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E. Grisham Western Civ. II nd 2 Industrial Revolution 1. New Products Steel, chemicals, electricity, internal combustion engine 2. New Markets Rise in incomes and population gave European businesses strong domestic markets Europeans began to develop a modernized economy based on mass consumption nd 2 Industrial Rev. Germany became the new industrial capital of Europe, replacing England Industrialization spread to the U.S. & Japan, while Eastern European countries remained primarily agricultural Women in the Workforce Most women worked in sweatshops or did piecework from home before the second IR But after 1870, new jobs became available for women white collar service jobs such as clerks, typists, secretaries, and phone operators Overall, the lack of jobs for women led many to become prostitutes Organizing Workers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0GFSUu5UzA Inspired by Marxist ideas, many workers came together to form socialist political parties These parties became popular in Germany and worked to improve conditions for the working class Some Marxists believed in pure Marxism that predicted the collapse of capitalism and the need for socialists ownership of the means of production Others, however, believed in a revisionist Marxism which encouraged workers to unite and achieve power through politics rather than revolution Still, others disagreed with Marx’s emphasis on lack of ties to a particular nation or country. In many cases, nationalist sentiment was stronger among workers than was class loyalty. Organizing Workers Unions were also formed to fight for fair working conditions. Sometimes, they would go on strike, but more often they used collective bargaining as a tool to improve conditions. Others believed in a more radical society based on anarchy. They believed the state should be abolished completely. Used assassination & terror, but no states collapsed. Mass Society Population growth caused by improvements in agriculture and industry Emigration many moved seeking opportunity or escaping the problems of industrialization Urbanization growth of cities Improvements in living conditions reformers pushed for government intervention (sewage, mass transportation, etc…) Mass Culture Leisure time Sports, vacations, music halls Consumer goods Department stores, advertising National States Growth of political democracy Expansion of voting rights in GB New constitutional republic in France Revolutionaries fought for rights in Spain where only propertied classes could vote Italy became unified but only 2.5% of the population could vote In Central and Eastern Europe, the old order remained strong Many faced problems of trying to unite multiple nationalities under one state E. Grisham Western Civ. II Physics Questioned the material world and theorized that not everything in the universe adhered to a certain pattern, but instead could be random and irregular Einstein: Theory of relativity Stated that space and time were not absolute, but relative Many people who had relied on the orderliness of science became confused and anxious Nietzsche Believed Christianity’s emphasis on rules and moral laws had diminished people’s “impulse for life” and caused all of the problems in Western society He thought people should free themselves from religion and create their own values “God is dead” Sigmund Freud His theories undermined the ideas on the rational nature of the human mind His thoughts, like Einstein's and Nietzsche’s, added to the uncertainty of the age Sigmund Freud Published The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900 which became the foundation of psychoanalysis Argued that human behavior was largely determined by the unconscious Used hypnosis and interpretation of dreams to study the unconscious Focused on repressed past experiences Sigmund Freud Believed humans had a constant internal struggle between the ID, EGO, & SUPEREGO ID Center of unconsciousness, desires & impulses EGO Reason and balance of an individual SUPEREGO Consciousness, morals that society taught people Social Darwinism Application of Darwin’s theories to soceity “Survival of the fittest” applied to the following: Rich v. poor Successful businesses v. unsuccessful businesses Strong nations v. weaker nations “Civilized people” v. “uncivilized people” “superior races” v. “inferior races” Germans/Aryan race “superior” Jews, gypsies, Africans, Asians “inferior” Attack on Christianity Separation of church and state Scientific thought and growing emphasis on technology The church rejected a lot of new ideas Modernism Literature Naturalism: emphasis on reality “telling things as they were” Tried to be objective Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment Symbolism: reaction against realism “art for art’s sake” Art Impressionism: loose brush strokes, emphasis on light and color Monet & Berthe Morisot Art Post-impressionism: beginning of modern art Cezanne & Van Gogh Art Individual expression Art became less about capturing reality (invention of the camera) and more about expression Picasso Cubism: using geometric shapes to recreate an image Abstract art: focused on color and not on reality Women’s Rights Emphasis on family and marriage laws New professions Nursing Right to vote suffragists (most places still did not extend suffrage to women) “New Woman” broke traditional gender roles Educated, not married, no children Jews Racism, nationalism, and uncertainty led to the creation of new political groups who worked to isolate and persecute the Jews Placed in ghettos Seen as the murderers of Jesus Anti-Semitism was widespread in Austria, Germany, and Russia Blamed Jews for problems in society In Russia, organized massacres of Jews were common Thousands of Jews left Russia to escape persecution and went to the U.S. and Palestine Many returned to Palestine as the land of Ancient Israel, it held historic and religious importance for them and they hoped to established a Jewish state there (Zionist Movement) Great Britain Changes in liberalism Liberals were forced to adopt social reforms due to pressures from trade unions & the Labor Party Fought for bore government intervention in the economy (opposite of lassiez faire liberalism) The Labor Party was successful in electing 29 members to the House of Commons, forcing liberals to enact social programs or loose support of workers They passed legislation that created a new British welfare state to benefit workers (retirement, unemployment, healthcare, etc…) France Dreyfus Affair Alfred Dreyfus A Jew and captain in the French military found guilty of selling military secrets and sentenced to life in prison on Devil’s island Evidence emerged that proved his innocence and that another aristocratic Catholic officer was clearly guilty However, because of antisemitism and the aristocratic & Catholic nature of the French military, the Army refused a retrial After public outcry, Dreyfus was pardoned by the government almost 15 years later Germany By 1914, Germany was the strongest military and industrial power in Europe However, there were tensions between modernism (industrialization) & traditionalism (limited democratic participation in a largely autocratic military state) Austria-Hungary Made up of multiple nationalities Tensions rose as different nationalities pushed for autonomy Russia Revolution of 1905 Discontent in Russia led a large group of workers to march on the winter palace at St. Petersburg to present a petition of grievances to tsar Nicholas II Troops opened fire on the peaceful procession and launched a revolution Known as “Bloody Sunday” In October, Nicholas II released the October Manifesto, granting civil liberties & creating a legislative assembly known as the Duma However, these reforms were short lived and within a few years, things returned to the way they were before United States The U.S. had become a world industrial power by 1914 Was the world’s richest nation During the Progressive Era, reforms were put in place to combat the problems of industrialization and limit the power of corrupt business practices The New Imperialism 1880s Competition for colonies abroad in Africa & Asia Reasons for Imperialism: Social Darwinism: the belief that Europeans were the dominant race, meant to dominate other races Religion: moral responsibility to “civilize” ignorant people “White Man’s Burden” Economic: demand for resources, trade, & new markets Competition: to prove more powerful than other European nations South Africa: Africa Great Britain took control of Cape town, previously controlled by the Dutch Boer War GB overthrew the Boers (Dutch) who controlled South Africa and makes South Africa part of the British Empire West Africa: controlled by the French Egypt: controlled by Great Britain, who wanted access to the Suez Canal for trade with India By 1914, Africa was carved up by the European powers Asia GB: Australia, India France: Indochina, Cambodia Russia: Alaska, Manchuria (leads to Russo-Japanese war) U.S.: Philippines, Guam, Samoa, Pureto Rico, & Hawaii China Imperialist nations all wanted to control China Instead, John Hay, U.S. secretary of state, proposed an “Open Door Policy”. This allowed everyone to equally trade with China & instead of establishing colonies, each country would have a “sphere of influence” China Boxer Rebellion Uprising of Chinese martial arts warriors who fought to push the foreigners out of China The European powers collectively smashed the rebellion Leading up to War Decline of the Ottoman Empire “Sick Man of Europe” Land was “up for grabs” by other European powers Wanted by Russia & Austria Russia fights for control of the Balkans and wins After the victory, the other European powers meet at a Congress of Berlin Decide to give some territory back to the Ottomans, some to the Austrians, and to allow Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro to become independent states Russia is not happy with this decision Leading up to War Alliances Formed for military protection Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, and Russia Leading up to War Bosnian Crisis Austria’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina angered the Serbians, who wanted to create a Serbian kingdom, uniting Slavic peoples Serbia prepared for war against Austria with Russian support (who had wanted the territory in the Balkans for themselves) 2 Balkan wars left no real changes Europe was on the brink of a major war Imperialism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alJaltUmrGo& list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&index=35
