Download Answers to Science Semester 1Review Possible hazards in the lab

Answers to Science Semester 1Review
1. Possible hazards in the lab are: eye accidents, loose clothing, fire accidents,
electrical accidents, chemical accidents, opened toe shoes, dangling jewelry,
and hair that is left down,
2. Lab is started properly when teacher instructs students to begin and students
then read complete lab before beginning. Lab is started improperly when
students begin without the teachers instruction.
3. Goggles are worn anytime chemicals, heat, or glassware are used in the lab.
These are to protect the eyes.
4. Loose clothing, dangling jewelry, and sandals should not be worn during a lab.
5. If there is an injury in the lab, the first thing a student should do is tell the
teacher.
6. Some technology that benefit society are: smoke detector, air bags, and
vaccine.
7. Some technology that harms society are super bacteria and pollution.
8. Technology is developed, built, and improved all over the world. It can benefit
any culture.
9. Society influences technology development by using and purchasing existing
technology.
10. Law tells why something happens. Theory tells how something works and
has been demonstrated reliable through experiments. However, there is a
possibility it can be disproved at sometime with an experiment if it is a theory.
11. Scientist must communicate their results accurately.
12. Research can come from books, magazine, encyclopedias, internet, tv, or a
person to answer s scientific question.
13. Controlled experiment is the process if comparing results from a control
group to results from other groups.
14. A variable is something that can be changed or manipulated during an
experiment.
15. There should be one variable, if the experiment has more than one variable,
determines which variable is responsible fir the experiment results will be
difficult or impossible.
16. The previous name if the International System of Units is metric system.
17. The advantages of the International System of Units is that they help all
scientists share and compare their observations and results. Another
advantage is that all units
are based on the number 10 and therefore, changing from one unit to another is
easy.
18. Mass is the amount of matter something is made of. SI unit (kg)
19. Area is how much surface area an object has. area = length x width (km 2 )
(m2) (cm2)
20. Volume is the amount of space something occupies. volume = length x width
x height ( liquid unit is liter) box unit is (m3) (cm3) (mm3)
21. Density is the amount of matter in any given volume. density = mass /
volume expressed in g/mL or g/cm3 Use a graduated cylinder to measure
22.
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
e.)
f.)
g.)
kilometer – measure distance between two cities
grams – mass of a pencil
milliliter – measure the amount liquid in an eye dropper.
kilograms – measure the mass of a car on Earth
centimeters – measure the length of an eraser
meters – measure the distance a tennis ball can be hit
liters – measure the amount of tea a jug may contain
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
e.)
balance – measure mass kg, g, mg
spring scale – measure force
thermometer – measure temperature K, °C
stopwatch – measure time sec, min, hr
graduated cylinder – measure volume m3, cm3, L, mL
23.
24.
a.) Technological processes are used to make something or to solve
a problem.
b.) Machines are used to assist or replace people in doing a task.
c.) Tools are used for changing other objects.
d.) Carbon is a material used to make steel.
e.) Physical models are something you can touch.
f.) Mathematical models use numbers and equations.
g.) Conceptual models compare familiar and unfamiliar things.
25. Forensics is the collection, identification, and interpretation of
physical evidence from crime scenes.
26. Frye rule states that there is a particular procedure for collecting
evidence so that it may be used as evidence in a trial.
27. Chain of custody is a record that all the evidence that was collected
and everyone that had possession from the time of collection to
storage. This helps prevent wrongful convictions and prevents
judges from disallowing evidence whose chain of custody was
broken.
28.
a.) Forensic chemistry analyzes material such as bombs or clothing
found at crime scenes.
b.) DNA fingerprinting is a process that helps match biological samples
from a crime scene.
c.) Forensic entomology analyze the number and types of insects found
on a body to determine the time of a person’s death.
d.) AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) stores
fingerprints images of millions of people in a computer database.
29. Prograde rotation is a planet that spins in a counter clockwise motion.
30. Planets that have prograde rotation are: Mercury, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, and Neptune.
31. Retrograde rotation is a planet that spins in a clockwise motion.
32. Planets that have retrograde rotation are: Venus, Uranus, and Pluto.
33. Rotation is the spinning or turning about an axis.
34. Planet’s rotation tells us the length of day.
35. Revolution is the motion of a body orbiting another body in space.
36. Planet’s revolution tells us the length of the planet’s year.
37. Sequence of a star’s life cycle from its earliest stage to its latest stage is
mains sequence, red giant, white dwarf.
38. Our sun is in the adulthood stage of its life. The sun still has at least five
billion more years left in this stage,
39. Stars are classified into classes based on their temperature.
40. Classes from coolest to hottest are: M K G F A B O.
41. Absolute magnitude is the actual brightness of a star born from 32.6 lightyears away.
42. Apparent magnitude is the brightness of a star seen from Earth.
43. Star farthest from Earth is Belelgeuse. Star closest to Earth is Rigel
Kentarus.
44. Sirius is the brightest star we can see and is located in the constellation
Canis Major.
45. Belelgeuse is the dimmest star we can see and is located in the
constellation Orion.
46. Color of stars coolest to brightest: red, orange, yellow, white, blue
47. Scientist can use a star’s spectrum to learn about its composition and
temperature.
48. Two main elements in our sun is hydrogen and helium.
49. Sun’s fuel is hydrogen. It generates energy to sustain this stage of the life
cycle of the sun.
50. Nuclear fusion is the process of changing hydrogen to helium.
51. Nuclear fusion takes place in the sun’s core.
52. The product of nuclear fusion is helium.
53. Sunspots are cooler dark spots that are about the size of the Earth and
they exist in pairs.
54. Prominences are an outburst of energy from the sun that occurs in a loop
patter near sunspots.
55. Solar flares are an outburst of energy, which usually creates a sunspot,
56. Copernicus was credited with saying that the sun was the center of our
system.
57. Heliocentric theory stated that the sun is the center of the universe. (helio
means gas)
58. Geocentric theory stated that the Earth is the center of the universe. (geo
means earth)
59. Galileo is credited with improvements being made on the telescope.
60. A solar eclipse is when the sun’s corona may be visible during the day.
61. Parallax is a star’s apparent shift in position. Example A car traveling on a
road lined with trees, will appear to have the trees closest to the car move faster
than the trees farther away.
62. The inner structure of the sun is composed of the core, radiative zone, and
convection zone.
63. The outer structure of the sun is composed of the photosphere,
chromosphere, and corona.
64.
a.) Spiral galaxy – bulge at the center and spiral arms.
b.) Elliptical galaxy – very bright centers and very little dust and gas.
c.) Irregular galaxy – have irregular shapes.
65.
a.) Galaxy is a large grouping of stars.
b.) Globular cluster is a group of stars that look like a ball.
c.) Open clusters are groups of closely grouped stars relative to
surrounding stars.
d.) Cosmology is the study of the origin, structure, and future of the
universe.
e.) HR Diagram is a graph that shows the relationship between a star’s
surface temperature and absolute magnitude.
f.) Black hole are objects so massive and dense that even light cannot
escape its gravity.
g.) Neutron star is a star that has collapsed under gravity to the point
that the electrons and protons have smashed together to form neutrons.
h.) Pulsar star is a rapidly spinning neutron star that emits pulses of
radio and optical energy.
66. The universe is expanding outward.
67. The big bang theory states the universe began with a huge explosion.
68. Astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun,
approximately 150 million km.
69.
a.) Planets greater than 1 AU: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune,
Pluto
b.) Planets less than 1 AU: Mercury, Venus
70.
a.) Planet similarities – the shape of the orbit
b.) Planet differences – temperature, distance from the sun, period of
rotation, period of revolution, gravity
71. Planets in inner solar system are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
72. Planets in outer solar system are: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
73. Terrestrial planets are dense and rocky. Terrestrial planets are Mercury,
Venus, Earth, and Mars.
74. Jovian planets are gas giants. Jovian planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
and Neptune.
75.
Largest planet is Jupiter. Smallest planet is Pluto.
76.
Mars has a day similar to Earth.
77.
Neptune has the smallest difference between high and low temperatures.
78.
Mercury has the largest difference between high and low temperatures,
79.
Planet with the longest day is Venus.
Planet with the shortest day is Jupiter.
80.
Planets with longer years are farther from the sun.
81.
Dimmest to brightest according to how we see them from Earth:
Belelgeuse, Archenar, Procyon, Rigel, Capella, Vega, Arcturus, Rigel Kentaurus,
Canopus, Sirius.
82.
Dimmest to brightest according to actual brightness: Rigel Kentaurus,
Procyon, Sirius, Vega, Capella, Arcturus, Archenar, Canopus, Belelgeuse, Rigel.
83.
Red - Mira, Betelgeuse
Yellow-white - Procyon
Blue-White - Spica, Regulus, Sirius
84. Luminosity is the output of energy from the star compared to the sun.
1L = the energy output of the sun
30L = 30 times the energy output of the sun
Higher luminosity means the star is brighter.
85. Brightest star is Betelgeuse. Dimmest star is Sirius and Procyon.