta), and cryptomonads (Phylum Cryptophyta). The
animal-like protists are included in the Subkingdom Protozoa. These include the flagellated protozoans like the genus
TrypanosomaTrypanosoma, a parasite that causes African Sleeping Sickness and Chaga's disease (Phylum Zoomastigina); amoeboid forms
like AmoebaAmoeba, radiolarians, and foraminiferans (Phylum Sarcodina); Ciliates like ParameciumParamecium (Phylum Ciliophora); and
parasitic sporozoans like PlasmodiumPlasmodium, a parasite that causes malaria (Phylum Apicomplexa). The fungus-like protista include
slime molds, water molds, and mildews.
Annelid worms –segmented worms
http://biologycorner.com/resources/earthworm_anatomy1.jpg
Leech
http://rjfisherjoanides.pbworks.com/f/1299707850/I10-82-annelid.jpg
There are about 9,000 species of Annelids known today, including worms
and leeches. They can be found almost anywhere in the world. Annelids
have existed on Earth for over 120 million years.
Annelids have bodies that are divided into segments.
They have very well-developed internal organs.
One common characteristic of annelids is that they don't have any limbs.
Some annelids may have long bristles. Others have shorter bristles and
seem smooth, like the earthworm.
There are many types of worms. Commonly known worms include earth
worms, roundworms and flatworms. Most worms are small, measuring
fractions of an inch to several inches long. Other worms, such as the
ribbon worm, can grow up to 100 feet in length. Some worms are
considered parasites, in that they live inside the human body.
http://wiggos.com/Uploads/Images/dissection%20worm0dec9759.gif
Earth worm
Insects