Download Francesca Rael Mr. Dufloth AP Euro 8/22/12 AP European History

Francesca Rael
Mr. Dufloth
AP Euro
8/22/12
AP European History Summer Notes
The Hundred Years' War and the Rise of National Sentiment
> Began May 1337 ended October 1453.
> English King Edward III credited for starting it by asserting claim to French throne.
> Wasn’t only over throne and leadership
> Both countries were large powers and were expanding - they wanted more land
 What were the main causes of the Hundred Years War between France and England?
◦ The English king tried to claim the French throne.
◦ England and France were too close in proximity to each other, causing confrontation at ports
and creating a long history of prejudice.
◦ The two countries often quarreled over Flanders
 Why was it clear that France would lose?
◦ French was destined to fail because they had an internal disunity. The disunity was caused by
social conflicts
◦ England’s army was far superior and more organized than France’s
◦ The royal leadership of France was weak, while England's was stronger.
 What was the progression of this hundred-year long war?
◦ Edward III – Sparks a rebellion against France, which puts him in the spot of king. A complete
break down of political order in France followed.
◦ Excessive bullying from the French privileged classes causes a series of bloody rebellions
known as the Jacquerie.
◦ England forces the Peace of Bretigny-Callais on the French, and agreement which declared an
end to Edward's vassalage to the king of France
◦ Edward renounces his claim to the French throne
◦ The Treaty of Troyes disinherits the legitimate heir to the French throne and declares Henry V
the successor.
◦ Joan attacks England who are already exhausted from a six-month battle.
◦ Charles VII is named the new king of France and does nothing to stop Joan of Arc from being
executed.
◦ Result - the war devastates France but awakens a sense of pride. The peasants are forced to pay
taxes, which fund the war. It encouraged England to develop their own industry and foreign
markets.
Timeline of The War:
1340 - English Victory at the Bay of Sluys
1346 - English Victory at Crecy and seizure of Calais
1347 - Black Death Strikes
1356 - English Victory at Poitiers
1358 - Jacquerie disrupts France
1360 - Peace of Bretigny-Calais recognizes English holdings in France
1381 - English Peasants Revolt
1415 - English Victory at Agincourt
1420 - Treaty of Troyes
1422 - Henry VI proclaimed King of both England and France
1429 - Joan of Arc leads French to victory at Orleans
1431 - Joan of Arc executed as a heretic
1453 - War Ends; English retain only Calais
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
> Church's position not as favorable as it appeared to be
 What was the 13th century papacy and what did it cause?
 Pope Innocent transformed the papacy.
 He weakened the church spiritually yet strengthened it politically
 His successors perfected the reformation of the papacy
 Under Urban IV, the papacy established its own law court called the Rota Romana
 The Rota Romana tightened and centralized the church's legal proceedings
 The church started clerical taxation, which began as an emergency measure in the 12th
century (to raise funds for the Crusades)
 The pope's power to determine appointments to many church offices was greatly broadened
 The 13th century papacy was a political institution with its own laws, courts, bureaucracy,
and non-religious goals
 Why was Rome pulled apart politically?
 Instead of analyzing Rome's needs, the interests of the country controlled church
appointment's, policies and discipline
 Internal religious disunity, and needing to be defensive against old allies began to
undermine the 13th century church
 Summary - The Roman Catholic Church was the most important institution in the feudal
world, it controlled both the political and religious institutions, conflict arose between the
temporal and spiritual domains as monarchs began to centralize their power taking it away
from the church
 Who was Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair, and what challenges did they present to the
papacy?
 Boniface VIII was the Pope and came to rule when England and France were maturing as
nation-states
 Philip the Fair was the king of France, also known as Philip IV of France
 Phillip wanted to end England continental holdings, power of Flanders and establish a
French political system within the Holy Roman Empire.
 What was the Unam Sanctum?
 Unam Sanctam was a desperate act
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Pope Boniface issued this bull which declares that Popes > Kings
France publicly declared Boniface to be a heretic and criminal to the French clergy
French army surprised the pope- he was badly beaten and almost executed
Although he was saved, he died shortly after
Boniface is forced to repeal the Unam Sanctam which shows a loss of papal power
Results: monarchs begin to rule over the religious institutions
Pope Clement V moved papal court to Avignon
After the humiliation of Boniface, popes never again threatened kinds and emporers despite
papal excommunications and political instrusion
 What was the Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)?
 The Avignon papacy appeared to be under strong French influence; French dominated
College of Cardinals
 Clement VI began to sell indulgences, or pardons, for unrepented sins as a way to collect
money for the church
 This practice contributed to the Avignon papacy's reputation for materialism and political
scheming
 Pope John XXII tried to restore papal independence
 This led him to war with the Visconti (a powerful family in Milan) and Emperor Louis IV
 Pope John XXII vs. Emperor Louis IV was a minor replay of the confrontation between
Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII
∙ William of Ockham and Marsilus of Padua wrote tracts for the royal cause
 --Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges- Agreement recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal
interference
 Prohibited the payment of annates to Rome
 Limited the right of appeals from French courts to the curia in Rome
 Who were John Wycliffe and John Huss, and why are they important?
 A religious movement, Lollards followed Wycliffe, Hussites followed Huss
 Wycliffe = intellectual spokesman for rights of royalty over churches
 Personal merit was a basis of religious authority
∙ Donatism (effectiveness of the church lied in performance & moral character)
 Huss supported Wycliffe
∙ Wine and bread for everyone for the eucharist, they were just wine and bread
 What was the Great Schism (1378-1417) and what was the Conciliar Movement to 1449?
 Pope Gregory XI reestablished papacy in Rome
 After Gregory’s death, pope Urban VI moved the papacy back to Avignon
 In 1378, the cardinals elected another pope - Clement VII. (this meant there were two popes,
not just one)
 What was the conciliar theory of church government?
 Legally, only a pope could convene a church council
 Advocates of conciliar theory sought to create church in which representative council could
regulate the actions of Pope
 The “Conciliarists” defined the church as a whole body, and the pope was only one part
 What was the Counncil of Pisa?
 The Council of Pisa (1409-1410) took both popes away and decided to elect a different pope
(Alexander V)
 Neither of the popes wanted to accept Alexander
 There were now THREE popes
 What was the Council of Constance?
 The Council of Constance (1414-1417) ended the ordeal of the three popes
 Sacrosancta – the council asserts its supremacy and Martin V will be the new pope if the
other three step down
 This council made provisions for regular meetings of church councils
 What was the Council of Basel?
 Council of Basel (1431-1449) met to clarify church documents
 Four Articles of Prague was presented to the council as a basis for negotiations
 The document had requests for:
(1) giving the masses the Eucharist with cup as well as bread;
(2) free, moving preaching;
(3) the exclusion of the clergy from holding secular offices and owning property;
(4) justified punishment of clergy who commit mortal sins
 This ended the Hussite War
 What were the consequences of the Great Schism?
 Transferring of religious responsibility onto laity and secular governments
 Secular control increased
 Kings got power over church
The Renaissance in Italy
> Transitioning between medieval and modern world
> Growing national consciousness and political centralization
> Urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism
 What was the Italian city-state and how did it contribute to the growth of Italy?
○ In the center of all trade routes
○ Duchy of Milan, Republic of Florence, Republic of Venice, Papal States, Kingdom of
Naples, Republic of Genoa all competed for political power
○ Wars between pope & emperors assisted growth of cities and culture
○ Free to expand without a king
 How was Florence divided socially?
○ Florence had four social classes:
 Grandi: Nobles and merchants – they ruled the city
 Popolo grosso – newly rich merchants who began challenging the grandi
 Middle burgher rank – shop owners and professionals
 Popolo minuto – means “little people” and they were the lower economic class
○ The Italian revolt of the poor was called the “Clompi Revolt”
○ Feuding between old and new rich, social anarchy caused by black plague, and collapse of
banking houses were the three factors
 How was despotism and diplomacy presented?
○ Cosimo de Medici was a wealthy Florentine, manipulated the constitution, and influenced
elections
○ Signoria (council) governed Florence from powerful businesses & professions
○ Lorenzo the Magnificent (grandson of Cosimo de Medici) was in charge of the money of
Florence
○ Lorenzo ruled in a totalitarian fashion
○ Mercenary armies → condottieri
○ Despots hired in other places – podesta – to maintain law and order
 To permit business
 Operated through condottieri
 Subject to assassination
 Helped give birth to diplomacy
 What was humanism, and what did it contribute?
○ Studia Humanitatis → Grammar, rhetoric, politics, poetry, history and moral philosophy
○ The study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the ancient Church fathers
○ For its own sake and in the hope of a rebirth of norms and values
 Who were Petrarch, Dante, and Bocaccio?
○ Petrarch was the father of humanism
 Secular in orientation
 Celebrates ancient Rome in “Letters to the Ancient Dead”
○ Alghieri and Boccaccio were also pioneers of humanist studies
 How did humanists reform education?
○ Humanists believed in practicing learning
○ Educational reforms and goals: to educate ennobled people and to learn what is good and
virtuous
○ Humanists were critics of tradition
 What was the “Florentine Academy” and how did it help to revive Platonism?
○ “Florentine Academy” revived Greek studies
○ The city invited Manuel Chrysoloras to promote Greek learning
○ The Council of Ferrara-Florence let many Greek scholars and manuscripts enter the west
○ Florentine Academy was an informal gathering of Florentine humanists dedicated to
reviving the works of Plato and Neoplatonists
 How did Lorenzo Valla contribute to the work of the humanists and what is civic humanism?
○ The work of Lorenzo Valla revealed the explosive character of the new learning
○ He defended predestination against the advocates of free will
○ The boldness and independence of his thought brought upon him accusations of heresy
○ Young humanists became Martin Luther’s first supporters
○ Civic Humanism: education should promote individual virtue & public service
 In Florence, Salutati, Bruni, Bracciolini
 What is Renaissance art?
○ Renaissance art showed natural world & human emotions
○ Rational order, symmetry
○ Oil paints & shading chiaroscuro
○ Linear perspective
○ The church's loss of power, education, culture, increase national feeling were showed in art
 Who were the most famous artists of that time?
○ Giotto – father of Renaissance painting
○ Painter Masaccio and sculptor Donatello also portrayed the world around them literally and
naturally
○ Leonardo Da Vinci
 Universal person
 Scientific experiments
 Studied anatomy
○ Raphael
 sensitive
 Painted The School of Athens – a “perfect” example of Renaissance technique
○ Michelangelo
 Created a variety of works
 Perfection
 Complex mannerism
 How was slavery used in the renaissance?
○ Slavery flourished as much as art and culture
○ Many people looked at slavery as a “merciful” act
○ Demand for slaves soared after the Black Death (1348-1350)
○ Muslim slaves were used first
○ Many different races were then used for domestic slavery and plantation slavery
Italy's Political Decline: The French Invasions
> Italy was made up of independent city-states, which relied on cooperation (upheld by Treaty of
Lordi)
> French entered Naples to take control
 Why did Charles VII march through Italy and who tried to stop him?
○ Young Charles was eager to invade Italy
○ Pero de Medici tried to stop Charles VIII's march through Italy
○ Ferdinand of Aragon created League of Venice
○ They tried to stop Charles and ally against France (success)
 Who was Pope Alexander VI and what did he do?
○ Pope Alexander helped France back into Italy
 He was very involved with corrupt politics
○ The pope abandoned the League of Venice
○ This made the league too weak to resist a French reconquest
○ He created French alliance with a marriage
○ Cesare Borgia married sister of King of Navarre to increase Borgia’s military strength &
get grants from Louis XVI
 Who was Pope Julius II and why was he important?
○ Strong opponent of the Borgia family
○ Weakened Borgias, raised papacy power
○ Drove venetians out of Romanga & secured papal states
○ Kicked French out of Italy again
○ Gained some territory – still under papal control
 Who was Niccolo Machiavelli and what did he contribute?
○ He was a humanist who studied ancient Rome and republican ideals (needed strong, good
rulers)
○ Did not want to see republican ideals disappear from Italy
○ Thought Italian political units were necessary by any means
○ Wanted a Medici ruler
○ Wrote The Prince, a cynical satire on the way rulers behave
Revival of the Monarchy in Northern Europe
> Divided feudal monarchy → unified national monarchy
> Powers divided between King and other semiautonomous people
> New alliance: king & town (sovereign states)
> Taxes, wars, laws = national matters
- Executives & bureaucracies
- Created national armies
- Needed to raise $
> Gabelle (Salt tax – France)
> Acaballa (sales tax – Spain)
> Direct taxes
> Sale of public offices
> No taxes on powerful nobility
 How was France revived?
○ Charles VII had a permanent army
○ Louis XI made France a great power
○ France had 2 political cornerstones: the collapse of the English empire in France after 100
years war and the defeat of Charles the Bold
 How was Spain revived?
○ Castile & Aragon united
○ Isabella (Castille) & Ferdinand (Aragon) married
○ Two united kingdoms, yet still constitutionally separated
○ They tried to Christianize spain
○ Conquered Navarre together
○ Won allegiance of Hemandad
○ Church and state intertwined
○ Promoted exploration overseas ‘
 How was England revived?
○ The country went through a rough political time, House of York v. House of Lancaster
(wars of the roses)
○ Edward IV (of York) increased the power and finance of monarchy
○ Richard III was blamed for killing Edward's son to get the throne, this upped support for
Henry Tudor
○ Henry VII (also known as Henry Tudor) was the 1st of the Tudor family line
○ He disciplined English nobility through the Court of Star Chamber (stop bribing)
 How did the Holy Roman Empire revive itself?
○ It didn't
○ Germany and Italy were exceptions to the politically focused lands
○ Germany resisted national unity
 The country was very divided, the rulers and cities did not work together
 The Golden Bull established a 7 member electoral college
 They elected an emperor and provided unity
○ Reichstog (control feuding)
 Banned private warfare
 Created a supreme court of justice
 Cardinal of Regency to coordinate policies
 Poor substance for national unity
 Religious dispute
The Northern Renaissance
> More diverse backgrounds
> More open to reforming religiously
> Religious and educational reforms (religion without vows)
 Why was the printing press an important “discovery”?
○ It gave new power to reforms
○ The press helped people become more intelligent
○ It also made books economical
○ Moveable type increased efficiency
○ The printing press put the readers in control
 Who was Erasmus and what did he do that was important?
○ He was the most famous Northern humanist
○ Gained fame through works as an educational and religious reformer
○ He tutored youth and created dialogues to teach them manners (colloquies)
○ He wanted to unite humanists and civic virtue with piety and love
○ One of his most important acts was translating the bible that Luther would later use
 How did humanism stir educational and religious reform in the Germany, England, France,
and Spain?
○ Germany:
 Father of German Humanism = Agricola
 Humanism was given nationalism by the Celtics and Von Hutton
 Reuchlin was a Christian authority on Jewish and Hebrew learning
 A man named Pfefferkorn attacked Reuchlin and many German humanists rushed to his
defense in the name of academic freedom and good scholarship
○ England:
 Erasmus, Linacre, and Grocyn matured humanism
 Colet promoted religious reform and patronized humanist studies
 Thomas More wrote Utopia and was the best known English humanist
 Henry VII trusted More
 More repudiated the Act of Supremacy (king = head of England church)
 He also refused to recognize the king's marriage to Anne Boleyn, this led to his
execution
○ France:
 France invaded Italy and stirred reformation
 Bude and d'Etaples were the French humanism leadership
 Biocennte and d'Angouleme sparked the youth reformation
○ Spain:
 Instead of a humanist reform, Spain entered the service of the Catholic church
 Francisco Jimenez founded the University of Alcoco
Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West And East
> Discovery of America expanded horizons of Europeans
 What happened when the Portuguese charted the course?
○ They traveled 77 years before Columbus
○ Prince Henry the Navigator started Portuguese exploration off African coast
○ Searched religion, slaves, gold, spices
○ Found new routes to India
 Where did Columbus sail to and what did he find?
○ Left from canary islands
○ Landed in San Salvador, thinking it was Japan
○ Met “Indians” (Native Americans)
○ Amerigo Vespucci and Magellan explored the coastline of South America
○ There were consequences:
 New empire in America
 Voyages of discovery → expeditions of conquest
 Religious and political wars
 Biological impact
 New food, diseases, animals
 What was the Spanish Empire like in the New World?
○ Spain wanted gold
○ The Aztecs in Mexico ruled almost all of Mexico
 Cortes landed in Mexico and worked with Montezuma
 Montezuma thought Cortes was a God
○ Spain took over the capital of Mexico = new Spain
○ The Incas were in Peru
 Subjects worked for the state
 Pizzaro lured Atahualpa and killed him
 He then took over Peru
 What did the church in Spanish America do?
○ The church in Spanish America tried to convert people to Christianity and teach them
European civilization and learning
○ They needed to conquer to convert
○ Las Casas argued that conquest was not necessary for conversion
○ Church became the land holder
○ Roman catholic church remained in Latin America
 How was exploitation of the natives used for the good of the economy?
○ Mining
 Conquistadors wanted gold & silver
 Great mining centers were Potosi (Peru) and some in Mexico
 Spanish crown got 1/5 of mining revenues
○ Agriculture
 Hacienda (large estate owned by Spanish)
 Laborers were rarely free to move from working for one landowner to another
 Hacienda economy produced foodstuffs and leather goods
 West indies basic agricultural unit was the plantation
 In Cuba and Puerto Rico the labor of Black slaves produced sugar
○ Labor servitude
 Was supplied by the native people
 Econmienda (right to labor Indians)
 Repartimiento (male adult Indians must devote a certain number of working days
annually)
 Debt peonage (free Indian laborers had to purchase goods from mine owner to whom
they became forever indebted)
 Black slavery
 What was the impact of Columbus’ discovery on Europe?
○ Columbus' discovery increased skepticism of the wisdom of the ancients
○ Spices and metals were both good and bad
○ They contributed to rising prices and inflation
○ Capitalist systems began in Italy
○ Aggravated social divisions