Download parts of speech

PARTS OF SPEECH
noun- person, place, thing, idea
verb- action word
adjective- modify nouns, come before nouns they modify. articles.
identifying questions: find word adj modifies ** Q + noun? = adj
WHICH?
WHAT KIND OF?
HOW MANY?
pronoun- takes place of a noun (antecedent)
adverb- modify adj, verbs, other adverbs. (-ly). show to what extent.
ID questions: ** verb/adjective/adv + Q? = adv
WHERE?
WHEN?
TO WHAT EXTENT?
WHY?
HOW?
UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS?
preposition- shows position, relationship btwn 2 things. anything that
can be done to a box (over the box, in the box, around the box, etc)
conjunction- combines words, phrases, clauses
interjection- shows excitement or emotion
PARTS OF SENTENCE ← (WORDS!)
subject- NOUN- performs the action
who/what + verb? = subj
verb- VERB- action *(1st thing to find)
transitive- action verbs
intransitive- state of being verbs
direct object- NOUN- receives action
subj + verb + who/what? = DO
indirect object- NOUN- between verb and direct obj. must have DO.
ex) Tom threw Bob the frisbee.
s
v
IO
DO
s + v + TO WHOM? =
FOR WHOM? =
IO
TO WHAT? =
FOR WHAT? =
predicate nominative- NOUN- follows a linking verb & renames subj.
ex) Mr. X is my favorite teacher. {teacher is pn modifying Mr. X,
the subject)
s + v + who/what? = PN
**test: REVERSE SENTENCE: read all after verb, read
verb, read all before verb
predicate adjective- ADJ- follows a linking verb & modifies subj
ex) Mr. X is cool. {cool is PA modifying Mr. X, the subj}
* note- can follow transitive & intransitive verbs
prepositional phrases- (prep + obj of prep) *conjunctions separating
clauses make a WALL-stop looking. prep phrases will not modify
something outside their clause.
object of the preposition- noun follows prep, prep+(adj)+OP
prep phrases function as adjectives:
which/what kind of + n? = adj phrase
or adverbs:
adj/adv/verb + adverb Qs? = adv phrase
1 find prep phrase
2 look at word immediately before (to the left)
3 if word is noun, plug into adj questions
4 if word is v/adj/adv, plug into adv Qs
5 if none of Qs work, keep looking left until you get to another
n/v/adj/adv. if it starts the sentence, it’s an adv phrase-look at the verb
of the sent.
BRIEF GRAMMAR TERMS
phrase- grp of words without subj/verb that function as one part of
speech.
clause- grp of words with a subject and verb.
TYPES OF SENTENCES & CLAUSES
Simple Sentence – independent clause, subj + verb
Compound – 2 independent clauses joined by conjunction
Complex – 1 independent clause, 1 dependent clause joined by
conjunction
Compound-Complex – 2 independent clauses, 1+ dependent clauses
joined by a conjunction
Clause – group of words with subject & verb
Independent Clause – can stand alone as a sentence
Dependent/Subordinate Clause – can’t stand alone
subordinating conjunctions- after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon
as, because, before, even though, if, in order that, once, since, so that,
than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever,
whether, while
Adjective Clause – subordinate clause, modifies noun, answers adj
questions
Adverb Clause – subordinate clause, modifies V/Adj/Adv, answers
adv questions
Relative Pronouns – relate adj clause to word it modifies
functions in subordinating clause.
who, whom, whose, which, that
can be omitted.. He is the one, I met yesterday
“whom” understood
who - subj = he whom - object = him
ex) I met him, not I met he.
Relative Adverb – where, when
can relate adjective or adverb clauses
VERBALS
participles- adj
gerunds- nouns
infinitives- adj/adv/n
PARTICIPLES
participle- verb form used as an adj, answers adj Qs. ends in -ing, -ed, d, or irregularly
ex) We went out in the pouring rain.
The speaker, known for...
A peeled and sliced banana
participles need a helping verb in order to be an action verb functioning
as the verb of the sentence
participial phrases- participle + modifiers (of verbs- adverbs/adv
phrases)
1 find verbal.
2 see if it has a DO- ask: verbal + who/what? = DO of part. (DOP)
3 see if it has an IO-ask: verbal + DOP + to/for whom/what? = IOP
4 look for adverbs and adv phrases- ask:
verbal + adv Qs? = adv/adv phrase
5 see if any words belonging in the phrase have words or phrases
modifying them (they must be included)
**all adj’s and adj phrases can be taken out and the sent will still make
sense, so test by taking part phrase out.
GERUNDS
gerund- verb form ending in –ing used as a noun
functions as S/DO/IO/PN/OP/APPs
ex) His juggling was my favorite part of the show. {subj}
subj=who/what + verb?
DO=subj + v + who/what?
IO=s + v + DO + to/for what/whom?
OP= proceeded by a prep (part of prep phrase)
APP= gerund can be app if it is the SAME THING as the subj.
ex) My job, teaching English, is fun. {teaching English is gerund
phrase functioning as an app- teaching English is the same thing as JOB}
adj’s can modify- bc it functions as a noun
adv’s can modify- bc it is a verb form (verbal)
gerund phrases- (can function as APPOSITIVES/APP PHRASES)
1 find verbal
2 ask: verbal + who/what? =DO of gerund (DOG)
3 ask: verbal + DO + to/for what/whom? = IOG
4 ask adv Q’s (to see which adv’s modify the gerund- these are included
in the phrase)
verbal + adv Q? =adv/adv phrase
5 ask adj Q’s
which/what kind of/how many? + verbal? = adj/adj phrase
6 see if any words modify words in the gerund phrase
HOW DOES THE GERUND FUNCTION??
1 find verb
2 is gerund phrase before verb?
>if yes-3
>if no-4
3 is g-phrase preceded (immediately) by a prep?
>if yes-OP
>if no-subj
4 is g-phrase preceded by a prep?
>if yes-OP
>if no-55 is verb of sent a linking/helping verb?
>if no-DO
>if yes-6
6 test for PN- see if you can reverse sent.
>if yes-PN
>if no- DO
INFINITIVES
infinitives- to + verb, functions as an adj/adv/n
noun:
To run is hard. {subj}
I like to run. {DO}
My job is to teach. {PN}
adj:
I am the man to see. {modifies man}
**note: adj infin. phrases come before nouns they modify
adv:
She studied to pass. {modifies studied}
To pass, she studied. {modifies studied}
**note: adj infin phrases come before OR after nouns they modify
-treat as prep phrases- look left
-if you get to beg of sent & it doesn’t modify anything it is usually a
noun (unless it starts the sentence-check for adv Qs and then n Qs)
- if it is a noun: to find how the infinitive/i-phrase functions in a
sentence, follow the gerund function steps
infinitive phrases1 find verbal
2 look for DOI (DO of infin)- verbal + who/what=DOI
3 look for IOI- verbal + DO + to/for what/whom? =IOI
4 ask adv Q’s
5 ask adj Q’s
6 find other modifiers
ex) She read the book to pass the exam over grammar. {to pass=infin,
exam=DOI, over grammar=adj prep phrase modifying exam}
APPOSITIVES (NOT VERBALS UNLESS IT IS A GERUND FUNCTIONING AS
AN APP!)
appositive- noun/phrase that tells more abt/explains subj(noun)
appositive phrase- consists of app and its modifiers. (usually set off by
commas. if it is not, it is where 2 nouns are side by side. the app would
be the 2nd noun in that case.
ex) Mr. X, my teacher, is cool.
My job, teaching English, is fun. {gerund app phrase}
My friend Sarah is the best.