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US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
1. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut:
 Granted individual rights and was the first written constitution in the colonies
2. Virginia House of Burgesses:
 It was the first elected legislative body in the New World
3. Mayflower Compact:
 Established a self-governing colony based on the majority rule of the church members.
Democratic form of government
4. Trial of Peter Zenger:
 In 1735, John Peter Zenger was tried for libel in NYC
 Zenger had written articles criticizing the governor of New York
 freedom of the press, was later reaffirmed in the First Amendment
5. Navigation Acts:
 Colonies were to export goods only to Britain
 Colonists pay taxes at British ports on goods from Europe
6. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense:
 Written to support the idea of declaring independence from Great Britain
7. Declaration of Independence:
 Jefferson based his ideas on those of John Locke
 “All men are created equal”
 “are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights”
 “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
8. Articles of Confederation:
 framework for a new government in 1781
 Congress: one-house legislature with delegates from the thirteen states with one vote.
 Weak form of government where states have the power and not the federal government
9. Land Ordinance of 1785:
 Decided how the US would measure, divide and distribute the land north and west of the
Ohio River
10. Northwest Ordinance of 1787:
 5,000 adult males needed to elect a territorial legislature
 60,000 inhabitants needed to adopt a constitution and apply for statehood
 Slavery was also forbidden
 Set a precedent for the admission of new states
11. Great Compromise:
 Create a presidency, bicameral legislature (Two Houses of Congress)
 Senate with states represented evenly (two Senators each)
 A House of Representatives with representation according to population
12. Three-Fifths Compromise:
 Each slave was counted as three-fifths of a person
 For the purpose of representation and direct taxation
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
13. Federalists:
 Supported Constitution and a strong central government
 Written by Hamilton, Jay and Madison
 Argued against a Bill of Rights
14. Anti-Federalists:
 Opposed the Constitution and wanted a weak federal government
 Wanted a Bill of Rights to declare and protect the rights of the people
15. Ratification of the Constitution:
 Added a Bill of Rights
 New government formed in 1789
16. Confederation:
 A system where the states have more power than the central government
17. Federalism:
 Powers are divided between the state governments and the central or federal gov’t
18. Delegated or Enumerated Powers:
 Powers of the federal gov’t that are allowed in the Constitution
 Implied Powers: powers of government that aren’t in writing
 Elastic Clause stated that the Congress has the power “to make all laws which shall be
necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers”
19. Reserved Powers:
 Powers of the state gov’t that are allowed not delegated to the federal gov’t
20. Concurrent Powers:
 Powers used by both the federal and state governments
21. Separation of Powers:
 Federal Government separated three distinct branches
a. Executive branch, headed by the President
i. Administers, or carries out, the laws.
b. Legislative branch, Congress
i. Enacts, or makes, the laws.
c. Judicial branch, the court system
i. interprets the laws
22. Checks and balances:
 Gives each branch of gov’t ways to check or control other branches
23. Judicial review:
 The power of a court to review the actions of laws in terms of their constitutionality.
24. Amendment:
 change or addition
25. Double jeopardy:
 The act of putting a person through a second trial for an offense for which he or she has
already been prosecuted or convicted
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
26. Due process of Law:
 course of formal proceedings carried out regularly and in accordance with established
rules and principles to protect rights
27. Bill of Rights:
 a summary of rights and privileges guaranteed to people, an example are the first 10
amendments of the US Constitution
28. The Unwritten Constitution:
 Processes of our government that are considered an essential part of the system yet they
are not actually in the Constitution
 The Cabinet, Political Parties, Judicial Review
 United States presidential nominating convention, Congressional Committees
 Lobbying, Term Limits for President
29. Hamilton’s Financial Program:
 wanted payment of all debts
 Excise Tax: add a tax on certain commodities most notably on distilled liquors.
 Creation of a National Bank, also known as the Bank of the United States
30. Washington Proclaim Neutrality:
 Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality
 In it he urged Americans to be impartial toward the warring nations
31. Washington’s Farewell Address:
 Avoid political entanglements
 policy of isolation from European affairs to focus on domestic issues
 might lose its independence if it was defeated in war
32. Alien and Sedition Acts:
 Alien Act: the President could deport any alien considered dangerous
 Sedition Act provided fines and imprisonment for any person who uttered or wrote “false,
scandalous, and malicious” statements against Congress or the President.
 Considered a violation of the First Amendment
33. Thomas Jefferson:
 The Declaration of Independence
 Louisiana Purchase
 The Embargo Act of 1807
 This forbade American ships to trade with foreign countries
34. James Madison:
 The writer of the Bill of Rights
 War of 1812
35. The Treaty of Ghent:
 Great Britain and the US end the War of 1812
36. James Monroe:
 The Monroe Doctrine
 Declared the Americas closed to future European colonization
 U.S would not interfere with internal affairs of Europe
 Any European expansion in the Western Hemisphere would not be tolerated
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
37. The Missouri Compromise:
 Henry Clay
 Missouri be admitted to the Union as a slave state
 That slavery was to be prohibited north of 36˚30’ north latitude
 Sectional balance was maintained
 New states would be admitted in tandem—one slave, one free
38. John Marshall:
 He strengthened the Supreme Court
 His decisions expanded federal powers
 Established the supremacy of federal laws over state laws
 exercised judicial review: declares laws unconstitutional
39. Marbury vs. Madison (1803):
 Marshall declared that the Court could not grant Marbury the writ
 This violated the Constitution
 The Supreme Court may declare laws unconstitutional by using judicial review
40. Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824):
 The Supreme Court declared this case unconstitutional
 Established that states could not interfere with interstate commerce
41. Sectionalism:
 When loyalty is given to one’s state or region over the entire nation
 Problems are looked at from a sectional point of view
42. Second Great Awakening:
 Broad religious movement that swept the United States after 1790
43. Transcendentalism:
 A philosophical and literary mov’t
 emphasized living a simple life
 Stressed American ideas of optimism, freedom and self-reliance
44. Dorothea Dix:
 joined the movement for social reform
 set up hospitals for the mentally ill
 Emphasized rehabilitation for the sick or imprisoned person
45. Horace Mann:
 Established teacher-raining programs and a movement to improve schools
 Instituted curriculum reforms
46. Women’s Rights Movement:
 Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony
 1848 Seneca Falls Convention in upstate New York
 composed the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
 all men and women are created equal
 Nineteenth Amendment provided women with the right to vote
47. Temperance Movement:
 effort to induce people to give up alcoholic beverages
 liquor laws and prohibition were passed
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
48. Abolition Movement:
 the act of abolishing slavery
49. William Lloyd Garrison:
 radical white abolitionist who demanded immediate emancipation of slaves
50. Frederick Douglass:
 born into slavery and created newspaper called The North Star
 fought for constitutional amendments for blacks
51. Harriet Tubman:
 helped over 300 slaves flee to freedom
 devoted speaker for abolition
52. Harriet Beecher Stowe:
 1852 published Uncle Tom’s Cabin
53. John Brown:
 In 1859 he led a successful attack on the federal armory at Harper's Ferry
 He was tried and executed in 1859
54. Manifest Destiny:
 Americans believed they were destined to spread to the Pacific Coast or perhaps over the
entire North American continent
55. Evidence of Manifest Destiny:
 The annexation of Texas
 James K. Polk demanded the “reoccupation of Oregon”
 Used the slogan, “Fifty-four forty or fight”
 The Mexican War
 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
 The Mexican Cession: Mexico gave up California and New Mexico
 Gadsden Purchase
56. Compromise of 1850:
 Henry Clay the “Great Compromiser”
 California was admitted as a free state.
 New territory of New Mexico and Utah would decide on the slavery issue; called popular
sovereignty or ‘squatter’ sovereignty
57. Fugitive Slave Act:
 all people had to aid in the capture and return of escaped slaves
58. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854):
 Missouri Compromise no longer applied
 The territories would exercise “popular sovereignty”
59. Dred Scott vs. Sandford:
 Scott sued for his freedom in 1846
 The Supreme Court stated that a black could not be a citizen
 Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
60. The Election of 1860:
 Lincoln had sectional support
 The Union was now in danger of falling apart
 The South soon seceded from the Union
 The South wanted preserve the slave labor system
 The South formed the Confederacy
61. The Civil War:
 The North: Anti-Slavery and the South: Pro-Slavery
 Lincoln’s primary purpose was to preserve the Union
 1861-1865 and the North eventually was victorious
62. Abraham Lincoln:
 Preservation of the Union
 Emancipation Proclamation
 The Proclamation planned to free the slaves but did not free any slaves immediately
 The Gettysburg Address
 Liberty and All men are created equal
 Many men gave their lives for the Union and the Confederacy
 To create a true democracy: a government of the people, by the people and for the people
 Lincoln assassinated 1865
63. Reconstruction:
 Effort to rebuild the southern states and restore the Union between 1865-1877
64. Black Codes:
 laws restricted the freedom of former slaves in the South
65. Civil Rights Act of 1866:
 Gave blacks equal rights with whites
66. Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1866:
 provided food, clothes, schooling jobs and protected their civil rights
67. Thirteenth Amendment:
 (1865) abolished slavery in the United States
68. Fourteenth Amendment:
 (1868) established the citizenship of African Americans. It also excluded Confederates
from political office
69. Fifteenth Amendment:
 (1870) declared that states could not keep citizens from voting because of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude (slavery).
70. Civil Rights Bill of 1875:
 all persons, regardless of race, were entitled to the full and equal accommodations of
inns, public transportation, theaters
71. Industrial Revolution:
 Period marking the introduction of mass production, improved transportation,
technological progress, and the industrial factory system in the United States this period
is generally agreed to have begun at the time of the Civil War (1861-1865)
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
72. Capitalism:
 Called for Private and corporate ownership of goods
73. Monopoly:
 Large company or small group of companies
 Eliminates competition
 Government agencies regulate monopolies
74. Entrepreneurs:
 people who take responsibility for the organization and operation of a new business
venture
75. Philanthropist
 One who donates money to promote the well-being of mankind
76. Andrew Carnegie:
 Dominated the steel industry during the early 1900’s
 Philanthropist
77. John D. Rockefeller:
 Owned the Standard Oil Company and used ruthless methods to eliminate competitors
 worth $900 million and became a philanthropist who gave hundreds of millions to
improve medicine, education, and scientific research
78. J. Pierpont Morgan:
 Banker and Philanthropist that reorganized bankrupt railroads in the late 1800s
79. Robber barons:
 people that gain their riches at the expense of the poor and working class
80. Gilded Age:
 refers to major growth in population in the U.S. and extravagant displays of wealth and
excess of America's upper-class from the 1870s to 1900
81. Dawes Act:
 Wanted to Americanize the Native Americans and help them assimilate
 Wanted to break up tribes and reservations
82. Railroads:
 1850-1871 the gov’t made huge land grants to the railroads
 federal government gave large amounts of land to encourage transcontinental railroads
 helped connect the east and west coasts
83. The Homestead Act:
 1862: granted 160 acres of land to any citizen or immigrant intending to become a citizen
 1862-1900 over 600,000 families settled West
84. Morrill Act of 1862 and 1890:
 gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges
85. The Granger Movement:
 a social outlet and an educational forum for farmers
 Taught farmers to: Organize, form farmers’ cooperatives and sponsor legislation to
regulate railroads
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
86. Munn v. Illinois
 Established the principle of public regulation of private businesses because it served the
public interest
87. Specie Resumption Act of 1875:
 fixed the amount of greenbacks in circulation at $346 million
 caused deflation and lower prices
88. Populist Party:
 1892: Farmers' Alliances created a party to focus on farmers’ needs
 Wanted: abolition of national banks, free coinage of silver, plenty of paper money,
worker’s reforms, pensions, direct election of senators, government ownership of
transportation and communication and a graduated income tax
89. Collective bargaining
 Negotiation between organized workers and their employer or employers to determine
wages, hours, rules, and working conditions
90. Labor Union Weapons:
 Picket, Boycott, Publicity, Strike
91. Weapons of Employers:
 Strikebreakers, Financial resources, Blacklisting, Lockout, Publicity
92. Homestead Steel Strike:
 Workers rejected oppressive employers
 A gunfight erupted between Pinkerton guards and workers
 National Guard sent in to end the strike
93. The Pullman Strike:
 Workers protest wage cuts and railroad owners obtained a court injunction
 This is a court order that forbids a union to strike, picket or boycott a company
 Troops broke the strike and the boycott soon collapsed
94. Samuel Gompers:
 Workers advocate for shorter hours, higher wages and safe and sanitary working
conditions
 believed in strong trade unions
 Created the American Federation of Labor
95. Craft unionism:
 included skilled workers from one or more trades in one union
96. Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914:
 Protects free market businesses by prohibiting monopolies
 recognized labor unions as legal
97. Jane Addams:
 Co-founder of Hull-House social settlement
 women's suffrage
 Social services for poor immigrants
98. Poll tax:
 tax was an annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
99. The grandfather clause:
 a man was still able to vote if he, his father, or his grandfather could vote before January
1, 1867
100. The Jim Crow Laws:
 racial segregation laws separated whites and blacks in public and private facilities
 segregation was used in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems in the South
101. Plessy vs. Ferguson:
 Blacks wanted to test the constitutionality of segregation on railroad
 Plessy was denied rights from the 13th and 14th Amendments
 The case itself claimed blacks “separate but equal”
 This decision laid the foundation to justify segregation laws
 Plessy v. Ferguson was overturned in 1954 by Brown v. Board of Education
102. Booker T. Washington:
 Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
 Blacks should concentrate on economic advancement and receive training in trades and
professions
 Discouraged protesting against discrimination
103. W.E.B Du Bois:
 Advocate of African Americans
 Wanted blacks to give up, political power, fighting for civil rights, and higher education
 Niagara Movement protested against acts of injustice
 NAACP: defended the civil rights of African Americans
104. Marcus Garvey:
 Worldwide black unity
 “Back to Africa” campaign and set up their own new country in Africa
105. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire:
 New York City 1911
 this led to numerous changes in occupational safety standards
106. Nineteenth Amendment:
 gave women the right to vote
107. Susan B. Anthony:
 Fought for political equality for women
 Formed the National American Women’s Suffrage Association
108. Eighteenth Amendment:
 banned the manufactured, sale, import, export and transportation of alcoholic beverages
109. Twenty-First Amendment:
 Repealed the 18th Amendment and allowed for the sale and distribution of alcohol
110. Progressivism:
 Mov’t to improve life by expanding democracy and achieving economic and social justice
111. Muckrakers:
 journalists, novelists, and critics who attempted to expose the abuses of business and corruption
in politics
 Investigated and exposed corruption
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
112. Thomas Nast
 Cartoons portraying political corruption by Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed
 the donkey for the Democratic Party and the elephant for the Republican Party
113. Frank Norris:
 Wrote The Octopus and exposed monopolistic railroad practices in California
 Caused the break up of Northern Securities Railroad
114. Lincoln Steffens:
 Wrote The Shame of the Cities and exposed corruption in politics and big business
115. Upton Sinclair:
 Published The Jungle in 1906
 It showed the horror and gloom of Chicago’s meat-packing district
 showed that novelists could change the law
116. Ida Tarbell:
 Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil Company and caused its break up
117. Jacob Riis:
 Published How the Other Half Lives where he photographed the rooms and hallways of
tenements and building codes
 Helped create NY State’s first legislation to improve tenements
118. Theodore Roosevelt:
 Gov’t should take control when states cannot deal with problems
 Square Deal: various progressive reforms sponsored by Roosevelt
 Trustbuster: wanted to end trusts that hurt the public interest
 Passed the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act
 Conservation: some wilderness areas are preserved while others would be developed for
the common good
119. Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890:
 Prohibited monopolies or attempts to monopolize
120. Meat Inspection Act:
 forced strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and federal meat inspection
121. Pure Food and Drug Act:
 halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling
122. 16th Amendment:
 allowed for a federal income tax passed by Howard Taft
123. 17th Amendment:
 mandating the direct election of senators by the people passed by Howard Taft
124. Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)
 1912 Third Party
 Stood for: direct election of senators, woman suffrage, fair workers wages and treatment,
and federal trade commission to regulate business
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
125. Woodrow Wilson:
 Enacted his program the “New Freedom”
 Underwood Act of 1913: which reduced tariffs
 Wrote the Clayton Anti-Trust Act in 1914
 Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
 Sixteenth Amendment legalized a graduated federal income tax
 Created the Federal Income Tax and the Federal Reserve System
 Involved the U.S in WWI and wrote the Fourteen Points
126. Sixteenth Amendment:
 legalized a graduated federal income tax
127. Federal Income Tax:
 This graduated tax taxed incomes based on wealth
 The larger the income, the more they should have to pay
128. Federal Reserve System:
 established a regional central bank in each district
 It regulated interest rates and the money supply
129. Yellow journalism:
 Style of writing that exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers
 Helped urge the Spanish-American War in 1898
130. The U.S.S Maine:
 February 15, 1898, the ship blew up and the newspapers blamed Spain
 This caused the Spanish-American War
131. The Spanish-American War
 The U.S wins in 15 weeks and signed the Treaty of Paris (1898)
 Cuba was free, Guam and Puerto Rico were given to the US
 sold the Philippines to the US for $20,000,000
132. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine:
 Authorizes U.S. intervention in the affairs of neighboring American countries in order to
counter threats posed to U.S. security and interests
133. Big Stick Diplomacy:
 U.S would use peaceful methods to protect its interests but it would use military force if
necessary
134. Dollar diplomacy:
 U.S could help maintain orderly societies in other countries by increasing American
investment in foreign economies
135. Moral diplomacy:
 conducting foreign affairs in terms of judgments about right and wrong
136. The Panama Canal:
 US paid Panama $10 million plus an annual rent of $250,000 to create a canal that allows
for ships to pass through Latin America
 The U.S would give up control of the Canal Zone to Panama by the year 2000
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
137. The Open Door Policy:
 The goal was to preserve equal trading opportunities for all foreign nations
138. Matthew Perry:
 opened two Japanese ports for US trade in the 1850’s
139. Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907:
 early 1900s San Francisco schools segregated Japanese children
 The Agreement ended school segregation in San Francisco and restricted Japanese
immigration into the U.S.
140. Causes of World War I:
 Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism and Anarchy
 The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
 The U.S remained neutral during the first 3 years of the war
141. The United States joins World War I:
 Americans were upset over the British disruption of the freedom of the seas
 Germany sank the Lusitania
 The Zimmerman Telegram proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany
 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
142. Wilson’s Fourteen Points:
 He wanted freedom of the seas, equality of trade, adjustment of colonial claims, repair
war-torn countries and a League of Nations
143. The Treaty of Versailles:
 Germany must admit its war guilt, was stripped of its colonies, forfeit Alsace-Lorraine,
surrender its military and pay war reparations to war-torn countries
144. The League of Nations:
 The League of Nations pledged to seek disarmament and to arbitrate differences and to
act against aggressors in a system of “collective security”
 The U.S did not join
145. The Roaring Twenties:
 Celebration of youth and culture and period of relative prosperity
146. Prohibition:
 18th Amendment: prevention of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages
 Organized crime was built on the illegal sale of alcohol
 21st Amendment in 1933 repealed the 18th Amendment
147. Harlem Renaissance
 African-American ideas in art, politics, literature and music flourished
 brought self-awareness and critical respect to black literature
148. The Twenties:
 period of American prosperity and optimism and also a period of rising intolerance and
isolation
149. The Red Scare
 caused fear and suspicion of communists
 Mitchell Palmer ordered thousands of raids that targeted communists
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
150. Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti:
 They were sentenced to death and were convicted because of their political views
 This event showed the anti-Italian, anti-immigrant, and anti-anarchist sentiment growing
in the U.S
151. The Scopes Trial:
 Teacher Scopes taught about the theory of evolution in school
 This brought about the debate over religion in school
152. Ku Klux Klan:
 100 percent Americanism
 against blacks, Roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born people
153. Nativism:
 favoritism toward native-born Americans
 Demanded immigration restrictions
 wanted a literacy test for immigrants
154. Immigration Act of 1917:
 wanted a literacy test for immigrants
 Stated that immigrants that could not read in English or their native language would be
refused entry
155. Chinese Exclusion Act:
 passed in 1882 and restricted Chinese immigration for ten years (eventually repealed in
1943)
156. The Immigration Act of 1924:
 Set a quota for immigrants entering the U.S. based on the 1890 census
 National Origins Act: Restricted immigration
 1927 a cap of 150,000 immigrants annually was the new standard
157. Causes of the Great Depression:
 Farmers overproduced and caused inflation
 People living beyond their means with excessive use of credit
 Unbalanced or uneven distribution of income and wealth
 Oct. ’29th: Black Tuesday: Stock Market Crash
158. Hawley-Smoot Tariff:
 highest protective tariff in U.S. history
 Foreign countries couldn’t buy U.S. goods
159. Shantytowns:
 a neighborhood made out of makeshift shacks
 also known as Hoovervilles due to Hoover’s inability to handle the depression
160. Dust Bowl:
 Over-farmed and overgrazed land on the Great Plains began to blow away
 Families abandoned their homes and land
161. Herbert Hoover:
 Created public works during the depression: built Hoover Dam
 Rugged individualism and believed in the Trickle-Down theory
 believed that the gov’t should not provide relief to the poor
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
162. Trickle-Down theory:
 focuses on the success of business and with their success, money would trickle to the
people who them could spend the money and rebuild the economy
163. Franklin D. Roosevelt:
 First and only president elected 4 times
 Carried the U.S out of the Depression with the New Deal and the start of WWII
 Some of his New Deal policies:
 Emergency Banking Act, Federal Emergency Relief Act, Public Works Administration
(PWA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA),
National Industrial Recovery Act, Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), FDIC, Securities
Exchange Act, Social Security Act, National Labor Relations Act (Wagner), Fair Labor
Standards Act
164. Emergency Banking Act:
 declared a bank holiday and opened banks that were safe to use
165. Federal Emergency Relief Act:
 money given to states, cities for direct relief for poor
166. Public Works Administration:
 jobs given for construction projects building schools and bridges, roads, sewers
167. Civilian Conservation Corps:
 work for young men (18-25), conserving natural resources
168. Tennessee Valley Authority:
 flood control to poor rural areas of 7 states through dam construction
 government focused on specific areas for reform
169. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA):
 raise farmers’ income by cutting surplus crops
 paid farmers to store overproduced crops
170. Glass-Steagall Banking Act:
 Created the FDIC and protected bank deposits up to $5,000.
171. Securities Exchange Act:
 Created the SEC, regulated stock exchanges and eliminated dishonest practices.
172. Social Security Act:
 Old age insurance and unemployment insurance
 Help to dependent children, elderly, ill, handicapped
173. National Labor Relations Act (Wagner):
 protected the right to form unions and collective bargaining
174. Unconstitutional Acts of the New Deal:
 NRA (National Recovery Act): Schechter Poultry Corp. v. U.S.
 Court ruled that the law gave Congress power to regulate intrastate commerce
 AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act): U.S. v. Butler
 ruled that agriculture was a local, not interstate matter
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
175. FDR and the Supreme Court:
 Supreme Court ruled that many New Deal laws were unconstitutional.
 FDR proposed increasing the number of Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15.
 This would have allowed the president to control both the executive and judicial branches
which violated the Constitution and checks and balances
176. The Neutrality Acts:
 A series of acts passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939
 Limited U.S. involvement in possible future wars
 The 1935 act banned the shipment of war materials to aggressive nations
 The 1936 act banned loans to aggressive nations
 The 1937 act extended these provisions to civil wars
 The 1939 act banned U.S. ships from carrying goods to aggressive nation ports
177. Lend-Lease Act of 1941:
 repealed the Neutrality laws
 allowed the president to sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose
of” weapons and materials to help defend nations vital to U.S. security
178. The Atlantic Charter:
 Creation of a post-war world between the U.S and Britain
 Self-determination for all countries, freedom of speech, religion, want, fear, freedom of
the seas, disarmament of aggressor nations
179. U.S and Japanese Relations during the 1930’s and 1940’s:
 1940 U.S. declares embargo on Japan because of invasion of China
 1941 U.S. steps up embargo on Japan and freezes Japanese funds
 December 7, 1941: Japanese attacks Pearl Harbor
 The U.S then joined WWII and helped the Allies win WWII
 The U.S dropped two A-bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 The U.S relocated 110,000 Japanese and placed them in internment camps
180. The Marshall Plan:
 U.S would assist Europe in a plan to rebuild economically and politically
 Also planned to stop the spread of communism
181. Truman Doctrine:
 resisted Communism and Soviet expansion anywhere
182. Containment:
 limit communism to the areas already under Soviet control
183. NATO:
 Members of NATO pledged to help one another if any one of them was attacked.
184. Brinkmanship:
 U.S policy of to be willing to push a situation to a dangerous limit rather than give in
(“going to the brink” to risk nuclear war)
185. The Korean War:
 The North wanted to unify Korea under communism
 The US and the UN condemned the invasion and sent forces in the South.
 An armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953
 The U.S successfully stopped the spread of communism
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
186. Joseph McCarthy:
 Led a campaign against Communism in the early 1950s.
 charged that Communists infiltrated the highest offices in the U.S
 known as McCarthyism
 Ended the careers of many important and influential people
187. The Space Race:
 1957 the Soviets launch Sputnik.
 1969 the US sent a man to the moon
188. The Berlin Wall
 built primarily to keep people from escaping from the East and going to the West
189. The Bay of Pigs:
 The invasion was a US-planned landing by armed Cuban exiles in southwest Cuba
 This was an attempt to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in 1961.
 The invasion failed miserably and hurt the US.
190. The Cuban Missile Crisis
 Soviet Union was building secret missile bases in Cuba.
 Kennedy demanded that Khrushchev remove the missile bases.
 Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba
 Khrushchev removed the weapons and nuclear war was avoided.
191. Schenk vs. the United States
 Schenck a socialist produced a pamphlet and was arrested
 He claimed he was protected by the First Amendment
 speech may be suppressed if it creates a clear and present danger to the U.S
 This showed that the First Amendment was not absolute
192. Korematsu vs. the United States
 Japanese American who refused to relocate during WWII
 Since he decided to stay he was arrested and sent to a Japanese internment camp
 The significance of this case showed that civil rights of minorities can be removed
during wartime
193. Harry Truman’s Fair Deal
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wanted a system of health insurance
to provide a steady income for farmers
raised the hourly minimum wage from 40 cents to 75 cents
extended Social Security coverage
initiated flood control and irrigation projects
194. G.I. Bill
 provided for economic aid and college or vocational education for returning
World War II veterans
195. Truman and Civil Rights
 Truman issued an executive order for integration of the armed forces
 Called for “equality of treatment and opportunity in the armed forces without
regard to race, color, religion, or national origin”
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
196. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
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Linda Brown could not attend an all white school that was closer to her home
Fought by NAACP
Chief Justice Warren stated segregation in education is unconstitutional
The Supreme Court has helped to determine public policy of laws
197. Civil Rights Movement
 1955: NAACP member Rosa Parks arrested after refusing to give up seat on bus
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in Montgomery AL
Led to Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Martin Luther King, Jr.
1957 Martin Luther King Jr. becomes a political leader for civil right
1960: Greensboro N.C. lunch-counter sit-ins in Woolworth’s
1963: M.L.K. writes “Letters from a Birmingham Jail” arguing civil disobedience
March on Washington: “I Have a Dream” speech
198. 24th Amendment
 Abolishes poll tax
199. Civil Rights Act of 1964
 Passed by Lyndon B. Johnson
 Prohibits discrimination of all kinds, gives fed. gov’t power to enforce
desegregation
200.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
 literacy tests, other requirements were made illegal
 Executive Order 11246- affirmative action
 This ensures equal opportunity in education and employment for minorities and
women
201.
Affirmative Action
• Used by LBJ in the 1960s
• Hiring minorities and African Americans for jobs without discriminating
• CRITICISMS
• Brought about reverse discrimination
• Created racial quotas for jobs
• It would lead to discrimination against more qualified people
202.
Miranda v. Arizona:
• established a suspect’s right to be informed of his or her rights
• Black Panthers founded
203.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Won the elections of 1952 and 1956
• ended the Korean War in 1953
• condemned the actions of Joseph McCarthy
• 1957 sent troops to deal with Crisis in Little Rock
• enforced Supreme Court decision to desegregate schools
204.
Eisenhower Doctrine
• use of American forces to protect Middle East states from communism and lend
aid to anti-communist countries
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
205.
Chief Justice Earl Warren
• number of landmark decisions in the fields of civil rights and individual liberties
• Three important rulings:
• 1954 Brown v. Board of Education
• guaranteeing the right to counsel
• protecting the accused from police abuses
206.
John F. Kennedy
• Won the election of 1960
• Youngest president ever elected president (43) and first Roman Catholic
• Policy called “New Frontier”
• increased funding in areas of technology, science and social relations
• increased the minimum wage and expanded social security benefits
• supported the Bay of Pigs invasion
• president during the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Nuclear test ban treaty (1963)
• In Dallas, 1963 JFK was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald
207.
Lyndon B. Johnson
• Replaced JFK in 1963 and reelected in 1964
• Policy the “Great Society”
• Passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (against discrimination in voting and the
workplace)
• Economic Opportunity Act 0f 1964 to deal with poverty
• Voting Rights Act of 1965 to strengthen voting laws
• Higher Education Act of 1965 to continue grants for college construction and
student loans
• Pushed the U.S into the Vietnam War
208.
Geneva Accords (1954)
 Divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel
 U.S. sends economic aid to South to stop communism
209.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (Aug. ’64)
 U.S. destroyer attacked by N. Vietnamese
 Johnson given authority to “prevent further aggression”
 War was never officially declared
210.
Vietnam
 Vietnamese used guerilla warfare
 Lack of public support in the U.S.
 T.V. reports and anti-war protests
 Many believed that the U.S should not police the world
211.
Kent State Massacre (Ohio)
 4 student Vietnam War protesters killed
212.
Tet Offensive (Jan. ’68)
• massive attack on U.S. troops by Vietcong
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
213.
End of Vietnam War
 1968- Pres. Johnson doesn’t seek reelection
 Nixon elected
 Supported Vietnamization: turn the war over to S. Vietnamese troops
 Promised “peace with honor”
 1973: cease fire and Treaty of Paris signed
 56, 000 killed; 300,000 wounded; $225 B spent
214.
War Powers Act (1973)
 limited president’s power of committing troops
215.
Nixon’s Foreign Affairs
• Started the Détente with the Soviet Union and focused on peaceful negotiations
and weapon limitations
• Visited China and created a relationship with them during the 1970s
216.
The Watergate Scandal
• On June 17, 1972, police arrested five men who had broken into the offices of the
Democratic National Committee.
• a former presidential aide said that Nixon was involved and had tape-recorded
conversations
• There were calls for impeachment.
• On August 8, 1974, Nixon resigned the presidency
217.
Jimmy Carter
 Camp David Accords (1978)
 This reduced tensions in the Middle East between the Egyptians and the Israelis
 He also urged the development of alternate fuel sources
218.
Ronald Reagan
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Supply side economics (1980s)
Urged tax cuts to encourage economic growth
Tax cuts for big business
Compared to the Trickle Down theory of economics
Eased tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States
219.
George Bush Sr.
 Concerned himself with foreign affairs, while the domestic affairs of the U.S suffered
 Started and won the Persian Gulf War for oil
220.
Americans with Disabilities Act
 1990
 Eliminated physical barriers and discrimination of disabled people
221.
Bill Clinton
 Foreign Policy: Increased global involvement
 Tried to encourage peace in Bosnia, Haiti and Somalia
 Fought for human rights in other countries
 Clinton was impeached but not convicted (similar to Andrew Johnson)
 Economic growth through NAFTA
US HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW FACTS
222.
NAFTA
 North American Free Trade Agreement
 Strengthen trade and economy by encouraging free trade with Mexico and Canada
 Created more jobs
 Created to stimulate economic growth
 Used as a globalization policy
 Now has over 30 countries involved
223. Court Cases
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
 Protected citizens against unlawful search and seizure
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
 Claimed that denying legal representation to those who cannot afford it is
unconstitutional
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
 Stated that the accused must be informed of their rights to remain silent and to legal
representation before they say anything
 All three protect the rights of the accused
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
 Nonverbal communication is protected under the first amendment
NY Times v. U.S (1971)
 Gave the media more power against government secrecy and protect the First
Amendment
NJ v. T.L.O (1985)
 Ruled the juveniles have the same right to protection as adults against search and seizure
 All guarantee rights protected by the First Amendment and state that the rights of
students can be limited under certain conditions
Roe v. Wade
• Ruled that state laws against abortion are unconstitutional
• This protected the right to privacy
224.