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Civil War There were many factors which contributed to the Civil War. One of the major issues was the debate over the expansion of slavery into new states. Congress came up with several compromises in an effort to appease the interests of northern and southern states. The Nullification Crisis The Nullification Crisis was a conflict over states' rights. Congress enacted tariffs in 1828 and 1832 on imported goods in order to protect American factories. South Carolina decided to declare the tariffs null and void within their state, which meant they refused to follow the federal law. South Carolina thought that the tariffs were unfair because they were forced to pay higher prices for goods. South Carolina threatened to secede if the government tried to enforce the law, and President Jackson was getting ready to send troops to South Carolina. Henry Clay introduced a new tariff, which lowered the tax rates over a few years, and South Carolina did not secede. Missouri Compromise In 1819, Missouri wanted to be admitted the Union. At this time, there was an equal number of free and slave states. Free states did not want to admit Missouri as a slave state and change the balance of power in favor of the slave states. In 1820, Henry Clay of Kentucky played a major role in getting northerners and southerners in Congress to agree on the Missouri Compromise. Under the terms of the Missouri Compromise, Missouri, a slave state, and Maine, a free state, were both admitted to the Union. This kept the number of slave and free states equal. The Missouri Compromise also made slavery illegal in the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri's southern border. Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 dealt with the issue of slavery in territory that the U.S. acquired as a result of the Mexican War. Henry Clay proposed the idea that California would be admitted as a free state, and the territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide the issue of slavery by popular sovereignty, meaning that the people who lived there were able to vote on whether or not slavery would be allowed. Kansas-Nebraska Act Under the terms of the Missouri Compromise, slavery was not allowed areas that were part of the Louisiana Territory and were north of Missouri's southern border. In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois introduced a bill to create the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and to let those territories decide on the issue of slavery by popular sovereignty. The bill was favored by southerners, but opposed by northerners. Despite the opposition, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and repealed part of the Missouri Compromise in the process. Civil War Abraham Lincoln, John C. Breckinridge, Stephen Douglas, and John Bell were all people who played significant roles in the 1860 election. Presidential Election of 1860 In the presidential election of 1860, the issue of slavery divided the country and divided the Democratic party. Northern Democrats chose Stephen Douglas of Illinois as their candidate. Southern Democrats were not pleased with Douglas' position on slavery, so they chose John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky as their candidate. The newly formed Constitutional-Union party did not take a stand on slavery and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois was the Republican candidate. Lincoln won all of his electoral votes from free states, and Breckinridge won all of his electoral votes from slave states. With 180 electoral votes, Lincoln was elected president. In response to Lincoln's election, Southern states began seceding from the Union. Abraham Lincoln By the time Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president on March 4, 1861, seven slaves states had seceded from the Union. The Civil War began shortly afterwards. Throughout the Civil War, Lincoln wanted to restore the Union. Lincoln is known for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation in which he declared slaves in the Confederate states "then, thenceforward, and forever free." Lincoln gave a memorable speech at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on November 19, 1863. He was re-elected as president in 1864 and was assassinated after the end of the Civil War in April of 1865. John C. Breckinridge John C. Breckinridge was a lawyer, U.S. representative, senator from Kentucky, vice president of the United States, and Southern Democratic candidate for President in 1860. Breckinridge was an unsuccessful candidate for president. He was nominated by the Southern faction of the split Democratic Party and supported by the outgoing Democratic president, James Buchanan. Breckinridge won the South with his pro-slavery platform, but he was unable to win solid majorities in the Border States. His native Kentucky went for John Bell, the Constitutional Union candidate. In most of the North, Breckinridge received almost no support. After the election, Breckinridge served in the Confederate army and became the Confederates' secretary of war in 1865. Stephen A. Douglas Stephen A. Douglas was a politician from Illinois. He was the Northern Democratic nominee for president in 1860. He lost to the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, whom he had defeated two years earlier in a Senate contest following a famous series of debates. He was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because he was short but was considered by many a "giant" in politics. John Bell John Bell was a politician, attorney, and plantation owner. A wealthy slaveholder from Tennessee, Bell served in the Congress in both the House of Representatives and Senate. He began his career as a Democrat and later became a Whig. In 1860, he was among a group of presidential candidates defeated by Abraham Lincoln in a bitterly divided election that helped spark the Civil War. Originally, Bell was against states leaving the Union, but after the firing on Fort Sumter in South Carolina and Lincoln's call for military troops to force the Southern states back into the Union, Bell changed his mind and retired from politics. Civil War The Civil War, fought between the Union and the Confederacy, went from 1860 to 1865. In that time, a president took office (and was later reelected), states seceded, battles were fought, and important speeches were made. The Civil War ended on April 9, 1865 when Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House. Below is a timeline of important events and battles during the Civil War. Timeline of Civil War Events Election of 1860: Abraham Lincoln wins the presidential election, and the South fears that the Republican president is a threat to the Southern way of life. Lincoln defeated Southern Democrat Breckinridge and Northern Democrat Douglas. South Carolina secedes, December 1860: South Carolina secedes from the Union as a reaction to the election of 1860. Eleven states eventually followed and formed the Confederacy. Georgia secedes, January 1861: Georgia secedes from the Union and joins the Confederacy shortly after. Georgia later became the last state readmitted to the Union in 1870. Battle of Fort Sumter, April 1861: Confederate soldiers fire on Fort Sumter in South Carolina, which is occupied by Union soldiers. This battle, on April 12, marks the beginning of the Civil War. First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), July 1861: The Union army advances on Richmond and is pushed back by Confederate soldiers. This battle, on July 16, marks the first major engagement of the Civil War. Battle of Antietam, September 1862: The battle takes place near Antietam Creek in Maryland and becomes the first major battle on Northern land. The battle also is the bloodiest single-day battle in American history. Andersonville POW Camp: Andersonville, Georgia becomes the home of Camp Sumter, a Prisoner-of-War site. Thousands of Union soldiers are confined in horrible conditions. Over 13,000 soldiers die in this POW camp. Emancipation Proclamation, January 1863: Lincoln declares all slaves in Confederate states are now free. Slaves in the Union states of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware are not free. This proclamation changes the goal of the war to ending slavery instead of just preserving the Union. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863: Union leader Meade stops the Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. This battle is one of the bloodiest battles in the Civil War, with both the North and South losing thousands of soldiers. Along with Vicksburg, this Union win becomes a turning point in the war. Battle of Vicksburg, July 1863: General Grant defeats the Confederate Army at Vicksburg, Mississippi on July 4. The Union now controls all of the Mississippi River, and the Confederate states Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas are cut off from the rest of the Confederacy. This battle, along with Gettysburg, becomes a turning point in the war. Battle of Chickamauga, September 1863: The Confederate Army, led by Tennessee General Braxton Brigg, fights the Union Army in south-central Tennessee and northwestern Georgia, near Chickamauga Creek. The Confederate Army defeats the Union Army, temporarily stopping the Union advance in Tennessee and Georgia. Lincoln delivers Gettysburg Address, November 1863: Lincoln speaks at Gettysburg at a ceremony dedicating the battlefield as a cemetery for those who died in that battle. The speech becomes one of the most famous speeches in U.S. history. General William Sherman's March to the Sea, 1864: William Tecumseh Sherman captures Atlanta, Georgia for the Union army. After capturing Atlanta, Sherman leads his army across the south to the Atlantic coast. Sherman's army sets fire to towns and destroys anything that might help the South's war effort, including crops, bridges, and railroad tracks. Election of 1864: Sherman's capture of Atlanta helps Lincoln to win back the support of the Republican Party just in time for the election. Lincoln defeats McClellan, his former general, to be re-elected President of the United States. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House, April 1865: Lee surrenders to Grant on April 9 after his troops become surrounded by Union troops while retreating from Richmond. Lee surrenders without permission from Confederate President Davis, and the Civil War comes to an end. John Wilkes Booth assassinates Lincoln, April 1865: While at the theater, an actor named John Wilkes Booth assassinates Lincoln on April 14, just 6 days after Lee had surrendered to Grant and ended the Civil War.