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LIFE SCIENCE II
FINAL EXAM
KEY WORDS/CONCEPTS
NERVOUS SYSTEM: NERVOUS TISSUE + SENSE ORGANS; FUNCTIONS OF
NERVOUS SYSTEM: RECEIVES, PROCESSES, AND RESPONDS TO
INFORMATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: BRAIN AND SPINAL
CORD; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: EVERYTHING ELSE + SENSORY
ORGANS (EYES, EARS); MOTOR (MOVEMENT) SIGNALS CARRIED FROM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THEN
TO: A) SOMATIC (VOLUNTARY) BRANCH- SKELETAL MUSCLESMOVEMENT; AND B) AUTONOMIC (INVOLUNTARY) BRANCH WITH 2
SUB-BRANCHES: SYMPATHETIC (STIMULATORY) AND
PARASYMPATHETIC (RELAXING); EXAMPLES OF AUTONOMIC
REPONSES: PUPILS DILATING OR CONTRACTING; BLOOD VESSELS
VASODILATION OR VASOCONSTRICTION; HEART RHYTHM;
BREATHING; IMPULSES TO ADRENAL GLANDS: RELEASE OF
ADRENALINE; NEURON CELL TYPES: SENSORY (SENSES); ASSOCIATION
(OR INTERNEURON)- CONNECTING; AND MOTOR (MOVEMENT):
MUSCLE CONTRACTION OR GLANDS RELEASING HORMONES; BOTOX
BLOCKS MOTOR NEURONS- REDUCES WRINKLES; NEURON PARTS:
CELL BODY, DENDRITES (IMPULSES TO CELL BODY); AXONS (IMPULSES
AWAY FROM CELL BODY); GLIAL CELLS: WRAP MEMBRANE AROUND
AXON= COATING CALLED MYELIN SHEATH; SPEEDS TRANSMISSION OF
IMPULSES; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS- LOSS OF MYELIN SHEATH; NERVE=
A BUNDLES OF AXONS WITH CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND BLOOD VESSELS
SURROUNDING THEM; NERVE IMPULSE: RESTING CONDITION
(CHARGED STATE): HIGH SODIUM OUTSIDE NEURON, HIGH POTASSIUM
INSIDE; MEMBRANE PUMPS KEEP THESE IONS IN THE RESPECTIVE
CONCENTRATIONS OUTSIDE AND INSIDE; POSITIVE CHARGE ON
OUTSIDE OF NEURON MEMBRANE, NEGATIVE CHARGE ON INSIDE;
STIMULUS ARRIVES AT DENDRITE AND PASSED TO CELL BODY:
CHANNELS OPEN: SODIUM RUSHES IN AND POTASSIUM MOVES OUT:
NERVE CELL “FIRES”- NERVE IMPULSE MOVES PROGRESSIVELY
ALONG AXON (PROPAGATION); NERVE DONE FIRING: PUMPS KICK IN:
MOVE SODIUM TO OUTSIDE AND POTASSIUM TO INSIDE- RE-ESTABLISH
CHARGED STATE (READY TO FIRE AGAIN); NERVE IMPULSEEXPERIMENTS WITH AXONS OF SQUID- WOODS HOLE; SYNAPSE (CLEFT
BETWEEN NEURONS); IMPULSE ARRIVES HERE: RELEASE OF
NEUROTRANSMITTER  MOVES TO NEXT NEURON, CAUSES IT TO
“FIRE”; ONCE NEUROTRANSMITTER USED: EITHER BROKEN DOWN BY
ENZYME OR TAKEN BACK UP INTO SACS AT END OF AXON AND
STORED; ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE- DAMAGE TO NEURONS- NOT ENOUGH
NEUROTRANSMITTER- DRUGS TEMPORARILY BLOCK BREAK DOWN OF
NEUROTRANSMITTER- IMPROVE NERVE IMPULSES; ANTIDEPRESSANTS
(PROZAC, PAXIL): BLOCK RE-UPTAKE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER
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(SEROTONIN); MORE SEROTONIN IN SYNAPSE, LESS DEPRESSION;
BIPOLAR DISORDER: IMBALANCE IN SEROTONIN IN BRAIN; DETECT
WITH POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCAN- SEE BRAIN
LIGHT UP DIFFERENT COLORS; COCAINE, ECSTASY ALSO AFFECT
NEUROTRANSMITTERS; SPINAL CORD- PROTECTION- MENINGES;
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; MENINGITIS; SLIPPED DISK- PRESSURE ON
NERVE EXITING SPINAL CORD; GRAY MATTER- NERVE CELL BODIES
IN BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD; WHITE MATTER (MYELINATED AXONS)
SURROUNDING GRAY MATTER; 31 PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES:
CERVICAL, THORACIC, LUMBAR, SACRAL; PARAPLEGIC: SPINAL CORD
DAMAGE TO LUMBAR REGION; TREATMENT- SPINAL CORD INJURIESSTEROIDS, NERVE GROWTH FACTOR PROTEINS, FUTURE: EMBRYONIC
STEM CELLS- REPAIR SPINAL CORD; QUADRIPLEGIC: DAMAGE SPINAL
CORD- CERVICAL/THORACIC: LOSS USE OF ARMS AND LEGS; REFLEX:
AUTOMATIC RESPONSE IN NERVOUS SYSTEM; KNEE JERK (SENSORY
AND MOTOR NEURON); MORE COMPLEX REFLEXES: STEP ON NAIL:
MORE NEURONS AND CONNECTIONS TO BRAIN; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM: REGULATES: SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLE, GLANDS:
CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES; SYMPATHETIC BRANCH
(STIMULATORY): FIGHT OR FLIGHT REACTION- EMERGENCIES;
PARASYMPATHETIC BRANCH: REST AND DIGEST- CONSERVES
ENERGY; SYMPATHETIC: DILATES PUPILS, INCREASE HEART
RATE/BREATHING; DECREASE DIGESTION, INCREASE GLUCOSE
RELEASE, INCREASE ADRENALINE; PARASYMPATHETIC: CONSTRICTS
PUPILS, INCREASE SALIVATION; DECREASE HEART RATE, CONSTRICTS
BREATHING; STIMULATES DIGESTION/GALLBLADDER; MOST ORGANS
HAVE BOTH SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE
BRANCHES; BRAIN: SURFACE: CEREBRAL CORTEX; STUDY THE BRAIN:
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CT SCAN); PEOPLE- BRAIN INJURIES,
STROKE, CONCUSSIONS; PET SCAN (INJECT RADIOACTIVE CHEMICAL)BRAIN LIGHTS UP- IMAGES- MEASURE CHEMICAL ACTIVITY;
EPILEPSY- SEE CHANGES IN BRAIN ACTIVITY; STUDY BRAIN (NO PAIN
RECEPTORS) DURING SURGERY- OPEN UP SKULL FLAP- INSERT
ELECTRODES- MAP THE BRAIN; RIGHT SIDE OF BRAIN CONTROLS
MUSCLES/RECEIVES SENSORY IMPULSES FROM LEFT SIDE OF BODY;
VICE VERSA; TUMORS ON BRAIN- ALLOW FOR BRAIN STUDY; BRAIN
EVOLUTION: INCREASE SIZE, CONVOLUTIONS; LESS SENSORY/MOTORS
AREAS, MORE ASSOCIATION AREAS (HIGHER INTELLIGENCE);
MEDULLA OBLONGATA (PART OF BRAIN STEM) : REGULATES
UNCONSCIOUS FUNCTIONS: BREATHING, BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD
CIRCULATION, DIGESTION, SWALLOWING, VOMITING, COUGHING;
BRAIN DEAD: ALL BRAIN ACTIVITY CEASES EXCEPT MEDULLA
OBLONGATA; NERVE PATHWAYS CROSS-OVER (RIGHT TO LEFT AND
LEFT TO RIGHT) IN MEDULLA OBLONGATA AND SPINAL CORD;
CEREBELLUM (LITTLE BRAIN): BALANCE, EQUILIBRIUM; MUSCLE
COORDINATION, REGULATES BODY MOVEMENT, BODY POSITION;
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RECEIVES SIGNALS (INPUT) FROM INNER EAR, STRETCH RECEPTORS,
EYES, CEREBRAL CORTEX; MAKES CORRECTIONS IN MOVEMENTS IF
ERRORS DETECTED; BALANCE AND FALLS IN ELDERLY; EXERCISES TO
PREVENT; HYPOTHALAMUS: MOOD, MOTIVATION, PLEAURE AND PAIN
CENTERS; MAKES HORMONES- STORED IN PITUITARY GLAND;
IMPORTANT LINK NETWEEN NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS;
MICROELECTRODES TO DETECT: FEEDING, SATIETY CENTERS, THIRST,
BODY TEMPERATURE, PLEASURE, ANGER, HOSTILITY, PAIN;
FEEDING/SATIETY CENTERS – LINKED TO OBESITY; THALAMUS: THE
“ROME” OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: RELAY STATION TO CEREBRAL
CORTEX; WHERE MANY SENSORY NEURONS SYNAPSE; RETICULAR
ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS) (RETICULAR FORMATION): ALARM CLOCK
OF BRAIN- STIMULI AROUSE BRAIN; DESTROY RAS- COMA; NICOTINE,
AMPHETAMINES, COCAINE: MIMIC RAS NEUROTRANSMITTERS;
BARBITURATES BLOCK RAS: ALLOW FOR SLEEP;
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; RAS FILTERS INPULSES: SOME
MAGNIFIED, OTHERS SUPPRESSED (INHIBITED DURING INTENSE
FOCUS); DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION- ELECTRODES FOR PEOPLE IN
MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS STATE; AROUND THALAMUS: BASAL GANGLIA
(NERVE CELL BODIES) RELEASE DOPAMINE (NEUROTRANSMITTER);
PARKINSON’S DISEASE: DAMAGE TO BASAL GANGLIA- PROGRESSIVE
DEGENERATION, TREMORS; TREATMENT WITH DOPA  DOPAMINE;
CEREBRUM- HIGHEST PART OF BRAIN- RIGHT AND LEFT
HEMISPHERES; CORPUS CALLOSUM- CONNECTING PATHWAY (AXONS);
CEREBRUM LOBES: FRONTAL (PERSONALITY); PARIETAL (TOUCH,
PAIN, TEMPERATURE SENSATIONS); OCCIPITAL: VISION; TEMPORALHEARING; CEREBRAL CORTEX- OUTER LAYER OF CEREBRUM- GRAY
MATTER (CELL BODIES + DENDRITES); HIGHER THINKING,
PROCESSING OF INFORMATION); WHITE MATTER BELOW;
FUNCTIONAL MAP OF BRAIN: DETERMINED ON PATIENTS WITH
EPILEPSY- PLACE ELECTRODES IN VARIOUS PARTS OF BRAIN; MOTOR
CORTEX ACTUALLY TELLS YOUR MUSCLES TO CONTRACT; SENSORY
CORTEX- WHERE YOU ACTUALLY FEEL SENSATIONS OF TOUCH,
PRESSURE, PAIN; TASTE CORTEX, OLFACTORY (SMELL) CORTEX;
VISUAL CORTEX; AUDITORY (HEARING) CORTEX; MAP OF BRAIN
(PICTURE) REFLECTS “CAPABILITIES”- HOW MUCH EACH BODY PART
USED NOT SIZE OF BODY PART; MOTOR CORTEX- LARGE AREAS FOR
MUSCLES OF HAND AND VOCAL APPARTUS; SENSORY CORTEX- LARGE
AREAS ASSIGNED TO HANDS, FINGERS, LIPS, TONGUE; ASSOCIATION
AREAS- ALONG SIDE MOTOR/SENSORY AREAS: ANALYZE IMPULSESGIVE UNDERSTANDING; INTEGRATE INFORMATION; COORDINATE OUR
MOVEMENTS; PRIMARY AREAS DETECT SENSORY SIGNALS (LIGHT,
SOUND) PASS THESE ALONG TO ADJACENT ASSOCIATION AREAS:
ALLOW FOR INTERPRETATION OF LIGHT IMPULSES INTO 3-D IMAGE,
SOUND IMPULSES INTO WORDS, SPEECH; PET SCAN: BRAIN LIGHTS UP
WHEN WE SEE SOMETHING, HEAR SOUNDS; LANGUAGE CERBRAL
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CORTEX: ALLOWS US TO MAKE SOUND, MENTALLY “HEAR” AND
ORGANIZE WORDS; ASSEMBLES SPEECH AND WRITING INTO
UNDERSTANDABLE WORDS/ SENTENCES: YOUR THOUGHTS BECOME
ACTUAL SPEECH AND WRITING; PET SCAN: YOUR BRAIN LIGHTS UP
WHEN YOU PREPARE TO SAY SOMETHING AND THEN ACTUALLY SAY
SOMETHING; DAMAGE TO ONE HEMISPHERE, SOME CHANCE THAT
OTHER HEMISPHERE CAN TAKE OVER SOME OF FUNCTIONS
(PLASTICITY); LEFT BRAIN LESIONS: MOST PROBLEMS WITH
LANGUAGE: DIFFICULTY WITH SPEECH, READING, WRITING; APHASIAWORD BLINDNESS: PEOPLE WITH STROKE, CONCUSSIONS, TUMORS;
LEFT BRAIN DOMINANT FOR LANGUAGE IN 95% PEOPLE; LEFT BRAIN:
ANALYSIS, SPEECH, READING, WRITING, LOGIC, LANGUAGE, MATH
SKILLS; RIGHT BRAIN: EMOTIONAL BRAIN: SPATIAL ORIENTATION,
CREATIVITY, MUSIC, DREAM IMAGERY, PHILOSOPHY, INTUITION;
SPLIT BRAIN PERSON- (EPILEPSY) CUT SOME CONNECTIONS BETWEEN
HEMISPHERES- CHANGES IN SHARING INFORMATION BETWEEN LEFT
AND RIGHT BRAIN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX: CIVILIZED BEHAVIOR,
AMBITION, PERSONALITY; PHINEAS GAGE- BLASTING ACCIDENT- LOST
HIS PERSONALITY; PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMIES- CUT NERVE FIBERSPREFRONTAL LOBES: REDUCE FEARS/FRUSTRATIONS; MEMORY:
RETAIN/RECALL INFORMATION; ELECTRICALLY STIMULATE BRAIN:
PERSON RECALLS/EXPERIENCES EVENTS FROM MANY YEARS PAST;
BRAIN PLAYS BACK STORED MEMORIES; SHORT-TERM MEMORY
(NUMBERS- PHONE BOOK)  REPETITION  CONSOLIDATION 
LONG-TERM MEMORY; ELECTROCONVULSIVE SHOCK THERAPY FOR
DEPRESSION- LOSS RECENT MEMORY WITH CHANGE IN BRAIN
CHEMISTRY; BRAIN PLASTICITY: CHANGE IN BRAIN ANATOMY (NEW
CELLS IN MEMORY AREAS, MORE DENDRITES, MORE SYNAPSES);
LONG-TERM POTENTIATION: NEURON CIRCUITS CHANGE WITH
EXPERIENCE; GROWTH IN NUMBER OF BRAIN DENDRITES AS CHILD
GETS OLDER; REPETITION IMPORTANT FOR LONG-TERM MEMORY:
INCREASE AMOUNT OF NEUROTRANSMITTER STORED/RELEASED. NEW
SYNAPSE CONNECTIONS, INCREASED STRENGTH OF SYNAPSE;
INCREASED SENSITIVITY OF NEXT NEURONS IN PATHWAY- ALL
INCREASE CHANGE THAT IMPULSE WILL FIRE (YOU WILL REMEMBER
WHAT IS NEEDED TO PASS FINAL EXAM IN LIFE SCIENCE II): PRACTICE,
PRACTICE, PRACTICE; VARIETY IN ANIMALS CAGES/INTERACTIONMORE DENDRITES FORMED; MEMORY MOLECULES: BRAIN RNA AND
PROTEIN; ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: PROGRESSIVE MEMORY LOSS: 2
ANATOMICAL CHANGES: PLAQUES- ABNORMAL PROTEIN OUTSIDE
BRAIN NEURONS- SHORT-CIRCUIT SYNAPSES; TANGLES
(MICROTUBULES) INSIDE NEURONS- CELLS STARVE; CAUSES:
GENETICS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION; TREATMENT: INHIBIT
BREAK DOWN OF ACETYLCHOLINE WITH DRUGS, OMEGA 3 FATS
(FISH), CAFFEINE, GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES, ANTIOXIDANTS; SEX
AND THE BRAIN: WOMEN LARGER CORPUS CALLOSUM- MAYBE
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BETTER TRANSFER INFORMATION BETWEEN HEMISPHERES; WOMEN
FOLLOW SEVERAL TRAINS OF THOUGHT SIMULTANEOUSLY; MEN
BETTER AT INTENSE FOCUS ON ONE TOPIC; STROKE- LEFT
(LANGUAGE) BRAIN: WOMEN DO BETTER THAN MEN IN RECOVERING
SPEECH; WOMEN: SMALLER BRAINS BUT MEN AND WOMEN SAME
AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE; WOMEN SMALLER BRAIN OFFSET BY
HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF GRAY MATTER; WOMEN BETTER AT VERBAL
TASK, MENTAL FLEXIBILITY, MEMORIZING WORDS; MEN BETTER AT
SOLVING SPATIAL PROBLEMS, MECHANICAL, MOTOR SKILLS;
CONCUSSION: BRAIN SLAMS AGAINST SKULL; AXONS STRETCHED,
CHEMICAL CHANGES; AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN IRAQ: MILD
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (CONCUSSIONS): DEVELOP POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; DRUGS AND THE BRAIN:
AMPHETAMINES- INCREASE RELEASE OF NORADRENALINE IN BRAIN;
NICOTINE- MIMCS EFFECTS OF ACETYLCHOLINE; ENDOGENOUS
OPIOIDS (ENDORPHINS) BLOCK PAIN RECEPTORS, RELEASED DURING
EXERCISE; MORPHINE- DECREASES SAME PAIN RECEPTORS; DEATH
PENALTY DRUGS; MIND OVER MATTER: MOVING A ROBOT WITH THE
THOUGHTS FROM A MONKEY’S BRAIN; FUTURE USE IN PARALYZED
PEOPLE. ENDOCRINOLOGY: DUCTLESS GLANDS; HORMONES
RELEASED INTO BLOOD BRING ABOUT EEFECT ON TARGET TISSUES;
NERVOUS SYSTEM FAST, ENDOCRINE SYSTEM SLOWER, LONGER
EFFECTS; CLOSE LINK: NERVOUS- ENDOCRINE- IMMUNE SYSTEMS;
TYPES OF HORMONES: 1) AMINO ACID DERIVED (ADRENALINE,
DOPAMINE); 2) PEPTIDE HORMONES: GROWTH, INSULIN- BOTH 1 AND 2
BIND TO RECEPTOR ON CELL MEMBRANE; 3) STEROID HORMONESMADE FROM CHOLESTEROL; EXAMPLES: ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE;
ATTACH TO RECEPTOR INSIDE CELL- TURN GENES ON OR OFF; MOST
HORMONE CONTROL: NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: EXAMPLE GLUCOSE
AFTER MEAL TRIGGERS INSULIN RELEASE FROM BETA CELLS
PANCREAS; BLOOD GLUCOSE REACHES NORMAL LEVELS (80-100 MG)BETA CELLS SHUT OFF INSULIN RELEASE (NEGTIVE FEDBACK);
INSULIN BINDS TO RECEPTOR CELL MEMBRANES- ALLOWS GLUCOSE
TO ENTER CELL- USED FOR ENERGY OR STORED AS GLYCOGEN (LIVER,
MUSCLE); FEW HOURS WITHOUT CARBOHYDRATES IN FOOD, BLOOD
GLUCOSE DROPS, ALPHA CELLS- PANCREAS DETECT DROP- RELEASE
GLUCAGON: BREAKS DOWN GLYCOGEN IN LIVER: RAISES BLOOD
GLUCOSE; HOMEOSTASIS: INSULIN AND GLUCAGON IN BALANCE;
DANGEROUS SITUATION: DIABETIC INJECTS SELF WITH INSULIN,
DOESN’T EAT, EXERCISES VIGOROUSLY; RESULT: HYPOGLYCEMIA;
DIABETIC NEEDS TO COORDINATES INSULIN/MEALS/EXERCISE; HAVE
SUGARY SNACKS AVAILABLE DURING EXERCISE; UNCONTROLLED
DIABETES: BLOOD GLUCOSE 200-600 MG; PROBLEM: HIGH BLLOD
GLUCOSE: OVER KIDNEY THRESHOLD TO REABSORB GLUCOSE BACK
INTO BLOOD; RESULT- SPILLS INTO URINE- LOSS ENERGY; HIGH
BLOOD GLUCOSE DANERGOUS: STICKY- DAMAGE TO ARTERIES,
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KIDNEY, NERVES, EYES; ALSO MAY LEAD TO INFECTIONS:
GANGRENE/AMPUTATIONS TOES, FEET, LEGS; TWO TYPES OF
DIABETES: TYPE 1: GENETICS, VIRUS, AUTOIMMUNE CAUSES; INSULIN
DEFICIENCY; TYPE 2 : INSULIN AT HIGH LEVELS BUT MUSCLE AND
ADIPOSE TISSUE: INSULIN RESISTANCE: GLUCOSE CAN’T GET INTO
CELL- STAYS IN BLOOD; CAUSES: GENETICS, OVERWEIGHT/OBESITY;
AT RISK: AFRICAN, NATIVE, HISPANIC, ASIAN AMERICANS;
UNDERLYING CAUSE: OVERSTUFFED FAT CELLS LEAK FAT: INSULIN
RESISTANCE; PARATHYROID HORMONES: REGULATE BLOOD
CALCIUM; LOW CALCIUM, INCREASED PARATHYROID HORMONES:
DRAW CALCIUM FROM BONES; RETURN BLOOD CALCIUM TO NORMAL
LEVELS: SHUT OFF PARATHYROID HORMONE RELEASE; ADRENAL
GLANDS: SITTING ON TOP OF KIDNEYS: ADRENAL CORTEX AND
MEDULLA; MEDULLA CONNECTED TO HYPOTHALAMUS; IMPULSES TO
ADRENAL GLANDS: RELEASE ADRENALINE & NORADRENALINE: FIGHT
OR FLIGHT REACTION: LIVER/MUSCLE BREAKDOWN GLYCOGEN TO
GLUCOSE  BLOOD; ADIPOSE FAT RELEASED INTO BLOOD- BOTH
GLUCOSE AND FAT: ENERGY FOR EMEREGENCY; INCREASE HEART
RATE, BLOOD FLOW; PUPILS/RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: DILATION;
BLOOD VESSELS IN MUSCLES DILATE; HYPOTHALMUS CONNECTED BY
STALK TO MASTER GLAND: PITUITARY: ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR;
POSTERIOR PITUITARY: ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) AND
OXYTOCIN- MADE IN HYPOTHALAMUS- STORED IN PITUITARY; ADH
REGULATES WATER BALANCE IN BODY: INCREASED SECRETION IF
YOU ARE DEHYDRATED- KIDNEYS REABSORB MORE WATER INTO
BLOOD; HIGH BLOOD WATER VOLUME, SHUTS OFF ADH RELEASE;
OXYTOCIN RELEASED FROM PITUITARY DURING CHILD BIRTH AS
SIGNALS FROM STRETCHED UTERUS GO TO HYPOTHALAMUSTRIGGER OXYTOCIN RELEASE (POSITIVE FEEDBACK); OXYTOCIN
CAUSES UTERUS TO CONTRACT, BABY BORN; POSTAGLANDINS- LOCAL
TISSUE REGULATORS ALSO RELEASED FROM PLACENTA- UTERUS
CONTRACTIONS; OXYTOCIN- BABY SUCKLES BREAST AFTER BIRTH:
SIGNALS TO MOTHER’S HYPOTHALAMUS- OXYTOCIN RELEASED- TO
BREAST- MUSCLES CONTRACT: EJECTION MILK INTO BABY’S MOUTH
DURING BREAST FEEDING (POSITIVE FEEDBACK); ANTERIOR
PITUITARY HORMONE RELEASE: CASCADE OF EVENTS; STARTS WITH
HYPOTHALAMUS: RELEASING OR INHIBITING HORMONES MOVE BY
CAPILLARIES TO ANTERIOR PITUITARY: CAUSE RELEASE OR
INHIBITION OF RELEASE OF 6 DIFFERENT HORMONES: MOVE TO
ANOTHER ENDOCRINE GLAND- CAUSES RELEASE OF OTHER
HORMONES- FINAL EFFECT ON TARGET CELLS (LIKE A WATER FALL);
6 ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES: #1) ACTH- STIMULATES ADRENAL
CORTEX RELEASE- CORISOL- STRESS RESPONSE HORMONE; RESPONSE
TO DAILY STRESS: MOBILIZES ENERGY IN YOUR BODY: INCREASED
GLUCOSE PRODUCTION/RELEASE INTO BLOOD; INCREASE FAT
RELEASE INTO BLOOD; CONVERSION OF MUSCLE PROTEIN INTO
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GLUCOSE- INTO BLOOD; CORTISOL BURSTS: HIGH IN MORNING,
LOWER AT NIGHT; RELATED TO SLEEP/WAKE CYCLES (CIRCADIAN
RHYTHMS); PROBLEM: CONTINUED CORTISOL RELEASE OVER LONG
TERM: DECREASED IMMUNE FUNCTION, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, INSULIN
RESISTANCE; STRESS: CHALLENGE TO HOMEOSTASIS; STRESSORS:
PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL; STRESS: RELEASE OF CORTISOL
FROM ADRENAL CORTEX (SHORT OR LONG-TERM) AND RELEASE OF
ADRENALINE (FROM MEDULLA) DURING EMERGENCY;
PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESS: MIND-BODY-IMMUNE LINK: PEOPLE WITH
DEPRESSION, CAREGIVERS OF ALZHEIMER’S PATIENTS; BROKEN
HEART SYNDROME: BLAST OF STRESS HORMONES; TYPE A
PERSONALITY AND HEART DISEASE (VS TYPE B); POST TRAUMATIC
STRESS DISORDER: INCREASED SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS ACTIVITY,
HEART DISEASE RISK; NIGHT SHIFT: “PROBABLE CARCINOGEN”- LINK
IMMUNE-ENDOCRINE-NERVOUS SYSTEMS; POSITIVE OUTLOOK ON
LIFE: REDUCED HEART DISEASE DEATH RISK; LAUGHTER THERAPY;
EXERCISE- REDUCED DEPRESSION; #2) THYROID STIMULATING
HORMONE: ANTERIOR PITUITARY- TSH: TO THYROID GLAND- BLOOD;
THYROID HORMONE MADE FROM AMINO ACID + IODINE; CHILDREN
RADIOSENSITIVE: EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVITY:
INCREASED RISK THROID CANCER; THROID HORMONES: IMPORTANT
NORMAL GROWTH CHILDREN/NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT;
DEFICIENCY= CRETINISM: MENTAL RETARDATION, GROWTH
STUNTED, BRAIN DAMAGE; THYROID HORMONES: INCREASE OXYGEN
UPTAKE BY TISSUES, BASAL METABOLISM, MAINTAINS BODY
TEMPERATURE; BASAL METABOLISM- NEEDED FOR BASIC FUNCTIONS:
BREATHING, CIRCULATING BLOOD; NEW TISSUE; NERVE IMPULSES;
MAINTAINING BODY TEMPERATURE; BASAL METABOLOC RATE (BMR):
CALORIES BURNED/HOUR TO KEEP YOU ALIVE: 60-70% TOTAL
CALORIES BURNED: BMR HIGHER: LEAN BODY MASS, MEN, INCREASE
IN THROID HORMONES; BMR DECREASES: WITH AGE, CALORIE
RESTRICTION, STARVATION; 20-35% CALORIES BURNED- PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY; 5-10% THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD: ENERGY USED FOR
DIGESTING/ABSORBING/PROCESSING FOOD; INCREASE THYROID
HORMONE RELEASE: EXPOSURE TO COLD- HEAT PRODUCTION;
ADULTS: INCREASED THYROID HORMONE SECRETION:
HYPERTHYROIDISM; BUG-EYED APPEARANCE (EXOPHTHALMUS);
HYPOTHROIDISM: REDUCED SECRETION OF THYROID HORMONES=
HYPOTHYROIDISM; GOITER- ENLARGED THYROID DUE TO EITHER
INCREASED TSH RELEASE (THYROID GLAND HYPERTROPHIES); OR
IODINE DEFICIENCY IN DIET: INCREASE SIZE OF THYROID GLAND; #3)
GROWTH HORMONE: RELEASED FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY
PROMOTES GROWTH OF BONE AND ORGAN TISSUE; MAJOR GROWTH:
1ST TWO YEARS OF LIFE, ADOLESCENCE: GROWTH SPURT; LATE TEENS
GROWTH PLATE CLOSURE IN LONG BONES- STOPS PERSON FROM
GROWING TALLER; GROWTH REQUIREMENTS: GROWTH HORMONE,
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ADEQUATE DIET, ABSENCE OF STRESS (FAILURE TO THRIVE CHILDREN
IF STRESSED), GENETICS; BLOOD NUTRIENTS, +/- STRESS HORMONES
AFFECT ON HYPOTHALAMUS- RELEASE OF GROWTH HORMONE FROM
ANTERIOR PITUITARY; GROWTH HORMONE: HIGH IN CHILDREN,
TEENS, LOWER IN ADULTS, LOWEST IN OLDER ADULTS; WHAT
GROWTH HORMONE DOES: STIMULATES LIVER PRODUCTION OF
GLUCOSE; INCREASE IN BLOOD GLUCOSE AND FATTY ACIDS,
INCREASED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; INCREASE CELL SIZE
(HYPERTROPHY) AND NUMBER (HYPERPLASIA); BONES GROWTH
LONGER, MUSCLE MASS (LEAN) INCREASES; INCREASE IN ORGAN SIZE;
DWARFISM: UNDERSECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE:
REPLACEMENT THERAPY; GIGANTISM: OVERSECRETION OF GROWTH
HORMONE IN CHILDREN; ACROMEGALY: PITUITARY TUMOR ADULTSOVERSECRETION OF GROWTH- INCREASE SIZE OF JAW, FOREHEAD,
INTERNAL ORGANS; GROWTH HORMONES ATHLETES: INCREASE
MUSCLE MASS BUT WITH SIDE EFFECTS; ANABOLIC STEROIDS- MIMIC
MALE SEX HORMONES (ANDROGENS): INCREASED PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS, MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT, SIDE EFFECTS- MEN AND WOMEN
ATHLETES; #4 PROLACTIN: INCREASE MAMMARY GLAND
DEVELOPMENT, INCREASED MILK PRODUCTION IN PREPARATION FOR
LACTATION (MILK SECRETION); POSITIVE FEEDBACK: BABY
ACTIVATES NIPPLE RECEPTORS DURING SUCKLING: HYPOTHALAMUS
RELEASES HORMONE  ANTERIOR PITUITARY  PROLACTIN 
BREASTS: MILK PRODUCTION FOR BABY; #5 FOLLICLE STIMULATING
HORMONE (FSH): MALES: SPERMATOGENESIS; FEMALES- EGG
DEVELOPMENT IN OVARIES AND ESTROGEN PRODUCTION;
DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT, FEMALE SEX
CHARACTERISTICS; #6 LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH): MALES:
PRODUCTION OF ANDROGENS (TESTOSTERONE), SEX ORGAN
DEVELOPMENT, MALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS; FEMALES: RELEASE OF
EGG FROM OVARY (OVULATION); ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE
PRODUCTION; PINEAL GLAND: RELEASES MELATONIN: DARKNESS
HORMONE- ESTABLISHES CIRCADIAN RHYTHM (INTERNAL
BIOLOGICAL CLOCK; 24 HOUR DAY/LIGHT CYCLE); HIGH MELATONIN
NIGHT, LOWER AMOUNTS DURING DAY; JET LAG- TIME ZONES:
MELATONIN/LIGHT EXPOSURE; PHEROMONES: COMMUNICATIVE
ODORS PRESENT IN MANY ANIMALS; EXTERNAL HORMONESPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE- OTHER ANIMALS SAME SPECIES; SEXUAL
ATTRACTANTS- MONKEYS; HUMAN PHEROMONES? MAYBE- HUMANS
REDUCED SENSE OF SMELL VS. OTHER ANIMALS. REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM: DEVELOPMENT= EMBRYOLOGY; FERTILIZATION: EGG +
SPERM NUCLEI UNITE= CONCEPTION; ZYGOTE= FERTILIZED EGG;
TWINS: ID VS. FRATERNAL; IN VITRO FERTILIZATION; DONOR EGGS;
ZYGOTE  BLASTOCYST = HOLLOW BALL OF CELLS; CLEAVAGE; 3
CELL LAYERS FORM BY INFOLDING (GASTRULATION): ENDODERM
(INSIDE) DEVELOPS INTO INSIDE TISSUES/ORGANS. GI TRACT;
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MESODERM (MIDDLE): DEVELOPS INTO BONES, MUSCLES, BLOOD
VESSELS, UTERUS, TESTES, OVARIES; ECTODERM (OUTSIDE) DEVELOPS
INTO SKIN, NERVOUS SYSTEM, TEETH, EPIDERMIS; ORGAN
DEVELOPMENT: SCULPTING (CHIPPING AWAY) BY APOPTOSIS=
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (CELL SUICIDE); ADULTS APOPTOSIS=
SUNBURN/PEELING SKIN; SPINA BIFIDA: DEFECT BACKBONE/NERVOUS
SYSTEM; FOLIC ACID NEEDED DURING PREGNANCY; TERATOGENSUBSTANCE CAUSING BIRTH DEFECTS; ALCOHOL: MOM  PLACENTA
 FETAL BLOOD; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; BLASTOCYST- SOME
CELLS= PLURIPOTENT CELLS (EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS): CAN
DEVELOP INTO ANY SPECIALIZED TISSUE; SCIENTISTS’ HOPES: GROW
STEM CELLS IN VITRO INTO REPLACEMENT TISSUES FOR VARIOUS
DISEASES; ETHICAL ISSUES- DESTRUCTION OF EMBRYO; STEM CELL
LINES FOR RESEARCH; ADULT STEM CELLS FROM DONOR MARROW:
TRANSPLANT INTO LEUKEMIA PATIENT TO RESTORE IMMUNE SYSTEM
AND NEW BLOOD CELLS; DOLLY- CLONED SHEEP (REPRODUCTIVE
CLONING); NUCLEAR TRANSFER VARIATION ON ORIGINAL METHOD OF
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING; THERAPEUTIC CLONING- SAME PROCESS
EXCEPT STEM `CELLS REMOVED- GROW IN VITRO: REPLACEMENT
TISSUE; 2007 NEW PROCEDURE: REPROGRAM ADULT SKINS CELLS TO
BECOME EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS- NO EMBRYO NEEDED; OTHER
STEM CELL SOURCES: UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, PULP FROM BABY
TEETH, WOMEN’S MENSTRUAL FLUID; FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM: EGGS STORED IN OVARIES; FOLLICLE= EGG CELLS PLUS
FLUID; FALLOPIAN TUBES- EGG RELEASE ONCE EVERY 28 DAYS;
OVULATION; OLD FOLLICLE  CORPUS LUTEUM; RELEASE
HORMONES TO MAINTAIN PREGNANCY; EGG FERILIZED IN FALLOPIAN
TUBES, ZYGOTE IMPLANTED IN UTERUS (ENDOMETRIUM); FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE: 1ST GROWTH PHASE OF ENDOMETRIUM, 2D
PHASE MUCUS RELEASE- FOR IMPLANTATION; MENSTRUAL PERIOD:
BLOOD AND ENDOMETRIUM RELEASE= MENSES; 28 DAY MENSTRUAL
CYCLE (MALES NO CYCLE- PRODUCE STEADY AMOUNT OF SPERM);
PHYSICAL CHANGES: MENSTRUAL CYCLE- DAY 1- ENDOMETRIUM
BREAKS DOWN, MENSTRUAL FLOW FOR 6 DAYS; ENDOMETRIUM THEN
REBUILDS IN PREPARATION FOR PREGNANCY; HORMONAL CHANGES:
BRAIN  ANTERIOR PITUITARY  FSH AND LH; FSH- DEVELOPMENT
OF FOLLICLES AND PROMOTE ESTROGEN SYNTHESIS; LH ALSO
STIMULATES ESTROGEN PRODUCTION- ENDOMETRIUM THICKENS IN
RESPONSE TO ESTROGEN; DAY 14 (MID CYCLE): SURGE IN FSH AND LH;
FOLLICLE RUPTURES: RELEASES EGG (OVULATION); OLD RUPTURED
FOLLICLE BECOMES CORPUS LUTEUM (YELLOW BODY): RELEASES
PROGESTERONE- HORMONE OF PREGNANCY: PREPARES UTERUS FOR
IMPLANTATION; PLACENTA: SPONGY TISSUE: FETAL + MOM; NO
MIXING OF FETAL AND MOTHER’S BLOOD; EXCHANGE OF
GASES/FOOD/WASTES BY DIFFUSION; PLACENTA RELEASES : HUMAN
CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN: BASIS OF PREGNANCY TESTS (WOMEN’S
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BLOOD/URINE); BIRTH CONTROL PILLS: HIGH LEVELS OF SYNTHETIC
ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE: INHIBIT FSH AND LH RELEASE FROM
PITUITARY: NO OVULATION; MENOPAUSE- CESSATION OF MENSTRUAL
CYCLE; MENOPAUSE PHYSICAL PROBLEMS- BONE THINNING, LDL
INCREASE, INCREASE HEART DISEASE RISK; HORMONE REPLACEMENT
THERAPY: REDUCES HOT FLASHES, PREVENTS BONE LOSS, BETTER
LIPOPROTEIN PROFILE (LDL AND HDL) BUT INCREASE RISK BLOOD
CLOTS; MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: FSH: SPERM PRODUCTION; LH:
INCREASED TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION; SPERM PRODUCED IN
TESTES- BEGIN DEVELOPMENT/STORED IN EPIDIDYMIS (COILED TUBE);
DURING EJACULATION: SPERM MOVE TO VAS DEFERENS TO URETHRA
TO OUTSIDE OF BODY; LEYDIG CELLS IN TESTES PRODUCE
TESTOSTERONE; SPERM NEED TO DEVELOP AT TEMPERATURES
COOLER THAN BODY TEMPERATURE- SO SCROTUM (SAC) HOLD
TESTES OUTSIDE BODY CAVITY; DURING EJACULATION: SPERM
COMBINE WITH FLUIDS FROM SEMINAL VESICLES + PROSTATE=
SEMEN (LUBRICATION, NUTRIENTS, NEUTRALIZE ACID IN VAGINA);
ENLARGED PROSTATE: PRESSES UP AGAINST URETHRA- REDUCED
URINE FLOW; FERTILIZATION IN FALLOPIAN TUBES; 23
CHROMOSOMES FROM SPERM COMBINE WITH 23 CHROMOSOMES
FROM EGG= 46 CHROMOSOMES OF ZYGOTE; ONE SPERM CELL
PENTRATES EGG, EGG RELEASES GRANULES PREVENT ENTRY OTHER
SPERM; MULTIPLE BIRTHS- FERTILITY DRUGS; SPERM SORTINGCHOOSING SEX OF CHILD (GENDER SELECTION); X CONTAINING
SPERM MORE DNA, STAIN WITH DYE, MOVE THROUGH FLOW
CYTOMETER- ENRICH SPERM WITH EITHER X CHROMOSOME SPERM
OR Y CHROMOSOME SPERM; FERTILIZATION: BY INTRAUTERINE
INSEMINATION; IN VITRO FERTILIZATION OR INTRACYTOPLAMIC
SPERM INJECTION INTO EGG; THIS TECHNIQUE ALSO PART OF
PREIMPLNATATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS; SPERM BANKS- SPERM
DONORS; CONTRACEPTION METHODS: BIRTH CONTROL PILLSPREVENT OVULATION; CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS; CONDOM,
DIAPHRAGM, CERVICAL CAPS; CERVIX- OPENING OF UTERUS;
INTAUTERINE DEVICES; TUBAL LIGATION; VASECTOMY; GESTATION=
PREGNANCY- UNTRAUTERINE FETAL DEVELOPMENT: 3 TRIMESTERS (~
3 MONTHS)- TYPICALLY 38 WEEKS; 1ST TRIMESTER- NEARLY EVERY
ORGAN FORMED; 2D AND 3RD TRIMESTERS: GROWTH AND
REFINEMENT; ZYGOTE  8TH WEEK= EMBRYO; 9TH WEEK ONWARD=
FETUS; IMPLANTATION: BLASTOCYST RELEASES ENZYMES- DIGESTS
ITSELF INTO ENDOMETRIUM; ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; MISCARRIAGE=
SPONTANEOUS ABORTION- CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY; PLACENTA:
MEMBRANES AND BLOOD VESSELS OF EMBRYO AND MOM: FETAL
BLOOD VESSELS (CHORIONIC VILLI) SURROUNDED BY MOM’S BLOOD
POOLS; DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NUTRIENTS,
WASTES THROUGH PLACENTA; VIRUSES, ALCOHOL, NICOTINE, DRUGS
PASS FROM MOM’S BLOOD TO FETUS; AMNION- MEMBRANE SAC
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SURROUNDS EMBRYO/FETUS FILLED WITH FLUID; AMNIOTIC FLUID;
AMNIOCENTESIS- REMOVE FLUID- LOOK FOR CHROMOSOMAL
ABNORMALITIES, DETERMINE SEX OF FETUS; UMBILICAL CORD
(FETAL ARTERIES AND VEINS) MOVES BLOOD FROM FETUS TO
PLACENTA; FIRST TRIMESTER EVENTS- MOST ORGANS FORMEDMINIATURE HUMAN APPEARANCE; SECOND TRIMESTER: INCREASE IN
SIZE, REFINEMENT; THIRD TRIMESTER- RAPID
GROWTH/STRENGTH.WEIGHT GAIN; BIRTH OF BABY: MOM’S
ESTROGEN CAUSES OXYTOCIN RECEPTORS TO DEVELOP IN UTERUS;
LABOR: REGULAR CONTRACTIONS OF UTERUS MUSCLES; 3 LABOR
STAGES: 1) DILATION OF CERVIX; 2) EXPULSION OF BABY; 3) DELIVERY
OF PLACENTA (AFTERBIRTH); MOM’S PITUITARY RELEASES
OXYTOCIN- UTERUS CONTRACTIONS- POSITIVE FEEDBACK; PLACENTA
PROTAGLANDINS- UTERUS CONTRACTIONS; AFTER DELIVERY- MOM’S
ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE LEVELS DROP IN BLOOD; PREMATURE
BABIES; ALCOHOL USE/ALCOHOLISM: DEFINITION OF 1 DRINK= 12
OUNCES BEER, 5 OUNCES WINE, 1.5 OUNCES- DISTILLED SPIRITS
(LIQUOR); ALCOHOL IN DRINKS= ETHANOL; 7 CALORIES/GRAM; EMPTY
CALORIES; SOME ALCOHOL ABSORPTION IN BLOOD THROUGH
STOMACH, MOST THROUGH INTESTINES; FOOD IN STOMACH SLOWS
ABSORPTION OF ETHANOL; BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL (BAL) GOOD
ESTIMATE ALCOHOL – ENTIRE BODY; PEAK BAL REFLECTS
ABSORPTION PHASE VS. ELIMINATION PHASE; PEAK BAL: ~ 1 HOUR
AFTER INGESTION; NON-ALCOHOLIC BREAKS DOWN ALCOHOL: 1-1.5
DRINKS/HOUR; GREATER THAN 1 DRINK/HOUR LIVER CAN’T KEEP UP
WITH BREAKDOWN- EXCESS ALCOHOL IN BLOOD; BAL AFFECTED BY :
1) BODY WEIGHT; 2) SEX (MEN MORE BODY WATER DILUTES ALCOHOL;
MORE STOMACH ENZYME THAT BREAKS DOWN ALCOHOL); WOMEN
FASTER INTOXICATION; 3) FOOD- IF PRESENT IN STOMACH- SLOWS
ABSORPTION ; 4) DRINKING RATE; 5) TYPE OF DRINK- CARBONATED
DRINKS- INCREASE ALCOHOL ABSORPTION; MOST STATES- DRIVING
WHILE UNDER INFLUENCE: 0.08%; ALCOHOL IN CHILDREN
DANGEROUS- SMALL BODY SIZE; 2.5 DRINKS- DEATH; METABOLISM OF
ETHANOL: FIRST PASS METABOLISM- STOMACH; 90% METABOLISM
ETHANOL IN LIVER; ~5% ETHANOL EXCRETED AS ETHANOL (URINE
AND LUNGS)- BASIS OF BREATHALYZER; BAL > URINE ALCOHOL=
ABSORPTION PHASE; URINE ALCOHOL > BAL= ELIMINATION PHASE;
LIVER MAJOR ALCOHOL METABILIZING ENZYME: ALCOHOL 
ACETALDEHYDE (TOXIC)  ACETYL COA; WITH EXCESS ALCOHOL
INTAKE, ACETYL COA DIVERTED TO FAT (TRIGLYCERIDE) SYNTHESIS:
INCREASE IN LIVER AND BLOOD TRIGLYCERIDE; LIVER- MAJOR
ORGAN DETOXIFICATION OF CHEMICALS; SECONDARY ENZYME IN
LIVER ALSO METABOLIZES ALCOHOL: BECOMES ACTIVE WITH HIGH
ALCOHOL INTAKE; SECONDARY ENZYME SYSTEM; ALCOHOL
TOLERANCE (“DRINK YOU UNDER THE TABLE”); CHRONIC DRINKER:
BRAIN CELL MEMBRANES: INCREASE IN CHOLESTEROL & SATURATED
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FAT: BECOME RIGID, ALCOHOL DOESN’T PENETRATE BRAIN CELL
MEMBRANES: “BRAIN TOLERANCE”; ALSO “DRUG TOLERANCE”
DEVELOPS IN HEAVY DRINKER: ANESTHETICS/SEDATIVES LITTLE
EFFECT; CANCER: ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS ACTIVATED BY
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ENZYMES: LIVER CANCER;
ALCOHOL + DRUGS SAME TIME= PROLONGS DRUG (EX.
ANTIHISTAMINE) ACTION IN BODY; ALCOHOL POISONING CAN LEAD
TO DEATH; ALCOHOL= DEPRESSANT ON NERVOUS SYSTEM; DISRUPTS
SLEEP CYCLE; HANGOVERS: MULTIPLE CAUSES; HIGH ALCOHOL
INTAKE AFFECTS BREATHING/HEART CENTERS IN MEDULLA
OBLONGATA: MAY LEAD TO DEATH; DANGERS OF BINGE DRINKINGBLACKOUTS, BAL CONTINUES TO RISE, VOMITING; ALCOHOL
ADDICTION: GENETIC PREDISPOSITION + ENVIRONMENT;
ALCOHOLISM 4 SYMPTOMS: 1) CRAVING; 2) LOSS OF CONTROL- NOT
BEING ABLE TO STOP DRINKING; 3) PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
(WITHDRAWL SYMPTOMS); 4) TOLERANCE- NEED TO DRINK GREATER
AMOUNTS FOR “HIGH”; ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HEAVY ALCOHOL
INTAKE: 1) BIRTH DEFECTS; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; BREAST
FEEDING MOTHER; MOM’S BAL= BABY’S BAL; 2) GI TRACT DAMAGE; 3)
LIVER DISEASE: FATTY LIVER  ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS 
CIRRHOSIS; 4) MALNUTRITION (NUTRIENT/VITAMIN/MINERAL
DEFICIENCIES); 5) NERVOUS SYSTEM: DECREASED MEMORY,
DEMENTIA, NERVE DAMAGE; 6) CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
HYPERTENSION, ARRHYTHMIAS, STROKE; 7) BLOOD: ANEMIA,
INFECTIONS; 8) DECREASED IMMUNE FUNCTION: INCREASED RISK
INFECTION, PNEUMONIA, TUBERCULOSIS; 9) CANCER: ESOPHAGUS,
MOUTH, THROAT, LARYNX, PANCREAS, LIVER, BREAST, COLON; 10)
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION- MEN AND WOMEN; 11) PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISTURBANCES (DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, SUICIDE RISK); 12) EXCESS
BODY WEIGHT DEPOSITION (ABDOMINAL FAT); 13) HEART: ALCOHOLIC
CARDIOMYOPATHY, SUDDEN DEATH; PEOPLE WHO SHOULD NOT
DRINK: PEOPLE: WHO CAN’T LIMIT ALCOHOL INTAKE, TAKING
MEDICATIONS AFFECTED BY ALCOHOL; DRIVING CARS; OPERATING
MACHINERY; WITH LIVER DISEASE; CHILDREN; PREGNANT AND
BREAST FEEDING WOMEN; BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL (LIMIT
OF 1 DAY/WOMEN; 2/DAY MEN): DECREASED RISK HEART DISEASE,
STROKE, PLATELET AGGREGATION, BLOOD CLOTTING; INCREASED
HDL; DECREASED RISK ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE/COGNITIVE DECLINE
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