Download Chapter 6: “The Duel for North America”

A.P. U.S. History Notes:
Chapter 6: “The Duel for North America”
~ 1608 – 1763 ~
I.
II.
III.
France Finds a Foothold in Canada
1. Like England and Holland, France was a latecomer in the colony race.
a. It was convulsed in the 1500s by foreign wars and domestic strife.
b. In 1598, the Edict of Nantes was issued, allowing limited toleration to the French
Huguenots.
2. When King Louis XIV (“Sun King”) became king, he took an interest in overseas
colonies.
3. In 1608, France established Quebec, overlooking the St. Lawrence River.
4. Samuel de Champlain, an intrepid soldier and explorer, became known as the “Father
of New France.”
a. He entered into friendly relations with the neighboring Huron Indians and helped
them defeated the Iroquois.
b. The Iroquois, however, did hamper French efforts into the Ohio Valley later.
5. Unlike English colonists, French colonists didn’t immigrate to North America by
hordes.
a. The peasants were too poor, and the Huguenots weren’t allowed to leave.
New France Fans Out
1. New France’s (Canada) one valuable resource was the beaver.
a. Beaver hunters were known as the coureurs de bois and littered the land with place
names, including Baton Rouge (red stick), Terre Haute (high land), Des Moines
(some monks) and Grand Teton (big breasts). (by the way, they drank a lot)
b. The French voyageurs also recruited Indians to hunt for beaver as well, but Indians
were decimated by White Man’s diseases, and the beaver population was heavily
extinguished.
2. French Catholic missionaries zealously tried to convert Indians. Jesuits
3. To thwart English settlers from pushing into the Ohio Valley, Antoine Cadillac
founded Detroit (“city of straits”) in 1701.
4. Louisiana was founded, in 1682, by Robert de La Salle, to thwart Spanish expansion
into the area near the Gulf of Mexico.
a. Three years later, he tried to fulfill his dreams by returning, but instead landed in
Spanish Texas and was murdered by his mutinous men in 1687.
5. The fertile Illinois country, where the French established forts and trading posts at
Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes, became the garden of France’s North American
empire.
The Clash of Empires
1. King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War (two different fights) Imperial
wars…both started in Europe and spread only slightly to the colonies.
a. The English colonists fought the French coureurs de bois and their Indian allies.
i. Neither side considered America important enough to waste real troops on.
b. The French-inspired Indians ravaged Schenectady, New York, and Deerfield.
c. The British did try to capture Quebec and Montreal, failed, but did temporarily
have Port Royal.
d. The peace deal in Utrecht in 1713 gave Acadia (renamed Nova Scotia),
Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to England, pinching the French settlements by the
St. Lawrence. It also gave Britain limited trading rights with Spanish America.
2. The War of Jenkin’s Ear
a. An English Captain named Jenkin’s had his ear cut off by a Spanish commander,
who had sneered at him to go home crying (essentially).
b. This war was confined to the Caribbean Sea and Georgia.
c. This war soon merged with the War of Austrian Succession (3rd Imperial War)
and came to be called King George’s War in America.
d. France allied itself with Spain, but England’s troops captured the reputed
impregnable fortress of Cape Breton Island.
e. However, peace terms of this war gave Louisbourg, which the New Englanders
(colonists!) had captured, back to France, outraging!! the colonists, which feared it.
IV.
V.
VI.
George Washington Inaugurates War with France
1. The Ohio Valley became a battleground among the Spanish, British, and French.
a. It was lush and very good land.
2. In 1754, the governor of Virginia sent 21 year-old George Washington to the Ohio
country as a lieutenant colonel in command of about 150 Virginia minutemen.
a. Encountering some Frenchmen in the forest about 40 miles from Fort
Duquesne, the troops opened fire, killing the French leader.
b. Later, the French returned and surrounded Washington’s hastily
constructed Fort Necessity, (appropriately named) and after a 10-hour
siege, made him surrender. (yes, Washington loses again?)
c. He was permitted to march his men away with the full honors of war.
Global War and Colonial Disunity
1. The fourth of these wars between empires started in America, unlike the first three.
2. The French and Indian War (aka Seven Years’ War) began with Washington’s battle
with the French.
3. It was England and Prussia vs. France, Spain, Austria, and Russia.
4. In Germany, Fredrick the Great won his title of “Great” by repelling French,
Austrian, and Russian armies, even though he was badly outnumbered (skill…).
5. In previous wars, the Americans were not unified, but now they were.
6. In 1754, an intercolonial congress was held in Albany, New York.
a. A month before the congress, Ben Franklin had published his famous
“Join or Die” in the Philadelphia Gazette. The cartoon featuring a snake
in pieces, symbolizing the colonies.
7. Franklin helped unite the colonists in Albany, but the Albany plan failed because it
compromised too much.
8. Significance: Attempt at Colonial Unity!
Braddock’s Blundering and Its Aftermath
1. In the beginning, the British sent haughty 60 year-old general Braddock to lead a
bunch of inexperienced soldiers with slow, heavy artillery.
2. In a battle with the French, the British were routed.
a. In this battle, Washington reportedly had two horses shot from under him
and four bullets go through his coat, but never him.
3. Afterwards, the frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina felt the Indian wrath, as
scalping was everywhere.
4. As the British tried to attack a bunch of strategic wilderness posts, defeat after defeat
piled up.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Pitt’s Palms of Victory
1. In this hour of British trouble, William Pitt, the “Great Commoner,” took the lead.
2. In 1757, he became a foremost leader in the London government.
3. Later earning the title of “Organizer of Victory,” he soft-pedaled assaults on the French
West Indies, assaults which sapped British strength, and concentrated on QuebecMontreal.
4. In 1758, Louisbourg fell after a blistering siege.
5. 32 year-old James Wolfe, dashing and attentive to detail, commanded an army that
boldly scaled the cliff walls of a part protecting Quebec, met French troops near the
Plains of Abraham, and in a battle in which he and French commander Marquis de
Montcalm both died, the French were defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered.
a. The 1759 Battle of Quebec ranks as one of the most significant
engagements in British and American history, and when Montreal fell in
1760, that was the last time French flags would fly on American soil.
6. In the peace treaty at Paris in 1763, Britain got all of Canada, but the French were
allowed to retain several small but valuable sugar islands in the West Indies and two
never-to-be-fortified islets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence for fishing stations.
7. France’s final blow came when they gave Louisiana to Spain to compensate for
Spain’s losses in the war.
a. Great Britain took its place as the leading naval power in the world, and a
great power in North America.
Restless Colonials
1. The colonists, having experienced war firsthand and come out victors, were very
confident.
a. However, the myth of British invincibility had been shattered.
2. Ominously, friction developed between the British officers and the colonial “boors.”
3. The British refused to recognize any American officers above the rank of captain.
4. However, the hardworking Americans believed that they were equals with the
Redcoats, and trouble began to brew.
5. Brits were concerned about American secret trade with enemy traders during the war;
lots of money was made by colonial smuggling during the war…not a very good British
citizen huh?
6. In fact, in the last year of the war, the British forbade the export of all supplies from
New England to the middle colonies.
7. Also, many American colonels refused to help fight the French until Pitt offered to
reimburse them.
8. During the French and Indian War, though, Americans from different parts of the
colonies found, surprisingly to them, that they had a lot in common (language, ideals),
and barriers of disunity began to melt.
Americans: A People of Destiny
1. Now that the French had been beaten, the colonists could now roam freely, and were
less dependent upon Great Britain.
2. The French consoled themselves with the thought that if they could lose such a great
empire, maybe the British would one day lose theirs too.
3. Spain was eliminated from Florida, and the Indians could no longer play the European
powers against each other, since it was only Great Britain in control now.
4. In 1763, Ottawa chief Pontiac led a few French-allied tribes in a brief but bloody
campaign through the Ohio Valley, but the Whites quickly and cruelly retaliated after
being caught off guard.
a. One commander ordered blankets infected with smallpox to be distributed
among the Indians. (biological warfare)
b. Such violence convinced Whites to station troops along the frontier.
5. Now, land-hungry Americans could now settle west of the Appalachians, but in 1763,
Parliament issued its Proclamation of 1763, prohibiting any settlement in the area
beyond the Appalachians.
a. Actually, this document was meant to work out the Indian problem, but
colonists saw it as another form of oppression from a far away country.
b. In 1765, an estimated on thousand wagons rolled through the town of
Salisbury, North Carolina, on their way “up west” in defiance of the
Proclamation.
6. The British, proud and haughty, were in no way to accept this blatant disobedience by
the lowly Americans, and the stage was set for the Revolutionary War.
X.
Makers of America: The French
1. Louis XIV envisioned a French empire in North America, but defeats in 1713 and 1763
snuffed that out.
2. The first French to leave Canada were the Acadians.
a. The British who had won that area had demanded that all residents either
swear allegiance to Britain or leave.
b. In 1755, they were forcefully expelled from the region.
3. The Acadians fled far south to the French colony of Louisiana, where they settled
among sleepy bayous, planted sugar cane and sweet potatoes, and practiced Roman
Catholicism.
a. They also spoke a French dialect that came to be called Cajun.
b. Cajuns married Spanish, French, and Germans.
c. They were largely isolated in large families until the 1930s, when a
bridge-building spree engineered by Governor Huey Long, broke the
isolation of these bayou communities.
4. In 1763, a second group of French settlers in Quebec began to leave, heading toward
New England because bad harvests led to lack of food in Quebec.
a. Most hoped to return to Canada someday.
b. These people also preserved their Roman Catholicism and their language.
c. Yet today, almost all Cajuns and New England French-Canadians speak
English.
5. Today, Quebec is the only sign of French existence that once ruled.
a. French culture is strong there in the form of road signs, classrooms, courts,
and markets, eloquently testifying to the continued vitality of French
culture in North America.
Salutary Neglect
Britain’s absence in colonial America due to pressing issues in England left the colonies alone for the most part
to govern themselves. During this time they flourished and developed a British origin, yet with a distinctly
American flavor. It was because of this absence that the colonies became more self sufficient and eventually it
led them to a feeling of individuality that they feared losing, thus bringing forth the Declaration of
Independence after a series of events.
mercantilism: features, rationale, impact on Great Britain, impact on the different colonies: Economic policy
prevailing in Europe during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries under which governmental control was exercised
over industry and trade in accordance with the theory that national strength is increased by a majority of exports
over imports. The colonies adopted mercantilism as business in which the mother country could benefit.
triangular trade: Trade that takes place between three places is called triangular trade. Colonial trade was not
very triangular because the Navigation Acts forced American merchants to trade only with Britain. However,
the Americans still managed to smuggle goods with the French Caribbean and India.
consignment systems: A system of drafting sailors into the British navy. The British could freely use the
soldiers at their convenience by the rules of this draft. The draft caused many problems in the life of young
American men. Many teenagers tried to avoid the draft by giving false information about themselves.
Molasses Act, 1733: Legislation by the British Parliament for taxing and imposing shipment restrictions on
sugar and molasses imported into the profitable colonies from the West Indies. It was meant to create profitable
trade as a protective tariff, but it was never meant to raise revenue.
Woolens Act, 1699; Hat Act, 1732: Iron Act, 1750: Act specifying certain enumerated goods—principally
tobacco, rice, and indigo—that the colonists could export only to another English colony or to England. These
were attempts to prevent manufacturing in the British colonies that might threaten the economy of England.
Currency Act, 1751: Act passed by British Parliament that affected the colonies by adjusting the currency. The
point of this attack was to raise revenue for Great Britain. It was a clear example of how Salutary Neglect was
coming to an end with the French and Indian War.
Currency Act, 1764: Another Act passed by the British Parliament that affected the colonies and was meant to
raise revenue for Great Britain. It was very similar to the other previous Currency Act but this act was targeted
towards the people and raising the taxes so that the Parliament could make more money.
Magna Carta, 1215: A charter granted by King John, that exactly established the relationship between the
kings and barons and guaranteed ideas of free commerce, the right to a fair trial, and the right to a trial by your
peers. Many of the base rights in the United States Constitution are included in it.
Petition of Right, 1628: Petition given to Charles I by parliament, asking him to stop sending soldiers to live in
private citizens homes, stop taxing without its consent and stop declaring martial law in a time of peace. This
occurred partially because Charles was trying to pay off his war debt.
Habeas Corpus Act: Act saying that a person can not be held in prison without being charged and tried. They
put this into effect to help stop innocent people from being thrown into jail with no specific reason why. This
idea was adopted into our Constitution in Article 1, Section 9. It can only be revoked in time of rebellion.
Navigation Act, 1651: Parliament passed this legislation in 1651 in order to protect English trade from foreign
competition. It was only temporary and it stated that goods imported or exported by the colonies in Africa and
Asia must be shipped out or imported only by English vessels and the crews must be 75% British. It also helped
U.S. capitalism.
Navigation Act, 1660: This Parliamentary act renewed the 1651 act and specified certain innumerable articles
which could be exported only to the English or to another English colony in 1660. Among these goods were
tobacco, rice, and indigo. American shipbuilding thus prospered and there was a stable protected market for
producers.
Navigation Act, 1663: This Parliamentary act disallowed colonial merchants from exporting products like
sugar and tobacco anywhere except to England and from importing goods in ships not made and produced by
the English. Along with the 1660 act, it was passed to help English commercial interests in 1663 but helped the
U.S.
Navigation Act, 1696: This was the fifth and final Parliamentary Navigation Act. It allowed for methods of
enforcing the acts, provided more penalties for evasion, and introduced use of vice-admiralty courts. It was
passed in 1696 in an effort to strengthen its effect on colonists. It was felt much more harshly by the colonists
and led to hostility
admiralty courts: These were courts that were created to bring sailors to trial for going against the navigation
acts. They were often held away from the colonies, a fact that the colonies viewed as being unconstitutional.
Also, the courts awarded judges money for every conviction, thus judges became more apt to find people guilty.
merchants/markets: People and places involved in the trading system of the colonies were merchants and the
markets with which they traded. The Navigation Acts opened up British markets to American merchants, and
the number of merchants increased during the 1750’s as well.
•BOARD OF TRADE, (of the Privy Council): This board was part of the Privy Council which was one of the
committees formed by the British Parliament In 1793 Britain’s Privy Council sent out orders that any foreign
ships caught trading with the French Islands located in the Caribbean to be automatically captured and taken
away. They deliberately waited to publish these instructions so that American ships would be seized, causing
over 250 ships were captured.
Robert Walpole: Statesman who is considered Britain’s first prime minister. He entered the English Parliament
in 1701 and became a well known speaker for the Whig Party. In 1708 he was named Secretary of War. In 1739
he declared war on Spain, which caused division in his party (Whigs) for support for him in elections.
the Enlightenment: A period in the 1700s when a new method of thought was employed. It was a time when
great minds awoke and started thinking, affecting the colonies as well as Europe. Some beliefs brought to the
forefront were the laws of nature, optimism, confidence in human reason, and deism. Its ideas lead to
revolutionary ideas.
John Locke’s Ideas: John Locke was a philosopher that supported Colonial America. He criticized the "divine
right" kings had and believed that the people should have a say and that the supreme power should be state
power, but only if they were governed by "natural" law. His ideas can be seen in the Constitution.
John Peter Zenger Trial: Trial involving the founder of the New York Weekly Journal , who received money
from influential town members. So when Zenger published articles by his contributors that criticized Colonial
government he was arrested and put on trial. He was announced not guilty, his success paving the way for
freedom of the press.
•COLONIAL GOVERNMENT: Characterized by regular assemblies and appointed militia, law, and local
administration. Often, these were dominated by the colonial elite despite liberal qualifications for male voters.
Because of low voter participation and indifference toward politics, colonial government only truly flourished
in the major seaports. The most significant development of colonial government was the rise of the assembly
and the limiting of the power of governors.
Rise of the lower house: In Colonial America the lower house had increasingly equal if not more power than
the upper house. The house had the power of the purse which led them to being the more dominant house. More
common people could get into government than before and make a difference which helped build the
foundations of America.
•PROPRIETARY, CHARTER, ROYAL COLONIES: These are three ways one could come upon owning
land in Colonial America. One such way was for a company to give out land so an area would become
populated. Kings and Queens could also give away land as well as people having property passed on to them,
therefore having an influence on decisions the new powers would make. All of these ideas helped shape
America’s way of government life.
colonial agents: Representatives sent by Great Britain to the colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries. They
would observe the colonies and then send the information back to England. The problem is by the time it got
back to England the information that had once been true was now old and wrong.
Glorious Revolution: When Mary and William over run James II in England in 1688, British citizens saw this
as a win in liberty for parliament would have more control than ever. Moderate uprising that came out of the
Colonial America during this time ended with William and Mary taking apart the Dominion of New England.
Bill of Rights, 1689: Bill that said no Roman Catholics could hold a position of king or queen in England. It
also made it illegal for a monarch to postpone laws, have a standing army, or levy taxes without the okay of the
British Parliament. The colonies then interpreted the law and used it against the British (levy tax).
Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals swept through the colonies in the 1730s. Key players were Theodore
Frelinghuysen, William and Gilbert Tenant, Jonathan Edwards, and George Whitefield. Through the awakening
emerged the decline of Quakers, founding of colleges, an increase of Presbyterians, denomenationalism, and
religious toleration.
Jonathan Edwards - Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, A Careful and Strict Enquiry into. . . That
freedom of Will: Sermon about how one must have a personal faith and relationship with Jesus Christ to gain
salvation instead of an afterlife in hell. The sermon also used the fury of the divine wrath to arouse religious
fervor.
George Whitefield: English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his
sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.
Coming from Connecticut, most of his speeches were based there. His presence helped raise the population by
about 3000 people.
William Tennent: Presbyterian minister who played a chief role in the Great Awakening in Central New Jersey
by calling prayer meetings known as the Refreshings around the 1730’s. Another one of his significant projects
was the founding of his influential Log College which had teachers educated in all areas of study.
Gilbert Tennent: American Presbyterian minister, in 1740 delivered a harsh sermon, "The Dangers of
Unconverted Ministry," in which he criticized conservative ministers who opposed the fervor of the Great
Awakening. The result was a schism (1741) in the Presbyterian church between the "Old Lights" and the "New
Lights," led by Tennent.
Old Lights, New lights: Two groups of ministries who frequently had heated debates on the issue of God
during the Great Awakening. The Old Lights rejected the Great Awakening and the New Lights, who accepted
it and sometimes suffered persecution because of their religious fervor.
Harvard University: University located in Cambridge, Mass. that was founded in 1636 on a grant from the
Mass. Bay Colony. The school was originally organized to educate ministers because of the scarcity of clergy
and lack of an educational institution in the new colony. The university eventually developed a more secular
format
effects of the Great Awakening on religion in America: Long term effects of the Great Awakening were the
decline of Quakers, Anglicans, and Congregationalists as the Presbyterians and Baptists increased. It also
caused an emergence in black Protestantism, religious toleration, an emphasis on inner experience, and
denominationalism.
Great Britain Versus France
With America as a new prospect for both France and Great Britain, tensions grew between the two countries.
The result was a series of wars like King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, the War of Jenkin’s Ear, King
George’s War, and the French and Indian War.
Changes in land Claims of 1689, 1713, 1763: Before 1689 almost all of the land belonged to Spain, and
France with Britain only starting. Then by 1713 France was dominating the North America and Britain was
spreading up and down the coast. In 1763 with the Treaty of Paris, Britain became the overwhelming power.
Differences between French and British colonization: The French mostly had fur traders and posts in North
America so they could get goods, they were more inland and made friends with the Indians. While the English
were settling for good on the shore, making homes and government- they were all there to start a new life.
Why Great Britain eventually won: When William Pitt joined the British leaders he turned things around. He
began to treat the Americans like equals or allies instead of subordinates. This lead Americans to feel a sense of
pride and a renewed sense of spirit that sent them into several victories that made France eventually concede.
King William’s War: In Europe a war fought between the Grand Alliance and France which also embroiled the
colonies. The entire war was battled over who would reign in England. In the colonies the Indians were fighting
for the French. In 1697 fighting ceased due to the Peace of Ryswick which restored Port Royal to the French.
Queen Anne’s War: The second of the four imperial wars fought between Britain, France and Spain. It took
place from 1702-1713. Though many Spanish colonial towns were captured and burned by English forces,
American colonists met with military failure creating a feeling of dependence on Britain. The war ended with
Peace of Utrecht.
Peace of Utrecht: Treaty that ended Queen Anne's War in 1713. Due to this treaty France had to give up
Acadia, Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay territory to England but got to keep Cape Breton Island. The treaty
also introduced a period of peace in which the American colonists experienced growth economically and
politically.
War of Jenkin’s Ear: This war was British versus Spain. It was fought in Georgia and North Carolina.
Lieutenant Governor William Gooch led Virginia’s 400 men into the whole 3000 men colonial army and after
their Colonel died Gooch succeeded him. When they attacked Cartagena it proved disastrous, though Gooch
wouldn’t report it that way.
King George’s War: War fought between Britain and France and Spain. It took place not only in Europe but
also in North America with American colonists supporting the British with thousands of troops. In the Treaty of
Aix-la-Chapelle Britain gained lands in India but lost Louisburg, which embittered Anglo-American relations.
•FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: The French and Indian war was fought between Britain and France. It lasted
from 1754-1763, with the colonies supporting Britain and the Indians supporting France. This war spanned
three different continents and it was the main factor in the ending of "salutary neglect." This war planted the
seeds of misunderstanding between Britain and the colonies and indirectly was one of the causes of the
Revolutionary War. Britain came out victoriously with the Treaty of Paris.
Coureurs de Bois- Unlicensed trader who traded illegally with Indians. Many young men seeing only the
prospective wealth left their families and traded illegally with Indians, some even married into the tribes. They
also enlisted Indians in the French Army. These Coureurs de Bois were important in setting up fur trade in
Canada.
Francis Parkman: Francis Parkman was one of the prominent historians of his time (1823-1893). Most of his
work concerned the conflict that arose between France and Britain for land in Colonial America. Later on in his
career he went west and traveled with tribes, such as the Sioux, which ended with the book, The Oregon Trail.
Albany Plan of Union, Benjamin Franklin: Colonial confederation based on the ideas of Franklin calling for
each town to have independence in a large whole, known as a Grand Council. It was used for military defense
and Indian policies and set a precedent for later American unity.
Edward Braddock: Braddock was the General of all the British Troops (French and Indian War), he led an
attack against Fort Duquesne, never reaching his destination for they were attacked by the Monongahela River
where 900 of his 1200 men were wounded or killed. Braddock was wounded at this battle and died soon
afterwards.
William Pitt: Prime minister for Britain, who helped Britain bounce back after the Revolutionary War and who
lead the war effort against France. Pitt had two terms, 1783 to 1801 and 1804 to 1806. He was considered a
moderate, with the backing of the king and the parliament. Pitt’s time in office became a foundation for future
prime ministers.
Fort Duquesne: This was the fort that General Braddock tried to take during the French and Indian War but
him and his troops were slaughtered in an ambush at the Monongahela, where 900 of the 1200 troops were
wounded or killed. Later General Amherst captured the fort.
Wolfe, Montecalm, Quebec- the Plains of Abraham: The battle of the French and Indian War, between
General Wolfe and General Montecalm in which both were killed . It ended with the capturing of Quebec and
was one of the final steps that lead Montreal to surrender, thus making Canada no longer a threat.
Land squabbles in North America, where, why and what over: Any of the imperial wars that were fought in
North America, for if when Britain won they would usually gain territory they had wanted before. Also various
battles with Indians over pieces of land because colonists pushed their way onto Indian land, not caring if it
belonged to them.
Treaty of Paris (1763): Treaty that ended the French and Indian War was ended by the Treaty of Paris. This
treaty ended French reign in Canada. The treaty also called for Spain to give Florida to Britain, and for France
to give all lands east of the Mississippi River to Britain. It also was a precursor, for colonial politics would
follow Britain.
Proclamation of 1763: This proclamation stated that no white settlers could go past the crest of the
Appalachians. While this upset many colonists who had claims that far west, Britain explained it was only
temporary, for it was meant to calm the Indians, sure enough five years later the boundary was moved further
west.
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763: After France had to give up the territory they had near and around the Appalachian
Mountains the Indians were afraid that the British would come in and start to settle down permanently, to make
sure this didn’t happen Chief Pontiac launched an offensive at Bushy Run and Pontiac’s forces won for the time
being.
Proclamation of 1763: The British issued this in 1763 in hopes of conciliating the Indians and to lessen white
expansion. It banned colonists from settling west if the Appalachian mountains. Though it was supposedly a
temporary measure, colonists were angered and the line was moved further west five years later for speculators.