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U.S. History Final Exam Review Fall 2009
1. Define and give characteristics of the Gilded Age.
2. Define and give characteristics of the Progressive Era.
3. Identify:
 15th Amendment
 Social Darwinism
 Land speculators
th
 16 Amendment
 Jim Crow
 Vertical consolidation
 Business cycle
 Poll Tax
 Horizontal consolidation
 17th Amendment
 Grandfather clause
 Trust, monopoly, cartel
th
 18 Amendment
 Referendum
 Boomers, Sooners
th
 19 Amendment
 Recall
 Graft, vice, corruption
 Laissez-faire
 Initiative
 Bessemer Process
 Nativism
 Economies of scale
4. How did the growth of railroads effect the development of the West?
5. What was the Morrill Land Grant? How did it encourage westward expansion?
6. What was the Homestead Act? How did it encourage westward expansion?
7. Define Manifest Destiny. How did this encourage westward expansion?
8. Identify the transcontinental railway. How did the U.S. government encourage the building of the TCRR?
9. What made possible the American industrial growth of the late 1880’s?
10. What revolutionized American communications in the late 1880’s?
11. Critics of powerful industrialists referred to them as _____.
12. The goal of the Sherman Antitrust Act was to do what?
13. According to the theory of social Darwinism, the government should do what?
14. How did industrial growth affect the distribution of wealth in the United States?
16. During the late 1800s, children often worked in factories. Why?
17. How did Andrew Carnegie gain control of the steel industry?
18. Employers used what types of tactics in their attempts to crush labor strikes?
19. As a results of the Pullman Strikes, for the next 30 years the government did what?
20. Between 1860-1900 14 million immigrants came to the United States. why?
21. Children had to work in the factories in the 1880's. why?
22. Labor unions were created in the 1800's because why?
23. What was a major incentive in the settling of the West?
24. What drew many new immigrants to the West?
25. Describe the lifestyle of homesteaders?
26.Many agreements between Native Americans and the federal government fell apart why?
26. The Interstate Commerce Act was passed to do what?
27. The challenges and hardships of settling the Great Plains led settlers to do what?
28. Most African American Exodusters migrated west for what reason?
29. One way the government sought to change Native Americans was by doing what to them?
30. Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis held that the frontier meant what?
31. As American settlers moved west in search of land, what happened to many Native American nations?
32. What were the major beliefs of the Republican Party during the Gilded Age? The Democratic Party?
The Populist Party?
33. Why did farmers favor inflation?
34. William Jennings Bryan lost the election of 1896 because he could not do what?
35. During the late 1800s, the port of entry for the majority of immigrants was where?
36. What attracted many Asians to the United States in the late 1800s?
37. Why did many immigrants support city political machines?
37. The Pendleton Civil Service Act was passed to do what?
38. In the 1890s, immigration patterns shifted dramatically, with most immigrants now coming from which
areas?
39. The main objective of the nativists was to do what?
40. Prohibitionists and purity crusaders both worked to do what?
41. The Interstate Commerce Act outlawed the railroads’ practice of what?
42. How were Asians regarded by many white Americans?
43. What contributed to the migration from farms to cities in the late 1800s?
44. What contributes to the growth of cities?
45. What powerful position did William Marcy Tweed hold?
46. The Niagara Movement called for what?
47. During the early 1900s, The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was an
example of how African Americans could do what?
48. In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled what?
50. W.E.B. Du Bois argued that African Americans should educate themselves for what reason?
51. How did Booker T. Washington’s differ from W.E.B. DuBois?
51. How did immigrants regard public education?
52. What were all the popular forms of entertainment in the late 1800s?
53. Why was the NAACP founded?
54. An event that led to the Spanish-American War was what?
55. What was the Open Door Policy? Why was it important to the United States?
56. The central message of the Roosevelt Corollary was what?
57. The United States followed a policy of expansionism in the late 1800s because why?
58. Alfred T. Mahan argued that to protect its trade, the United States must build up its what?
59. William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer used sensational stories in their newspapers to do what?
60. To support their view, anti-imperialists argued what?
61. Under imperialism, the stronger nation attempts to do what?
62. In 1898, the American government declared war on Spain to win the independence of what country?
63. The first action of the Spanish-American War took place where?
64. As a result of the peace treaty with Spain, the United States gained what territories?
65. The United States wanted to build a canal across Panama for what reason?
66. The United States acquired control of the Canal Zone by doing what?
67. President Roosevelt threatened to use the United States Navy ("The Big Stick") to accomplish what?
68. President Taft was known for a foreign policy based on what principle?
69. Imperialists like Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge argued that the United States needed to do
what 2 things?
70. The efforts of Florence Kelley convinced many states to abolish what?
71. President Wilson established the Federal Reserve System for what purpose?
72. Which belief was held by most Progressives regarding the government?
73. Which was a major contributing factor in Woodrow Wilson’s winning the presidency in 1912?
74. In 1906, Upton Sinclair’s novel entitled The Jungle exposed dangerous workplace conditions where?
75. Journalists known as muckrakers worked at doing what?
76. Mother Jones is best known for organizing unions where?
77. When the United Mine Workers called a strike in 1902, President Roosevelt did what?
78. Roosevelt vigorously enforced what Act?
79. As a measure to prevent bank failures, President Wilson helped create what?
80. The anti-suffrage movement argued that if women could vote, then what would happen to them?
81. The battle for women’s suffrage ended with the ratification of which amendment? 19th
82. The woman who led NAWSA to victory was whom? Carrie Chapman Catt
84. What were some facts of African Americans during World War I? Mainly used for manual or menial labor.
They were segregated in the United States military. However, they fought side by side with the French military
in Europe. Also, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) demanded that
blacks be able to become officers. After that, 600 blacks became officers.
85. What role did the federal government play in the economy during WWI?
86. The incident that triggered World War I was what event? World War I started with the assassination of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria- Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by a member of
the Black Hand, a Serbian nationalist secret society.
87. Under the terms of the Sussex pledge, the German government promised what? Germany attempted to
appease the United States by issuing, on May 4, 1916, the Sussex pledge, which promised a change in
Germany’s naval warfare policy. The primary elements of this undertaking were:
 Passenger ships would not be targeted;
 Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by
a search of the ship;
 Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew.
88. The Selective Service Act was a means of doing what? Selective Draft Act, which was passed by the
Congress of the United States on May 18, 1918. It was for men to go to WWI at a young age.
90. The United States broke off diplomatic relations with Germany when what event took place? German’s
decision to continue unrestricted submarine warfare.
91. Why did the U.S. decide to enter WWI? Sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegram, Unrestricted
submarine warfare (Germany)
92. Herbert Hoover, head of the Food Administration, worked to do what? Hoover believed "food will win the
war." He established set days to encourage people to avoid eating particular foods to save them for soldiers'
rations: meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays, and "when in doubt, eat potatoes." This program helped
reduce consumption of foodstuffs needed overseas and avoided rationing at home. It was dubbed
"Hooverizing" by government publicists, in spite of Hoover's continual orders that publicity should not
mention him by name.
93. Minorities and women found employment opportunities mainly in what area during WWI? Industry
(Factory work)
94. The Sedition Act made it illegal to do what? The Sedition Act of 1918 was an Act of the United States
Congress signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on May 16, 1918.[1] It forbade the use of "disloyal,
profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or
that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. The act also allowed the
Postmaster General to refuse to deliver mail that met those same standards for punishable speech or opinion. It
applied only to times "when the United States is in war."[2] It was repealed on December 13, 1920.[3]
95. Wilson’s goal for the League of Nations was what? The League of Nations was formed by President
Woodrow Wilson of the United States, as well as other Allied leaders. Its main goals were to strive for world
peace and friendship with all of the countries in the world. Also, the main goal of the League of Nations was to
ensure that the events of World War I were to never occur again.
96. Many Republicans in the Senate objected to Article 10 of the plan for the League of Nations because they
feared that what would happen? The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against
external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League.
In the case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise
upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled. Under the United States Constitution, the President
of the United States may not ratify a treaty unless the U.S. Senate, by a two-thirds vote, gives its advice and
consent. The Senate refused to consent to the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles primarily because it
mandated the formation of a League of Nations. For many Republicans in the U.S. Senate, Article X was the
most objectionable provision. In 1919 Wilson became ill while campaigning for support for the League of
Nations (and the Versailles Treaty more generally). The Senate never did consent to the ratification the
Versailles Treaty and the U.S., a world power, never joined the League of Nations, hampering the League's
credibility as a mediator of world conflict.
97. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to do what? Required Germany to accept sole
responsibility for causing the war and, under the terms of articles 231–248 (later known as the War Guilt
clauses), to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay reparations to certain countries that had
formed the Entente powers.
98. The Monroe Doctrine and social Darwinism contributed to what? American Expansionism
100. What treaty ended WWI? Treaty of Versailles
101. World War I occurred between what years? 1914-1918
102. What was the Great Migration? The Great Migration was the movement of 2 million African Americans
out of the Southern United States to the Midwest, Northeast and West from 1910 to 1930.[1] Estimates of the
number of migrants vary according to the time frame used. African Americans migrated to escape racism and
seek employment opportunities in industrial cities.
103. Who were the “irreconcilable” senators? Why did they oppose the Treaty of Versailles? Henry Cabot
Lodge (Senator from Massachusetts) opposed the Treaty of Versailles because of the included formation of
The League of Nations. Lodge "appealed" to the patriotism of American citizens by objecting to what he saw as
the erosion of national sovereignty: "I have loved but one flag and I can not share that devotion and give
affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league."
Lodge led the Senate in their rejection of ratification of the Treaty of Versailles.
As a result, the United States did not join the League of Nations, despite President Wilson's claims that he
could "predict with absolute certainty that within another generation there will be another world war if the
nations of the world do not concert the method by which to prevent it."