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Japanese American Internment Key Terms/Names Issei- Aliens born in Japan and holding Japanese citizenship. Nisei- Individuals of Japanese ancestry born in the U.S. and holding U.S. citizenship, children of Issei. Sansei- Children of the American-born Japanese (Nisei) and holding U.S. citizenship. Kibei- Japanese born in the U.S. and holding U.S. citizenship; sent back to Japan for a Japanese education and upbringing. Executive Order #9066- authorized the evacuation of people of Japanese ancestry; empowered the government to “provide…transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations…to accomplish the purpose of this order.” Western Defense Command (led by General John DeWitt)- Department of the military responsible for the protection of the West Coast and the Japanese internment program. War Relocation Authority (WRA)- Responsible for the custody and care of the relocates; managed most of the camps. The 442nd Infantry Combat Team- was an Asian American unit composed of mostly Japanese Americans who fought in Europe during World War II. The families of many of its soldiers were subject to internment. The 442nd was a self-sufficient fighting force, and fought with uncommon distinction in Italy, southern France, and Germany. The unit became the most highly decorated regiment in the history of the United States armed forces, including 21 Medal of Honor recipients. The motto of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team was “Go for broke.” Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)- In a 6-3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that EO #9066 was constitutional. Ex parte Mitsuye Endo (1944)- The Supreme Court ruled on the same day as Korematsu, that the War Relocation Authority had no authority to detain concededly loyal Americans. No-No Boys- refers to Japanese Americans who answered 'no' to the following two questions, when asked by the United States government on a 1943 Leave Clearance Application Form administered to Interned Japanese Americans. "Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty wherever ordered?" "Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, to any other foreign government, power or organization?" 1980 Following a 1979 proposal introduced by Senator Daniel Inouye, Congress establishes Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) to review the impact of EO 9066 on Japanese Americans, signed by President Carter as Public Law 96317. 1983 February 22 - Report of the Commission of Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), entitled Personal Justice Denied, concludes that exclusion, expulsion and incarceration were not justified by military necessity, and the decisions to do so were based on race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership. November 10 - In response to a petition of error coram nobis by Fred Korematsu, the San Francisco Federal District Court reverses his 1942 conviction and rules that the internment was not justified. 1988 August 10 - Civil Liberties Act of 1988, signed by President Reagan and passed by Congress, provides for a Presidential apology and appropriates $1.25 billion for reparations of $20,000 to most internees, evacuees, and others of Japanese ancestry who lost liberty or property because of discriminatory wartime actions by the government. Civil Liberties Public Education Fund created to help teach the public about the internment period.