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Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Textbook Assignments Page # Topic 32/33 Plantations, Middle Passage Middle Passage Northwest Ordinance & Slavery 68, 69 Slavery & Constitutional 89 Convention Debates about Slavery 146 Experience of Slavery 122 Missouri Compromise 36° 30' line And Expansion of Slavery States Rights 145 Abolitionist Movement 156 Differences between the North and South 158 Underground Railroad Fugitive Slave Law 159/160 Map of Slave vs Free States Compromise 1850Kansas Nebraska Act 162 Creation of Republican Party 162/166 163 172 182/83 185/188 Dred Scott case Lincoln Election Civil War and Slavery Emancipation Proclamation And fighting in the Union Army. 13th Amendment Reconstruction Republicans Black Codes Radical Reconstruction 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Life After Civil War KKK 286-88 Schools for the Emancipated African Americans at 1900 Lesson Objectives 1. Why were slaves needed? 2. How were they captured? 3. Where did they come from? 4. How were they transported? 5. Why was it ok to enslave blacks and not whites? 6. How was the issue of Slavery treated in creating the Constitution? 7. Why was slavery used widely in the South and not as much in the North or West? 8. How did Slavery become an issue for the expansion of the country? 9. Who was against slavery and why? 10. What do States' Rights and Slavery have to do with the Civil War? 11. How did Slavery become an issue that divided the country and was one cause of the Civil War? 12. Why did the election of Abraham Lincoln cause Southern States to secede? 13. What happened with Slavery during the war? Or, What role did slaves play in the war? 14. What happened to former slaves or African Americans after the war? 15. How did people, Southerners and Northerners, react to African Americans after the war? 1 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Quiz Part I 1. The _____________ compromise was created in the US Constitution that identifies slaves and how they are to be considered for representation in the House of Representatives. 2. The South believed that slaves __________ be counted in the representation of the states. 3. The US Constitution stated that the slave trade could not be prohibited prior to _________. 4. Two leaders of the abolitionist movement were ______________ and ______________. 5. The abolitionists want to ____________________________. 6. Two requirements of the Missouri Compromise were: A._________________ B._________________ Slavery Quiz Part II Economy of the South relied on slave labor because: The North did not rely on slave labor because: The Underground Railroad (158) Compromise of 1850 (159-60) Kansas Nebraska Act (159-60) Creation of the Republican Party (162) 2 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Pre-Test What do you already know about Slavery? In order to plan for this unit please answer the following questions. 1. Why were slaves needed? 2. How were they captured? 3. Where did they come from? 4. How were they transported? 5. Why was it ok to enslave blacks and not whites? 6. How was the issue of Slavery treated in creating the Constitution? 7. Why was slavery used widely in the South and not as much in the North or West? 8. How did Slavery become an issue for the expansion of the country? 9. Who was against slavery and why? 10. What do States' Rights and Slavery have to do with the Civil War? 11. How did Slavery become an issue that divided the country and was one cause of the Civil War? 12. Why did the election of Abraham Lincoln cause Southern States to secede? 13. What happened with Slavery during the war? Or, What role did slaves play in the war? 14. What happened to former slaves or African Americans after the war? 15. How did people, Southerners and Northerners, react to African Americans after the war? 3 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Terms to Know A. Define the term. B. Write two or three sentences that explain how the term relates to Slavery or African Americans in the United States 1800-1900. Before Civil War After Civil War 1) West Africa-Gold Coast, Slave Coast 1. December 1860 S. Carolina Secedes 2) Middle Passage 2. February 1861 Jefferson Davis elected 3) Plantations - cotton, tobacco, sugar first Confederate President April 1861 cane fort Sumter is attacked Civil War 4) Southern colonies, states, (Virginia, begins Georgia, Carolinas, Alabama, 3. January 1863 Emancipation Mississippi… Proclamation takes effect. 5) Racism of Slavery 4. African American Soldiers 6) Northwest Ordinance 5. 1864 Freed Men's Bureau created 7) Chattel 6. 13th Amendment Ratified 18658) Life of a slave Abolished Slavery 9) Constitutional Convention 7. Reconstruction 10) Plantations 8. Radical Reconstruction 11) 1793 Elie Whitney and the Cotton Gin 9. Black Codes 12) Differences between North, West, and 10. KKK South 11. 14th Amendment- Guaranteed equal 13) Abolition Movement protection under the law for all 14) 1807 Importation of Slaves Prohibited citizens. 15) Expansion of Slavery- Expansion of 12. 15th Amendment - said states could Country not limit voting because of race. 16) 1820 Missouri Compromise 13. Postwar African American Migration 17) California 14. Life in the South after reconstruction 18) Fredrick Douglas 19) John Brown 20) States' Rights 21) Compromise of 1850- California comes and no restrictions on the new territories. (New Mexico and Utah. 22) Fugitive Slave Law 23) 1844 Dred Scott Case 24) Liberia25) 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act-Said voters living in the territories could decide to be free or slave. 26) 1854 New party the Republican Party Established. 27) November 1860 Abraham Lincoln elected 1st Republican President. 4 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Slavery: in the beginning of the 1800s the United States had a tradition of holding humans as a form of property known as Slavery. Africans were transported to the United States from West Africa and sold to large agriculture producers in the Southern part of the United States. This inhumane institution caused division among people of the United States. Slavery became an issue of states' rights that eventually exploded into a bloody Civil War. By 1900 Slavery was destroyed and thousands of former slaves moved North, but the legacy of Slavery plagued African Americans. Topics to consider: o Inhumanity of Slavery: "The Middle Passage," Conditions of Slavery o Slavery in politics: Adding slave states to the Union, Missouri Compromise, Abolition Movement African Americans' Lives after Emancipation- NAACP, Reconstruction, KKK Why were slaves needed? Slavery in the New World began in the Caribbean with the control of the Spanish West Indies. The Spanish used slaves. Slavery in the United States began with the some of the earliest settlements. 1619 was the first record of slaves being offered for sale by Dutch merchants. Slaves were needed in agriculture production specifically for trade. Large plantations that produced, tobacco, rice, indigo and later cotton, needed large amounts of cheap labor to make a profit. At first laborers were indentured servants. But soon it was found that Africans were more efficient, could be held Durante Vita- for life, indentured servants would run away too easily. 1670- 500 Slaves in the colonies- 112,000 Anglo/Americans 1775- 500,000 Slaves lived in (200,000 in Virginia alone) the Colonies, all but 50,000 in the South- 1,500,000 Anglo/Americans How were they transported? Triangular Trade- was the process of trading agricultural goods, manufactured goods and humans. Manufactured goods would be traded in West Africa on the Ivory, Gold and Slave coasts. (See Map of Triangular Trade) there the ships would pick up a cargo of human slaves. Slaves would then be transported to the New World: Brazil, Caribbean, or the British Colonies / USA. There the slaves would be auctioned off and a new cargo of tobacco, lumber, cotton, would be transported to the mother country and a new cargo of manufactured goods loaded. 5 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Where did they come from? How were they captured? African chiefs would capture enemies and trade them to the Anglo/ European traders in exchange for manufactured goods. Middle Passage: Once the human cargo was captured and the deal was sealed, the slaves were overloaded onto ships. They were chained below decks and suffered unimaginable horrors. (See Primary Source Document, the middle passage) More than 7500 slaves were transported each year, by 1775. Slave importation in the United States ended in 1812. Why was it ok to enslave blacks and not whites? Many Anglo/ Europeans used the following arguments to justify and rationalize Slavery: Biblical arguments to justify the use of slaves. (Ham and water Bearers) Racism- Blacks were considered inferior, like children, not capable of taking care of themselves, they needed to be taken care of. How was the issue of Slavery treated in creating the Constitution? Slavery is not mentioned in the Constitution except in reference to the representation of primary slave states ie Southern states. Every 5 slaves would equal 3 white citizens. At the Constitutional Convention delegates debated Slavery and how the issue should be dealt with. The result was that it would not be included in the document, Southern states would have never agreed to any discussion of outlawing the institution of Slavery. Rather than cause a divide immediately, the delegates compromised and included the idea of slavery in the 3/5s compromise. Northern delegates believed and hoped that the Slavery would die out as it had in the North. Southern delegates believed it to be a matter of STATES' Rights, the people in the state should have the right to decide. Later the issue of STATES' Rights will be the primary cause of the Civil War. 6 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Why was slavery used widely in the South and not as much in the North or West? Why are Sectional Differences an issue? Southern Economic Development The South, from its earliest development needed large population of laborers to work the land. Cotton especially, plowing, planting, chopping, picking ginning, bailing and shipping. Many large plantations, working with strictly export economy. Produced cash crops and support crops, by 1840's Tobacco and Cotton lead. The South always supports low import and export taxes. The idea is that if America taxes foreign goods then, the price of those goods will go up and fewer goods will be sold. This effects the South because; they buy a lot of goods from outside the country. Also, if America charges taxes then, the foreign governments will charge taxes and fewer American goods will be sold overseas. Ie cotton. 1793 Slavery was on its way out. It was too expensive to make a profit from Cotton and the cost of slaves. Eli Whitney unintentionally changed this. He invented a machine that processed raw cotton, the Cotton Gin separating the seeds from the fiber. Before his machine, people had to clean the cotton before it could be used. This took a long time. When the price of cotton was low planters lost money. When Whitney developed the machine, Southern planters became rich again and could afford the costs of Slavery. Few factories are built in the South. Culture: The South was a society of elite planters, similar to the Nobility of England, and other whites, with lower status. A noble and proud mix. 1860- 90% of Slave owners held fewer than 20 slaves. Whites in Slave states = 8 million 384,000 whites owned slaves. Most whites did not own slaves-- but most wanted to someday, like winning the Lotto. Western Economic Development The Frontier: the edge of settled and civilized land. 7 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Northern Economic Development The North did not need Slaves. Agriculture was mostly individual family farms. No larger plantations. Therefore no large labor force, virtually no slaves. Indiana, Ohio, Illinois were free states according to the Northwest Ordinance, 1787. Industrial Revolution: Beginning in England, business owners began to create machines to produce goods: Cloth at first, then, all kinds of goods, shoes, guns, pots, pans, tools, and even more machines… Factories were developed; machines were used to make goods. Machines needed power, at first it was waterpower, later they become steam powered. Factories were located in areas of large population and easy access to transportation, (Canals, Oceans, large rivers) New England was the first area to develop factories. When factories begin to be built, cities grew in size. As agricultural machines are developed, fewer people are needed on the farm and population begins to move to the cities, feeding the factories. People were willing to invest. Stock exchange was created in the early 1830's. Cultural Differences: North was mainly strongly Protestant and many felt Slavery was morally wrong. The North is Racist. How did Slavery become an issue for the expansion of the country? Missouri Compromise: 1818 settlers in Missouri territory requested admission to the Union The question rose, should it be a slave state or a free state? Henry Clay- leader in Congress from Kentucky – Conflict emerged between Southern and Northern groups. He created a compromise- to allow equal number of slave and free states Maine enters as a free state and Missouri enters as a slave state. Provided for the entrance of new states in the Louisiana Purchase, above 36 8 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Who was against slavery and why? Abolitionist movement: The movement to end slavery and free African Americans 100 plus societies in the North Some suggested that Former slaves be resettled in Africa Some said former slaves remain in US as free citizens William Lloyd Garrison was one Abolitionist, published a newspaper The Liberator His paper advocated and called for immediate emancipation Fredrick Douglas was a former slave, well educated and advocated the end of Slavery at any means possible. Life Under Slavery: 1830’s slaves included equal numbers of male and female House servants, farm hands, and field workers Turner’s Rebellion: Nat Turner was the leader of 50 slaves who rebelled against slave owners and killed at least 60 whites. Turner and his followers were captured and executed Slave owners opposed the abolition movement What do States' Rights and Slavery have to do with the Civil War? Compromise of 1850: Clay and Webster States entering the Union, California o Compromise between Northern and Southern powers in Congress o California enters the Union as a free state o South gets a new Fugitive Slave Law said escaped slaves could be recaptured in the North and that people helping slaves could be prosecuted- $1000 fine and 6 months in jail. o Slavery and Popular Sovereigntyo Territories that are ready for statehood could decide if they wanted slavery Kansas Nebraska Act 1854: o Sponsored by Senator Steven Douglas o Repealed the Missouri Compromise o Said that territories of Kansas and Nebraska could decide through a vote of the people if they wanted slavery or not Underground Railroad: Secret group of abolitionists who helped runaway slaves travel to Canada Harriet Tubman- former slave helped people escape North 9 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Fugitive Slave Law: (page 162) o Slaves that escape, were to be arrested and returned to their owners o Anyone convicted of helping a fugitive slave was liable for a fine of $1000. and imprisonment for up to six months Creation of the Republican Party: (page 158) o 1854 as people began to be more intolerant and sensitive to slavery a new political party developed. o A new party that was opposed to slavery in the territories is formed- The Republican party o Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act and spread of slavery in the territories o United a number of anti-slavery groups- abolitionists, Free Soiliers, Whigs, Democrats, Know Nothings Dred Scott Case (page 162/166) o Dred Scott was a slave who lived in Missouri o His owner took him to Illinois and Wisconsin and back to Missouri o Scott brought a law suit for his freedom, it went to the Supreme Court o He argued that he had lived in a free state and therefore he should be free. o The court ruled against Scott “Scott lacked legal standing to sue in Federal Court because he was not, nor ever could be a citizen.” o “Being in free territory did not make a slave free.” o The court cited the 5th amendment that protects property, including slaves. o Constitutional Justifications: o US Constitution Article 4 section 2- “No person held to service or labor in one state… escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor…” o US Constitution, Article 4, section 3- “the Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the Territory or other property belonging to the United States…” (Dissenting argument) o Key point: The Dred Scott Case strengthened and expanded Slave owners’ rightso Caused the rejection of all the slavery related compromises- now slavery could take place in free states. John Brown (page 164) o John Brown was a radical abolitionist o He wanted slaves to rise up and take their freedom o He and 21 other, both white and black attacked the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry and was defeated, tried and executed o Caused reaction both in the North and South, some Northerners celebrated Brown’s actions o The South became more sensitive and tried to suppress anti-slavery people 10 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Lincoln’s Election (page 163-64) Lincoln, a Congressman from Illinois, first ran for Senate against Douglas Lincoln believed Slavery o Was Immoral o Slavery in the territories should not be disallowed o Should be abolished with a constitutional amendment o 1860 Republicans nominated Lincoln for president o Lincoln was a moderate o He tried to reassure the South by stating, A Republican administration would not “Interfere with their slaves, or with them about their slaves.” Election of 1860 o Whigs- split over slavery, Southern Whigs and Know Nothings created a Constitutional Union Party – Bell o Democrats- Split over slavery Northern Dems voted for Douglas, Southern Dems voted for Breckenridge, o Republicans- nominated Lincoln, he won in the Electoral College, no southern states voted for Lincoln Secession: (page 164) o Southern states fearing the end of slavery and the limitations of their rights as states, decide to leave the Union and created their own government o First to go: o South Carolina Dec. 1861 o Mississippi o Florida o Alabama o Georgia o Louisiana o Texas… Civil War and Slavery: African Americans/Former Slaves- fought in the Union Army on a limited scale 180,000 troops, 10% of the Union Army Emancipation Proclamation: (page 172) o January 1863, after two years of war, Lincoln decided to attack the Confederacy’s use of slaves. o Hi proclaimed all slaves in the rebellious states emancipated = free. o The proclamation did not affect slaves in states loyal to the Union. 11 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 13th Amendment: (182-83) o 1865 amendment ends slavery “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.” Reconstruction: (page 184) 1865-1877 The period in which the US government began to rebuild the Southern rebellious states o Identified rules and regulations regarding how states would be readmitted to the Union Lincoln’s Plan: o The 10% Plan (Lenient) all confederates would be pardoned, except top officials and war criminals, o when 10% would swear an oath of allegiance, the state could hold elections and send representatives and senators to Congress o Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee are admitted under this plan. Johnson’s Plan: (Lincoln’s Vice-President, takes over when Lincoln assassinated) o Lenient to the South o “With malice toward none and charity for all.” Lincoln’s second inaugural address o Tried to exclude high ranking Confederates and wealthy landowners from participating in the new governments (but pardoned many) o Believed white men must be in charge of the South o Allowed the states to send representatives- under his plan of pardons, Congress refused to seat these delegations and passed legislation related to Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Act of 1865 (to make former slaves citizens) o Johnson vetoed both measures Radical Reconstruction o Some extremist (Radical) Republicans felt Lincoln’s plan was too lenient o Led by Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Representative Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania o Wanted to punish the Southern states o Wanted African Americans to be given full citizenship and the right to vote o Overturned Johnson’s veto of the Freedmen’s Act that set up Freedmen’s Bureauo Overturned Johnson’s veto Civil Rights Act o Passed the 14th Amendment- that prevented states from denying rights and privileges to any US citizen, “all persons born or naturalized in the United States.” Passed Reconstruction Act of 1867o Cancelled the reconstruction plans of both Lincoln and Johnson o Set up military districts of the Confederacy (ended the governments set up under the Lincoln and Johnson plans) o Forced states to allow blacks to vote and to ratify the 14th amendment in order to rejoin the Union o 1868, 15th Amendment: declared that the states cannot stop people from voting based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” 12 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 Freedmen’s Bureau: (page 184) o Organization created by Congress to help poor whites and newly freed slaves- provide food, clothing, hospitals, legal protection and education o Republicans were angered by Johnson’s actions regarding the veto of the Black Codes (page 185/188) Laws that were passed in Southern states were aimed at that restricted African Americans Klu Klux Klan: 13 Slavery and African Americans in the United States 1800 - 1900 African American Perspective on US history 19th Century How has learning about the history of African Americans in the United States changed your attitudes and understanding of African American culture? How has learning about the treatment of African Americans in the 19 th Century made you more sensitive to the perspective of African Americans? How has learning about African American history in the US affected your understanding of African American culture? Write a reflection about your understanding of African American perspective on American History. Have your attitudes changed? 14