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Russian Public Policy Natasha Brown-Joel Economy Fall of Soviet Union basically rooted in economic problems and reforms Since 1991 Russian economy has improved since advancement in areas of privatized industries In the summer, very few people in all social classes have running hot water for weeks in Moscow because water plants shut down for maintenance every year People today are skeptical of the wisdom in policy makers and of new regimes Today the economy is fueled greatly by oil and gas reserves Perestroika Reforms Gorbachev wanted to slow down government and have it be more traditional consisting of market economy programs, price freedom and nationwide privatization Brought many political problems to the surface Freedom of speech Religious tolerance Freedom of travel and communications Legalization of oppositional political parties The sudden economic shift left a majority of the national wealth with the elites “Shock Therapy” Reforms Yeltsin's “shock therapy” created chaotic conditions that resulted in small group of entrepreneurs running economy 1991- Economy fell when government defaulted on billions of dollars of debt from stock market losing half its values which threatened global economy Russians suffered from introduction of free market Under the Soviet government, jobs were secure but in 1991 unemployment rates soared Oligarchs and Mafia members were only ones that thrived GDP GDP rank GDP by sector $1.4 trillion (2017) (nominal) 12th (nominal) Agriculture: 4%, Industry: 36.3%, Services: 59.7% (2014 est.) Labour force 77 million (June 2016) Labour force by occupation Agriculture: 9.7%, Industry: 27.8%, Services: 62.5% Unemployment 5.4% (June 2016) Average net salary (2012 est.) RUB 383,000/€6,000/$6,500 annual (2016) Foreign Policy Soviet Union held dominance over huge portions of world for 20th century and broke apart in 1991- dominance ended 1990s was filled with humiliation for Russia as Yeltsin had to rely on loans from US and other countries for help Putin in 21st century set out to re-define Russia's place in world with former Soviet states Tension between countries because of Putin Foreign Policy- Relations with Near Abroad Lack of formal powers but Russia still holds critical observations on other countries Trade agreements bind them together but nationality differences keep them apart on decision making CIS has issues and is long away from being a regional power like European Union In 2007, Estonian government removed Soviet era statue from public place in capital resulting in protests from people in Moscow Gas industries fight over power among surrounding countries Relations with the West Biggest adjustment for Russia is their loss of superpower status from Cold War era, US emerged as lone superpower in 1991 Bush and Clinton both wanted to keep good relationships with Russia Russia is currently negotiating membership in World trade organizations Russia's relations with the west are defined greatly by their oil and gas industries After 9/11, Putin's solidarity with US seemed to mark new era with US, until recently Terrorism Beslan school siege in southern Russia in 2004 with Muslim terrorists Suicide bombing in subway station in Moscow and on Russian airplanes Putin responded with reform package to boost security for emergencies Laid out security and political reform that top officials would not be directly elected but instead selected by president and approved by regional legislatures Recentralization of Power in Kremlin Critics think Putin's reforms for selection of regional government is more than a response to terrorism but is part of decentralization of power in the Kremlin. Kremlin now controls major television stations and 75% of Russian gas industries Not clear if these moves mark beginning of the end of democratization in Russia or actually reacting to terrorism similar to US and British governments reactions after major attacks Development of Civil Society Russia has not had history of having civil society but since fall of Soviet Union it has been more acknowledged and tried to be obtained Many Russians believe Putin puts roadblocks in front of nonprofit organizations to manage money Managed democracy, Putin manipulates laws to benefit himself and business owners Russia influenced by tradition of having a strong government or die Activists working to try and protect nonprofit areas in Russia but Putin makes it difficult Welfare State Welfare includes: maternity leave, child allowances, housing, paid vocations, medical care,elderly pensioners, veterans, infants and children, expectant mothers, families with more than one child, and people with disabilities Many people live on threshold of poverty even with these benefits Caused by fragmentation from Soviet Union and inflation During Soviet Union, diverse services were available through lower levels of government and ministries, mainly focusing on disabled and elderly Human Development Index (HDI) Index: .798 Ranked: 50 Population: 142.5 million Life Expectancy: 70 years Years of Schooling: 14 years Civil Rights/Civil Liberties 1993- Constitution of Russia Lack of multi-party system, only run under Putin (United Russia) who appoints a prime minister who acts as ‘vice president’ (currently Dmitry Medvedev) All communication and education is regulated by government Telephone Media Radio Telegraph Gender Issues Male community commonly engages in sexual harassment of women and If women are offended, they are thought of as having lack of sense of humor Pay is unequal with jobs Much harder for women to take out a loan, creditors operate under presumption they will not be able to pay back loan Authorities rarely enforce help with problems against gender discrimination Many LGBT members have fled because of the discrimination with propaganda against them, no laws against this Population and Migration Emigration picked up in early 1900s with Jews leaving because of the pogroms in Russia aimed at them, around 2 million left During WWII, around one million mostly anti-communist Russians fled for west In 1960s, 2 million Jews left when Kremlin relaxed Soviet Jewish community regulations In 2000, emigration slowed with popularity of Putin becoming president but has picked up since 2012 Currently the largest emigrating group is the educated in search of work, slowing Russian development and advancement in technology and systems Environment Many issues are directly tied to the country's history, as several policies enacted during the Soviet Union's leadership were made with little regard for the environment Lots of endangered animals from history of importance to hunting with Siberian Tiger, Polar Bear and Caucasian Leopard Energy consumption and pollution control have low funding, relies heavily on burning fossil fuels contributing to air pollution Low funding for water treatment plants in rural areas Outdated nuclear facilities for storage and disposal United Kingdom vs. Russia 1. Has two major political parties 7. Has lots of endangered animals because of hunting history 2. Has HDI rank of 14 3. Has average national income of $20,000 per year 8. Does not have much regulation from government 4. Has welfare for citizens 9. Is behind in advancements towards technology and pollution control 5. Is an immigration destination 10.Has a life expectancy of 70 years 6. Economy is rooted in nationally run oil industries Answers 1. United Kingdom 7. Russia 2. United Kingdom 8. United Kingdom 3. Russia 9. Russia 4. Both 10.Russia 5. United Kingdom 6. Russia Works Cited http://factsanddetails.com/russia/Government_Military_Crime/sub9_5a/entry-5197.html http://www.usrussianbusiness.com/images/russian-wealth.gif https://russiaeu.ru/en/russian-foreign-policy http://www.baltic21.org/environment/russia.html http://in.rbth.com/society/2015/04/06/gender_equality_in_russia_still_a_long_way_to_go_42419 https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/problem-russias-best-and-brightest http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/RUS https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/gi-roundtable-series/pamphlets/ourrussian-ally/is-there-freedom-of-religion http://countrystudies.us/russia/54.htm