Download Biology 2121 Study Guide/Course Objectives Chapter 2 Part I

Biology 2121
Study Guide/Course Objectives
Chapter 2
Part I - Inorganic Chemistry
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Know the three states of matter.
Compare potential and kinetic energy - give examples
Compare the four forms of energy -give examples.
Know the following examples of energy conversions
 Photosynthesis (radiant energy into chemical energy)
 Cell Respiration (chemical energy stored in glucose into mechanical energy for
cell work - ATP)
Know the basic structure of an atom and its subatomic parts
 Know the charges, locations and atomic masses of each
Distinguish between the mass number and atomic number on the periodic table.
 Be able to use the atomic number to determine the number of protons and
electrons in an atom; determining the valence electrons in an atom.
Be able to draw a simple planetary model of an atom (atomic numbers 1-20)
Define isotope and give examples
 Be able to identify some uses of isotopes
 Example: Radioisotope
Distinguish between a molecule, element, atom and compound
Understand that a solution is a mixture
 Know the difference between mixtures and compounds
 Distinguish between a solvent and solute
 True solution and examples
 Concentration of solutions: Molarity
o Be able to determine the amount in moles of an element and compound
o Given a simple example, be able to calculate the molarity of a simple
solution
 Concentration of solutions: %
o Be able to calculate the % of a solution given a simple example.
Know the different categories of solutions and examples of each
 Heterogeneous vs homogeneous
 Colloids
 Suspensions
Be able to identify the number of valence electrons in an atom given its atomic
number
Know the following concerning ionic bonding
 How a cation and anion are formed
 Transfer of an electron(s) from a metal to a nonmetal
 Given the position on the periodic chart be able to determine if the atom will
become a cation or anion
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Given the group number (main group) be able to determine how many valance
electrons will be lost or gained when becoming an ion.
 Understand the concept of electrostatic attraction when ionic bonds are
formed
 Know several general characteristics of ionic bonds
Know the following concerning covalent bonding
 Know the general characteristics of covalent compounds
 Distinguish between polar and nonpolar covalent compounds
 Understand the role of electronegativity in covalent bonding
Explain how hydrogen bonding is different from covalent and ionic bonding.
Describe the role of hydrogen bonding in the following
 DNA
 Surface Tension of Water
Identify the parts of a chemical reaction
Be able to identify and give examples of the following types of reactions
 Synthesis
o Relate to anabolic reactions – ex. Amino acids into proteins
 Decomposition
o Relate to catabolic reactions – ex. Starch breaks down into glucose;
Lipids break down into fatty acids and glycerols
 Oxidation-Reduction reactions
o Relate to the production of ATP in cells
 Glucose is oxidized and electron acceptors are reduced
Know how the following factors affect the rate of chemical reactions
 Temperature
 Concentration
 Size of particle
 Catalysts
o Biological catalysts such as enzymes
Know why water is an important inorganic compound
 Universal solvent due to its polar nature
 Reactivity – hydrolysis and dehydration reactions to make and breakdown
large organic compounds needed for cells and structural aspects of an organism
 Cushions the body - CSF in the brain as an example
Part II –Biochemistry
1. Distinguish between hydrolysis and dehydration reactions
 Know examples: hydrolysis addition of water breaks down or makes larger
compounds into smaller parts (polysaccharides such as starch to smaller
molecules such as glucose; Triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, etc.)
 Dehydration: loss of water causes smaller molecules or parts to come together
to produce larger compounds (amino acids into proteins)
2. Know the following characteristics of carbohydrates
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Distinguish between polysaccharides and monosaccharides- give examples
Know the monomers of polysaccharides or carbohydrates
Know general characteristics and functions of carbohydrates
Know the three examples of monosaccharides and why they are referred to as
isomers
 Know the three disaccharides and the monosaccharides that make them up
 Know that the disaccharides are made by dehydration reactions and are split
up into monosaccharides by hydrolysis reactions
 Define polysaccharides in terms of structure
 Distinguish between a starch of a plant and glycogen found in the liver of
animals
 Define polymer
3. Know the following characteristics of lipids
 Know the monomers
 Know the structure of a triglyceride
 Be able to relate hydrolysis and dehydration reactions to the formation and
decomposition of each
 Where are they found and functions
 Distinguish between saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated triglycerides
 What are trans fats? How are they made? What health conditions are they
associated with?
 Know the structure and function of phospholipids; examples
 Describe how steroids differ from other lipids structurally?
o Know steroids role in cholesterol in cell membrane
o Steroid hormones and examples
 Know that cholesterol is a precursor to all other steroids. Explain why.
4. Know the following characteristics of proteins
 Know the monomers of proteins
 Know the basic or generalized structure and parts of an amino acid
 Relate peptide bonding to a dehydration reaction
 Know characteristics and examples of the following structural levels of proteins
o Primary
o Secondary
o Tertiary
o Quaternary
 Distinguish between fibrous and globular proteins and give examples
 What is protein dentauration? What causes this to occur?
 Know the basic parts of an enzyme
o Active site
 Know the function(s) of enzymes
 What is a substrate?
 What is activation energy and how does it relate to the function or role of
enzymes?
5. Know the following characteristics of nucleic acids
 Know the parts of the monomer of a nucleic acid (nucleotide)
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Know the base pairing in DNA and RNA
Distinguish between DNA and RNA based on the following
o Type of sugar
o Strands
o Nitrogenous bases
 Why is DNA referred to as a double helix?
6. Know the following concerning ATP
 Know the basic parts
 Why it is closely related to a nucleotide of RNA and how it differs
 Where it is made in humans
 Name of the process that makes it- cellular respiration
 Know that glucose combines with oxygen in cells to begin this process and
glucose is oxidized and stripped of hydrogen atoms and electrons to help make
ATP- carbon dioxide is a side product
 Give example of cellular work driven by ATP
7. Know the following concerning pH
 Know the following characteristics concerning acids
o Donation of hydrogen ions
o Proton donors
o Strong vs weak acids
o Lowers pH
o 0-6 on pH scale
 Know the following characteristics concerning bases
o Donates hydroxide ions
o Proton acceptor
o Raises pH
o Strong vs weak bases
o 8-14 on pH scale
 Know the following concerning the pH scale
o Based on concentration of hydrogen ions
o Know the scale and relate to acids, bases or neutral classification
o Know that a high concentration of hydrogen ions causes the pH to drop and
why; high concentration of hydroxide ions causes the pH scale to rise and
why
 Know the reactants and products of a neutralization reaction
 Define buffer
 Be able to use the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system to explain how a buffering
system works (apply this to blood buffering)
Please Note:
The Study Guide/Objective Page is to be used as a supplement to complement any lecture
material that is covered in class. It should be used along with your power point notes and
other supplementary material provided by your instructor to prepare for exams. To
prepare successfully for the exams you must review the following:
1. Power Point/Lecture Notes
2. Study Guide and Review Sheets
3. Reading/Textbook Reference
4. Self-Study Guides
5. Independent Notes