Download Examples of how citations are typically used within the text

Examples of how citations are typically used within the text. Sometimes people use
footnotes instead. You may cite with another style. Mainly be consistent.
From: Environment and Social Justice: Some Issues
E. N. Anderson, Dept. of Anthropology
Univ. of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0418
Comparable findings are well documented for East Africa, where the
Maasai and their neighbors, for instance, maintained the land and its wildlife.
When these peoples are displaced by game parks, the parks promptly
deteriorate and wildlife populations decline (Fratkin 2004; James Igoe,
personal communication; McCabe 1990, 2004; McCabe et al. 1992). Similar
stories from all over the world routinely appear on environmental social
science and environmental justice listserves and in professional meetings,
and are painfully common knowledge to field researchers.
Often, this is done in the name of conservation and environmental
management. This rhetoric is suspect. Many have held that such rhetoric is
just misguided (Latour 2004) or is actually intended to shore up
governmental power rather than to conserve resources (Agrawal 2005; Scott
1998). Sometimes, simple mistakes, based on the assumption that local
people could not know what they were doing, have caused colonial and
postcolonial powers to scorn local practices and promote alien practices that
turned out to be less well adapted. This has happened especially often in
Africa, where racism led to a particularly high level of indifference to local
competence. The classic study is Fairhead and Leach (1996), which has been
followed by a large literature.
Occasionally there are better outcomes. After displacing Aboriginal
owners from their lands for national parks, the Australian government found
that the lands were deteriorating, and has had to bring back Aboriginal
management (B. and E. Anderson, personal observations; see also Pyne
1991).
Even global warming is harming the poor differentially. Global
warming is caused, in large part, by release of greenhouse gases due to
burning fossil fuels and to clearing of land (leading to breakdown of
vegetable material). The leading releasers of greenhouse gases are the
United States and China. These benefit. However, global warming has led
to drying of Africa (Gedney et al. 2006; ironically, the United States and
China are both getting increased rainfall, though not in their dry areas).
Africa’s droughts have led to thousands of deaths from starvation, shortage
of potable water, and related causes (Sierra 2006). Sierra magazine
concludes: “Global warming is an environmentally unjust calamity” (Sierra
2006:13).
Notice the citations within
the text. Anderson made a
statement about parks and
wildlife and then cited his
sources. In parentheses he
includes the authors’ names
and the dates of their
publications. This way he
immediately lets the
readers know where he got
the information to make a
statement like this.
Readers can then refer to
the bibliography to see
more about the information
source.
This last sentence is a direct
quote, so Anderson also
includes the page number of
the source after the author’s
name and the date of
publication.
Then include a bibliography, which gives the complete information about each source: author, date of publication, title
of article or book chapter etc., (editors, if they put the book together), title and volume of journal if that is the source,
and page numbers.