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Biology 2121 Course Objectives
Chapter 2
Part I - Inorganic Chemistry
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Know the three states of matter.
Compare potential and kinetic energy and give examples
Compare the four forms of energy and give examples.
Know the following examples of energy conversions
 Photosynthesis (radiant energy into chemical energy)
 Cell Respiration (chemical energy stored in glucose into mechanical energy for
work)
Know the basic structure of an atom and its subatomic parts
 Know the charges and atomic masses of each
Distinguish between the mass number and atomic number on the periodic table
Be able to draw a simple planetary model of an atom (atomic numbers 1-20)
Define isotope and give examples
 Be able to identify some uses of isotopes
 Example: Radioisotope
Distinguish between a molecule, element, atom and compound
Understand that a solution is a mixture
 Know the difference between mixtures and compounds
 Distinguish between a solvent and solute
 True solution and examples
 Concentration of solutions: Molarity
o Be able to determine the amount in moles of an element and compound
o Given a simple example, be able to calculate the molarity of a simple
solution
 Concentration of solutions: %
o Be able to calculate the % of a solution given a simple example.
Know the different categories of solutions and examples of each
 Heterogeneous vs homogeneous
 Colloids
 Suspensions
Be able to identify the number of valence electrons in an atom given its atomic
number
Know the following concerning ionic bonding
 How a cation and anion are formed
 Transfer of an electron(s) from a metal to a nonmetal
 Given the position on the periodic chart be able to determine if the atom will
become a cation or anion
 Given the group number (main group) be able to determine how many valance
electrons will be lost or gained when becoming an ion.
 Understand the concept of electrostatic attraction when ionic bonds are
formed
 Know several general characteristics of ionic bonds
14. Know the following concerning covalent bonding
 Know the general characteristics of covalent compounds
 Distinguish between polar and nonpolar covalent compounds
 Understand the role of electronegativity in covalent bonding
15. Explain how hydrogen bonding is different from covalent and ionic bonding.
16. Describe the role of hydrogen bonding in the following
 DNA
 Surface Tension of Water
17. Identify the parts of a chemical reaction
18. Be able to identify and give examples of the following types of reactions
 Synthesis
o Relate to anabolic reactions – ex. Amino acids into proteins
 Decomposition
o Relate to catabolic reactions – ex. Starch breaks down into glucose;
Lipids break down into fatty acids and glycerols
 Oxidation-Reduction reactions
o Relate to the production of ATP in cells
 Glucose is oxidized and electron acceptors are reduced
19. Know how the following factors affect the rate of chemical reactions
 Temperature
 Concentration
 Size of particle
 Catalysts
o Biological catalysts such as enzymes
20. Know why water is an important inorganic compound
 Universal solvent due to its polar nature
 Reactivity – hydrolysis and dehydration reactions to make and breakdown
large organic compounds needed for cells and structural aspects of an organism
 Cushions the body - CSF in the brain as an example
Part II –Biochemistry
1. Distinguish between hydrolysis and dehydration reactions
 Know examples: hydrolysis addition of water breaks down or makes larger
compounds into smaller parts (polysaccharides such as starch to smaller
molecules such as glucose; Triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, etc.)
 Dehydration: loss of water causes smaller molecules or parts to come together
to produce larger compounds (amino acids into proteins)
2. Know the following characteristics of carbohydrates
 Distinguish between polysaccharides and monosaccharides- give examples
 Know the monomers of polysaccharides or carbohydrates
 Know general characteristics and functions of carbohydrates
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Know the three examples of monosaccharides and why they are referred to as
isomers
 Know the three disaccharides and the monosaccharides that make them up
 Know that the disaccharides are made by dehydration reactions and are split
up into monosaccharides by hydrolysis reactions
 Define polysaccharides in terms of structure
 Distinguish between a starch of a plant and glycogen found in the liver of
animals
 Define polymer
3. Know the following characteristics of lipids
 Know the monomers
 Know the structure of a triglyceride
 Be able to relate hydrolysis and dehydration reactions to the formation and
decomposition of each
 Where are they found and functions
 Distinguish between saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated triglycerides
 What are trans fats? How are they made? What health conditions are they
associated with?
 Know the structure and function of phospholipids; examples
 Describe how steroids differ from other lipids structurally?
o Know steroids role in cholesterol in cell membrane
o Steroid hormones and examples
 Know that cholesterol is a precursor to all other steroids. Explain why.
4. Know the following characteristics of proteins
 Know the monomers of proteins
 Know the basic or generalized structure and parts of an amino acid
 Relate peptide bonding to a dehydration reaction
 Know characteristics and examples of the following structural levels of proteins
o Primary
o Secondary
o Tertiary
o Quaternary
 Distinguish between fibrous and globular proteins and give examples
 What is protein dentauration? What causes this to occur?
 Know the basic parts of an enzyme
o Active site
 Know the function(s) of enzymes
 What is a substrate?
 What is activation energy and how does it relate to the function or role of
enzymes?
5. Know the following characteristics of nucleic acids
 Know the parts of the monomer of a nucleic acid (nucleotide)
 Know the base pairing in DNA and RNA
 Distinguish between DNA and RNA based on the following
o Type of sugar
o Strands
o Nitrogenous bases
 Why is DNA referred to as a double helix?
6. Know the following concerning ATP
 Know the basic parts
 Why it is closely related to a nucleotide of RNA and how it differs
 Where it is made in humans
 Name of the process that makes it- cellular respiration
 Know that glucose combines with oxygen in cells to begin this process and
glucose is oxidized and stripped of hydrogen atoms and electrons to help make
ATP- carbon dioxide is a side product
 Give example of cellular work driven by ATP
7. Know the following concerning pH
 Know the following characteristics concerning acids
o Donation of hydrogen ions
o Proton donors
o Strong vs weak acids
o Lowers pH
o 0-6 on pH scale
 Know the following characteristics concerning bases
o Donates hydroxide ions
o Proton acceptor
o Raises pH
o Strong vs weak bases
o 8-14 on pH scale
 Know the following concerning the pH scale
o Based on concentration of hydrogen ions
o Know the scale and relate to acids, bases or neutral classification
o Know that a high concentration of hydrogen ions causes the pH to drop and
why; high concentration of hydroxide ions causes the pH scale to rise and
why
 Know the reactants and products of a neutralization reaction
 Define buffer
 Be able to use the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system to explain how a buffering
system works (apply this to blood buffering)