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AP US HISTORY EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND OUTLINES Early colonial dissent (see Documents Bank: “Colonization of Americas”) Taylor Hess [Question]: How did the approaches to governance of New England, Pennsylvania and Virginia differ and why did they lead to colonial dissent? 1. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period (1600-1700) to construct your essay. Thesis: Due to the subtle differences of the approaches to governance of the original colonies, dissent among colonies was cultivated and cultural differences were magnified to an extent that led to disputes among colonists. Evidence: Virginia o Virginia was led by the House of Burgesses which was an elected body with direct representation from the different counties. o It was first settled by the Virginia Company in order to find precious medals and open new trade routes. o Church of England was the norm, however practiced freedom of protestant religion. New England o New England was settled by puritans seeking freedom from oppression o The government was dominated by weekly local town meetings that almost all of free white males attended. o All of the colonies but Rhode Island was strictly Puritan. Pennsylvania o Pennsylvania was settled by William Penn as a personal proprietorship for his family. o The government was run by appointed magistrates. o Pennsylvania was a haven for persecuted religions. The population was compiled with Welsh, Irish, Dutch, and German settlers, Catholics were also allowed in the colony. 2. “Between the Wars: French and Indian and Revolution” (see Documents Bank: “Road to the Revolution”) Jon Trumbull Question: How and why did Colonial views towards Britain change between the French and Indian War and the Revolution? Thesis: Colonial views toward Britain changed between the French and Indian War and the Revolution from respectful detachment to utter dissent because Colonists no longer enjoyed the near-autonomous rule that salutary neglect had granted them. Evidence: James Otis (1764): “We all think ourselves happy under Great Britain. We love, esteem, and reverence our mother country, and adore our King. And could the choice of independency be offered the colonies or subjection to Great Britain upon any terms above absolute slavery, I am convinced they would accept the latter.” Sons of Liberty (ca. 1765): Violent resistance Burned effigies (Andrew Oliver – future Distributor of Stamps for Massachusetts) and land held by officials of the crown. Stamp Act Congress (1765): Declaration of Rights and Grievances (increased colonial unity vs. Great Britain) Paul Revere – Engraving of the Boston Massacre (ca. 1770) – Exaggerated description of “massacre” Boston Tea Party (1773): Respect Dissent, leads to the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts 3. Changing interpretations of the Constitution (see Documents Bank: “Early American Republic”) Tinni Maitra Question: How and why did politicians’ interpretations of the constitution change throughout the Federal and Jeffersonian Eras? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period <1790-1825> to construct your essay. Thesis: Although the Jeffersonians believed in strict interpretations of the constitution, once in power, the Jeffersonians employed Federalist ideas of broad constructionism because foreign policy necessitated a pragmatic response. Evidence: Hamilton’s Financial Plan o Fund national debt at par o Assumption of state debts o Tariffs on imported goods o Excise tax o National bank Jay’s Treaty → dealt with unresolved issues of Treaty of Paris, invoked executive privilege Alien and Sedition Acts (power to deport aliens, violated freedom of speech) → Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (argued for nullification) Louisiana Purchase – justified purchase of land by saying that it was to protect the country, actually employed Federalist means for Jeffersonian ends Embargo Act of 1807 – forbade exports from US Non – Intercourse Act, Macon’s Bill #2 – reopened trade with Britain and France if they promised not to interfere 4. Clay’s American System o Rechartered 2nd bank of US o Protective tariff to increase domestic manufacturing o National Road Changes in Foreign Policy (see Documents Bank: “Early American Republic”) Will Devon-Sand [Question]: How and why did American foreign policy shift towards isolationism after the American Revolution.? Thesis: American Foreign policy shifted towards isolationism through the guidance of their leaders and treaties to rid foreign powers and fulfill manifest destiny. 1. Jay’s Treaty- Between United States and Great Britain signed on November 19, 1794. It rid the Brittish of most of their forts they had occupied during the Revolutionary War. 2. George Washington’s Farewell Address- In his farewell address, he warned the United States of entangling alliances. 3. Louisiana Purchase- Purchased in 1803- Jefferson purchased from Napoleon. Resulted in loss of French influence in the west of the United States. 4. Embargo Act of 1807- eliminated American exports so that Brittan would reduce trade restrictions. Failed. 5. War of 1812- Increased nationalism and made the United States more independent. 6. Adam-Onis Treaty (1819)-Established boundaries between the United States and Spain. Increased isolationism. 7. Monroe Doctrine (1823)- outlined that foreign powers can not interven in Western Hemisphere and in return the United States would not interfere in Europe. Political conflict (see Documents Bank: “Early American Republic”) Sopheya Lambertsen [Question]: <How and why did domestic politics escalate into real political conflict, especially regarding federal power, during the period in question?> 5. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period <1776-1815> to construct your essay. Thesis: Because both factions focused their policies (Federalists- chaos, Republicanstyranny) on their respective fears, political conflict became characteristic of the period, as is demonstrated in Shay’s Rebellion, the Burr-Hamilton duel, and the Hartford Convention. Southern fear of slaves o Because of their desire for States Rights and their fear of northern governments infringing on their rights, Southerners voted Republican. o Northern states affirmed Southerners’ fear of their antislavery motives by beginning to abolish slavery. VT- 1777 Mass- 1780s PA- 1780 NJ- 1804 Republican fear of Tyranny o Antifederalists, the predecessors to Republicans, supported the weak Articles of the Confederation because it gave the Executive branch very little power, especially to tax. o They also supported the New Jersey plan, which updated the Articles, and opposed the Virginia plan, which broadened Congressional power. o Thomas Jefferson’s witch hunt of Federalists immediately after he was elected demonstrates his fear of their power, and thus their fear of tyranny, as does his hatred for Chief Justice John Marshall. Federalist Fear of Chaos o The National Bank was created in response to currency instability. o Shays’s Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion both demonstrated the Federalists’ justifiable fear. 6. Roots of westward expansion (see Documents Bank: “Early American Republic”) Annie Spofford Question: What were the reasons for and causes of American westward expansion and how and why did they affect American foreign and domestic policies during the era of the Early American Republic? Thesis: Westward expansion affected both foreign and domestic policy in that foreign policy became protective and pragmatic while domestic policy expanded because of fear of European control of western lands and manifest destiny. Evidence: 1. Louisiana Purchase (1802)- Spain in 1802 gave New Orleans to the French, which posed a threat to the new American Republic. The French could take control of the Mississippi and threaten American trade. Napoleon sold the Louisiana territory to the United States for $15 million dollars because he was gearing up for war. This shows the American fear of European control of western lands and also shows the pragmatic foreign policy dimensions needed to quell this fear. 2. Expeditions of Louis and Clark- Lewis and Clark were sent to investigate the new Western Territories. They returned with good reports and high spirits which caused many Americans to go westward in search for wealth, freedom, and opportunity. 3. War of 1812 and Resolution- The war of 1812 demonstrates the foreign policy initiative taken by the government in order to protect their territory. The resolution prevented Great Britain from becoming an ally of the Indians. This demonstrates also demonstrates fear of European presence, particularly British presence in Western territories close to American land. 4. Manifest Destiny- Americans believed that they had a god given right the territories. This may have derived from the beliefs of the Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay colony. This demonstrates religion’s role in influencing people to expand their territories westward. 5. Northwest Ordinances 1787- The NW Ordinances had a Bill of Rights, abolished Slavery, was friendly towards the Indians, and promoted education. This demonstrated that the West was a land of opportunity which promoted the American democratic values as seen in Document C. 6. Land= vote – Although this is not in the time period given this may be useful knowledge pertaining to the question. In the earlier colonial era owning land mean being able to vote. Therefore many people moved westward in order to own their own land, as well as achieve the vote. This can be seen from an earlier time period in Bacon’s rebellion, and the Proclamation of 1763 forbidding settlement west of the Appalachians. 7. Monroe Doctrine (1823)- a policy of mutual noninterference. This demonstrates how US foreign policy changed in order to prevent European interference close to American soil. 7. Politics of Indian policy (see Documents Bank: “Expansion and Jacksonian Era”) Lara Seligman Question: How and why did American misconception and inaccurate portrayal of the Native Americans during the 1820s and 30s affect and/or reflect Jacksonian Era policy towards the existing tribes? Thesis: Due to manipulation of public conception of Native Americans for political means, the inaccurate portrayal of Indians as savage and uncivilized that arose made way for the Jacksonian policy of removal or assimilation. Evidence: Monroe last annual message to Congress (1824) - suggested that all Indians be moved beyond Mississippi River – special message to Congress proposing removal – “honorable” – protect Indians from invasion and provide them with independence for “improvement and civilization” – force unnecessary – Indians unanimously reject Cherokee vs. Georgia(1831) - Discovery of gold on Cherokee land 1829 Cherokees under John Ross turned to federal courts – legal strategy reflect political sophistication – John Marshall ruled that under Constitution Indian tribe neither foreign nation nor state – no standing in federal courts – nonetheless unquestionable right to lands – only voluntarily give it up 8. Trail of Tears (1831) - Congress provided Jackson with funds necessary to negotiate new treaties and resettle tribes west of Mississippi – Indians traded 100 million acres east for 32 million west plus $68 million – disastrous impact – alien environment – animals plants unfamiliar – became dependent on government payments to survive Treaty of New Echota (1835) - Cherokees – some believed further resistance hopeless and accepted removal only chance to preserve – agreed to exchange southern home for western land Second Seminole War - Florida – Treaty of Payne’s Landing 1832 – some resisted – minority under Osceola refused to vacate homes and fought – federal troops 1835 – fierce guerrilla war – many stayed although Osceola died Social impact of Slavery (see Documents Bank: “Expansion and Jacksonian Era”) Ashley Arufo Question: To what degree did Jacksonian expansionism impact social ideas of equality and liberty during the era preceding the Civil War? Thesis: Manifest Destiny successfully encouraged expansion yet, unprecedented annexations led to disagreements over establishing civil liberties; As Social and economic trends changed the North impeded slave expansion, whereas the South demanded to keep rights to property. 1. (Document B) Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831): A Slave Rebellion led by Turner cause great spouts of fear as many white Southern Plantation owners were targeted in his campaign to fight against slavery. This later led to strict laws against all blacks living in the South. 2. The Gag Rule 1836- The House of Representatives adopted the Gag rule, which tabled all petitions to slavery presented by abolitionists. 3. (Documents G, H) The Annexation of Texas in 1845 and Oregon Fever of 1841- Led to multiple problems and sectional discord because lobbyists from the North no longer believed in expanding slavery, they were less dependent on African Americans for a workforce and had been weaning themselves off of their dependencies (gradual emancipation). Also many freedom focused abolitionists felt that immediate end to slavery was the answer. However, traditional Southerners felt that they were necessary to further expansion (3/5 clause, later compromise 1850, fugitive slave Act). 4. Henry Clay and Popular Sovereignty- “Great Pacificator” Clay, using Cass’Popular Sovereignty for new territories wanted to compromise and let the new states decide. Yet discord remained, in the year 1842 Prigg v. Pennsylvania the Supreme Court rules to enforce fugitive slave clause in constitution as a federal obligation. 5. Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo- US pays 15 million for parts of California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado and Wyoming. Represents the end of war with Mexico and symbolizes continuing disagreements of maintaining liberties in new states. 6. Grimke Sisters- Leaders in the Abolitionist movement that later catapulted the movement for womens’ rights. Using common ideals for liberation and equality for all the sister along with leaders like William Llyod Garrison applied the same philosophies from the Declaration of independence and the American Revolution to meet similar goals for those being oppressed in America during the 1830s-40s. Later…. Helper’s Impending Crisis, Wilmont Proviso, Oregon Treaty, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Bleeding Kansas, Brown raids Harper’s Ferry, Dred Scott case and Lecompton Constitution 9. Jacksonian era social upheaval (see Documents Bank: “Expansion and Jacksonian Era”) Mallika Khandelwal Question: How and why during the Jacksonian era did social upheaval, in the form of reform movements, challenge existing political, social, and cultural practices within the United States? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period from 1824 to 1845 to construct your essay. Thesis: In response to market economy vices, growing inequality and western expansion, Jacksonian era social upheaval emerged through reform movements such as temperance and abolitionism, inspired by the Great Awakening, to create a more egalitarian society. Evidence: Second Great Awakening – Movement’s Revivalists shared belief in individual self-improvement and the perfectibility doctrine demanded that Christians actively organize and convert others. Followers formed a national web of moral-reform societies i.e. American Temperance Society (1826), American Peace Society (1828), American Anti-Slavery Society (1833). – Document C Temperance Movement – evangelicals considered drinking sinful; Martha Washington societies reformed alcoholics with the support of employers who rejected “St. Monday” as a part of their factory work-week. Penitentiary and Asylum Reform – led by Dorothea Dix to promote humane treatment for mentally ill and prisoners. Antimasonry – crusade against Freemasonry, a secret fraternity, which represented an elite appeal and was viewed as antidemocratic. Instigated by Morgan Affair (1827). Abolitionism – William Lloyed Garrison (immediatist) and other reform leaders called for emancipation of black slaves claiming that slavery, like Masonry, undermined republican values. – Document A Women’s Rights – After crucial involvement within abolition movement, women turned to defending their own rights as citizens beginning with Grimke’s Letters. Public participation in religious revival and reform led women to challenge male domination, manifest in the Seneca Falls Convention and later, Declaration of Sentiments. - Document F, H Manifest Destiny (see Documents Bank: “Expansion and Jacksonian Era”) Naimah Bahar Question: Asses the validity of this statement “Americans used expansionism to extend beyond the Mississippi at the expense of native tribes because of racism and manifest destiny” 10. Thesis: Americans used expansionism to extend beyond the Mississippi at the expense of native tribes because of racism and manifest destiny. Evidence Louisiana Purchase Worchester vs. Georgia Admission of Sates: Missouri, 1821 (Shawnees forced into Kansas); Arkansas, 1836; Michigan, 1837 Removal Act of 1830 Trail of Tears Annexation of Texas 11. Politics of Slavery (see Documents Bank: “Road to the Civil War”) Alex Kornienko Question: How and why did the politics of slavery affect or reflect the South’s “world view” and therefore its relations with the North in the decades leading up to the Civil War? Thesis: The politics of slavery reinforced cultural isolation in the Union, the supposed righteousness of slavery, and the perceived “threat” posed by the North, strengthening secessionism. Evidence: 1) Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) – Illustrated the possibilities of slave uprising and led to a call for strengthened measures to ensure the security and longevity of the slave system. It would also be used to incite anger and fear, to be used for political gain. 2) “Southern Paternalism” – A prevailing view among slaveholders, which attempted to justify slavery by portraying blacks as inherently inferior and dependent on the beneficence of their owners. 3) Fugitive Slave Act (1850) – Extended the pursuit of escaped slaves into free northern territory. Resistance to the act, like “personal liberty laws” were seen as an attack on the southern way of life, while the North saw the acts as a dangerous encroachment of the “slave power”. 4) Freeport Doctrine (1858) – Part of Stephen Douglas’ response to the KansasNebraska Act debate, endorsing popular sovereignty. In this attempt to find common ground between pro and anti slavery positions, Douglas angered southerners who wanted stricter enactment of the Dred Scott decision. 5) Commencement of Southern Secession (1860) – The ultimate effect of slave politics. Feeling that the southern lifestyle could not continue to exist in the Union, the South’s “world view” had been affected so greatly that secession and armed resistance were the only viable options. Western Expansion (see Documents Bank: “Road to the Civil War”) Elspeth Boynton Question: How and why did the South and the North’s perception of slavery and property differ and ultimately lead to the Civil War? 12. Thesis: Despite the attempts for compromise, dissonance arose concerning slavery, sectionalism and states rights because of differing economic needs and property issues which led to the Civil War. 5 Pieces of Evidence: · Annexation of Texas (1845)- Free vs. Not Free · Compromise of 1850- Popular Sovereignty, District of Columbia becomes free, Fugitive slave Law (leading to personal liberty laws), Texas is paid 10 million, California is free, Douglass and Henry Clay · Bleeding Kansas- Over popular sovereignty · Dred Scott Decision- Chief Justice Roger Taney, No freedom for slaves · John Brown’s Raid- Raid against slavery, Result of Kansas Nebraska Act, led to “Bleeding Kansas” 13. Military impact of Civil War (see Documents Bank: “Civil War and Reconstruction”) Shane Isdaner Question: How and why did the cause and the moral motivation of the Union lead them to victory over the Confederacy? Thesis: Disunity and resent within the Confederates caused a weakening strength and morale, and integration of Union troops fighting for freedom facilitated Union victory because the motivation of the Union provided willingness to sacrifice for victory. Evidence: 1. The southern class system threatened the Confederate cause a. Planters’ increasing opposition to government b. Centralizing policies of Davis administration unpopular c. Food riots- spring of 1863- Atlanta, Macon, Columbus, and Augusta, Georgia, and also in Salisbury and High Point, North Carolina 2. “What man is there that would stay in the army and no that his family is sufring at home?” (qtd in Norton, 406). Confederate soldiers, worried about loved ones and resentful of the “rich man’s war,” left the armed forces in large groups. In November of 1863, Secretary of War James Seddon admitted that one third of the army could not be accounted for. 3. Union general William Tecumseh Sherman decided to keep the war in the south “until they are not only ruined, exhausted, but humbled in pride and spirit.” Deep invasion was very risky, because the further an attacking army penetrates, the more vulnerable they become. 4. Approximately 360,000 Union soldiers died, 110,000 of them from wounds suffered in battle. 275,175 Union soldiers were wounded but survived. 260,000 Confederates lost their lives, and almost as many suffered wounds. 5. Black troops were extremely dedicated and motivated to destroy slavery and demonstrate equality. As Union units became more and more integrated, the opinion of white soldiers about black soldiers changed dramatically. Social impact of Civil War (see Documents Bank: “Civil War and Reconstruction”) Megan McFarland 1. Question]: How and why did the American Civil War with respect to slavery change the lives of the people both of the Confederate and Union states? 14. Thesis: At the end of the Civil War, which attacked the establishment of slavery, citizens of the Union and Confederacy had to alter their lives socially, economically and politically to adapt to the new society. 1. Lincoln’s “War to Preserve the Union” Speech- Slavery was a divisive issue that was an underlying reason for the Confederacy’s separation from the Union. The speech highlights the tensions between the north and south and Lincoln’s concerted effort to unite. 2. 13th & 14th Amendments: fighting to end slavery and grant freedmen equal rights and protection under the law 3. Civil Right’s Act of 1866- People of both the north and south had to deal with the emancipation of the slaves; freedmen now had access to all rights and protections as white people. 4. Westward Expansion: Missouri Compromise, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Compromise of 1850 all shared components regarding slavery in the western territories. The illegalization of slavery freed settlers and legislators from having to determine the validity of slavery in new territories. 5. Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864): Destroys land, crops and resources. The south largely depended on these things for the livelihood; losing the free manual of numerous slaves burdened white slave owners because they were faced with the work themselves. Political impact of Civil War (see Documents Bank: “Civil War and Reconstruction”) Eric Chan How did political policies and stances on class and slavery affect the outcome of the Civil War? 15. Because political policies enacted by Davis neglected the opinions of citizens, Confederate policies diminished the will to fight while Lincoln promoted unity and purpose to the war through anti-slavery legislation which won him the war. April 1862 Confederate government enacts first national draft in U.S History. Davis suspended writ of habeus corpus in case of opposition. Hiring of substitutes allowed the wealthy to be exempt from the draft. October 1862, Confederate government enacted twenty –slave law which exempted slaveholders with more than 20 slaves. Northern drafts did not affect war efficiency as much as the South because of industrialization. Northern commutation system (substitutes/fees to escape draft) ended in 1864. Confiscation Acts, Emancipation Proclamation, and Thirteenth amendment Davis took a strong central government approach to the war but it contradicted with the Confederate preference to states rights. Davis essentially controlled economy through drafts and also forced farmers to switch from cash crop to food crop. Confederate Congress raised taxes and tax agents made sure taxes were paid. Election of 1864. Peace Democrats vs. Republicans. Davis hoped to display military strength and hoped north would elect a president who would work for peace instead of continue with war. Rested on defense of Atlanta. Fall of Atlanta => Election of Lincoln. April 2, 1863 Southern Food Riots. Davis stopped riot using force. Political impact of Reconstruction (see Documents Bank: “Civil War and Reconstruction”) Christina Vick-Kell How and why did the course of Reconstruction stir up recognition of old prejudices? What political shifts came with this re-evaluation of the place in society of African Americans? 16. During Reconstruction (1865-1890), federal efforts to combat racist division through two amendments, plans to reunify the Union and the installation of new rules dividing capabilities by race revealed continuing racism. Thirteenth Amendment [1965]: end of involuntary servitude, which Congress can enforce through “appropriate legislation”. Fourteenth Amendment: citizenship for freedmen, making them ‘whole’ people. Freedmen’s Bureau [Congress 1865]: helped freed blacks, hated by many Southern whites. Johnson orders army removal of former slaves from Sea Island land given by Sherman’s Special Field Order #15 Johnson established Reconstruction plan to establish state governments in which only Southerners who took the oath of amnesty could take part, excluding blacks from this important process. Radical Republicans eventually changed this to include extension of Freedmen’s Bureau and a civil rights bill. Ku Klux Klan then rose in 1869 to combat Reconstruction. Black Codes severely limited the southern transformation, as many old laws still applied to freed blacks. This led many Northerners to challenge the Southern ability to change with the times. 17. Social impact of Reconstruction (see Documents Bank: “Civil War and Reconstruction”) Rahul Jha Assess the validity of the following statement: “Reconstruction Era reform brought about a lasting transformation in the social fabric of American society.” Thesis: Reconstruction failed to engender a lasting social revolution because federal subordination of the states did not fully guarantee equality for Freedmen, especially amid the revitalized North-South tensions that followed the Civil War. Initial Congressional Activism (Federal Supremacy) 13th Amendment recognizes slavery’s centrality to the war, abolishing slavery throughout the states. Freedmen’s Bureau, Civil Rights Bill similarly emphasize Radical desire to protect the Negro’s equality before the law, revealingly invoking federal power to accomplish their ends. 14th and 15th Amendments: Blacks are equal in civil rights and voting privileges (federal issue now); their ratification reflects an unprecedented use of federal power, embodied in the 14th Amendment’s “due process clause,” which was most certainly aimed at the heart of Southern secessionist philosophy. Revolutionary Potential Blunted Freedman’s Bureau fails because of work contract, which perpetuates sharecropping, tenancy, and debt peonage o Failure of Radical Republican’s land redistribution program: Johnson overturns Sherman’s Special Field Order 15, Johnson’s vetoes of Freedman’s Bureau Rise of the KKK (“’Tis but a change of banners”) actively combats black gains o Failure of Grant’s Enforcement Acts: federal supremacy, but ineffective Cruikshank v US, Bradwell V US, Slaughterhouse cases: attack 14th and 15th Amendments Compromise of 1877: disputed Hayes-Tilden election ends Reconstruction 18. impact of westward expansion on Native Americans (see Documents Bank: “Post-Bellum Western and Urban development”) Jennie Norcini [Question]: How and why did Westward expansion impact the Native Americans? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period between 1850 and 1880 to construct your essay. Thesis: Westward expansion, encouraged by the Homestead and Morrill Acts, resulted in the suppression and assimilation of the Native Americans and their culture because of forceful placement into reservations and the dominance of US federal troops. 1. The Homestead Act 1862 and the Morrill Act 1862 -The Homestead Act gave land to people who were willing to settle the West. The Morrill Land Grant Act gave each state 30,000acres of land from congress. 2. Reservation Policy- The federal government tried to civilize the Native Americans by organizing them into reservations. The government guaranteed the Native Americans on the reservations food, clothing and protection. The residents had no rights in the affairs on the reservation. The federal government disregarded Indian culture and weakened Indian society. 3. Sand Creek Massacre 1864- Indian chief Black Kettle moved his tribe to Sand Creak, where the US command guaranteed them safety. On November 29th, 1864, US cavalry men, led by John Chivington, attacked the Indian settlement. They massacred Cheyenne men, women and children. 4. Fort Laramie Treaty 1868- In this treaty the US promised to improve the Lakota Indian reservation. They guaranteed the construction of buildings like a store and a school. 5. Battle of Little Bighorn 1876- Lakota forces attacked federal soldiers led by General Custer. At first the Indians obliterated the US forces but the US ultimately overcame the Lakota by starving them. social impact of Immigration (see Documents Bank: “Post-Bellum Western and Urban development”) Brittany McCormick Question: What was the American attitude towards the influx of Immigrants entering the United States in the late Eighteenth Century? How did this impact the society of that time? 19. Thesis: As a result of intimidation and charges of inferiority, both American people and government of the late 1800’s discriminated against immigrants through cruel social practices and legislation. Evidence Many Irish workers were refused employment upon the basis of their nationality (Document B) Which American Industrialization on the rise, many inexpensive Chinese laborers constructed railroads throughout the United States, especially in the West (Document E) Then government became so intimidated by the Chinese workers that they passed the Chinese Exclusion Act to prohibit their employment opportunities (Document D) The People’s objection to Immigrants became so strong that a political party, entitled the Know Nothing Party was created. In addition to this, the Union Labor Party adopted a similar platform (Document F) While many Americans wanted to rid of Immigrants, others tied to the Moral Reform Movement advocated Americanization through settlements like the Hull House (Document G) 20. Economic expansion in Gilded Age (see Documents Bank: “Post-Bellum Western and Urban development”) Victor Rodin Question: How and why did economic expansion affect politics during the Gilded Age? Thesis: Economic expansion during the Gilded age created a new age of political reform because an increase in immigration coupled with industrialization created new rising issues such as unions, trusts, and “free silver.” Evidence: 1) Immigration: Between 1870 and 1920, almost 26 million people immigrated to the United States Most of these immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods in cities, creating large bodies of voters After 1880, most immigration consisted of Southern and Eastern Europeans Most immigrants entered the work force as unskilled laborers, taking low paying jobs 2) Unions Important unions during the time included The National Labor Union, The Knights of Labor, and The American Federation of Labor The Haymarket Riot dealt a major blow to unions when a bomb exploded and killed people during a demonstration Railroad Strikes during 1877 were not successful and President Hayes was forced to send in federal troops During the Pullman strike, President Clevland sent in troops to end the strike and union leader Eugene Debs was sent to jail 3) Free silver William Jennings Bryan was first a Democrat and then a Populist and supported the “Free Silver” platform The major parties did not support “Free Silver” because they feared a lack of national support 4) Trust-busting Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to back unions over big businesses Trust-busting legislature included the Sherman and Clayton Anti-Trust Acts The Sherman Anti-Trust Act had loopholes that the Clayton Act attempted to close. 21. Woman’s movement c. 1895-1920 (see Documents Bank: “Graft, Reform and Empire”) Rachel Dadonna Question: Assess the validity of this statement: Due to increased power in the “woman’s sphere”, women’s political activity increased significantly throughout the United States during the period of 1895-1920. Thesis: Power in the “woman’s sphere” reemerged between 1895 and 1920 and led to increased political activity due to activism in the women’s workforce because of domestic authority that transferred to a public level. Evidence: Female reform in the 1830s: Female Reform Society, Temperance, Penitentiaries and Asylums- spurred off of social reform in the Jacksonian era (See Ashley and Mallika’s DBQs) and leads to a basis for social expansion during 1895-1920. Also: Seneca Falls Convention, 1848. Mechanization and the Changing Status of Labor: (Norton, 487) Industrialization → need for more workers → dramatic increase of women laborers → need for women’s reform in the workplace → rise in women’s power. “Between 1880 and 1900, the numbers of employed women soared from 2.6 million to 8.6 million” (Norton, 488). Women Unionists: Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) leads the “Uprising of 20,000” strike in NYC, 1909. Women dominate the Telephone Operators’ Department of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers union (note irony). Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA): Symbol of the increased solidarity and independence of young women from men during the early 1900’s1920’s. Also: The rise of public women activists such as Alice Stone Blackwell (Document F) and Carrie Chapman Catt (Document G) during the 1910’s. Woman’s suffrage: the ultimate symbol of women’s success and independence from men: by 1920, all states granted full women’s suffrage (Document A). Roots of Populism (see Documents Bank: “Graft, Reform and Empire”) Maria Alexander Question: To what extent was the Populist agrarian class capitalistic in their response to the politics and economic growth of the Gilded Age? 22. Thesis Statement: The Populists were not capitalistic in their organized, political response to the Gilded Age’s industrial growth, because of their call for free silver and federal regulation and ownership of the economy. Evidence: Gilded Age Issues o Party patronage Civil Service Reform (Pendleton Act 1881) o Monetary debate (silver or gold) Greenback Party, Panic of 1873, Bland Alison Act 1878, Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890, Panic of 1893 o Tariffs (high or low) McKinley Tariff 1890 o Antitrust movement Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 National Grange Movement 1870s o Granger Laws Railroad regulation (Munn v Illinois, Wabash v Illinois) o Interstate Commerce Act & ICC 1887: “reasonable and just” railroad rates (Alabama Midlands and Maximum Freight cases of 1890s) Farmers’ Alliance 1880s o Greater potential for political movement Populist Party o Ocala Platform 1890 and Omaha Platform 1892 Free silver; Australian ballot; Initiative, referendum, recall; Direct election of U.S. Senators; govt ownership of RR, telephone and telegraphs; govt “sub-treasury” system (grain silos) to control farm prices; new banking system regulated by federal govt 23. Results of Progressivism (see Documents Bank: “Graft, Reform and Empire”) Teresa Giblin How and why did progressivism lead to a period of internal reform throughout the early 1900’s? Thesis: Progressivism led to a period of internal reform by attracting politicians’ attention to major social flaws due to the wide variety of social backgrounds of the activists involved. Evidence: 1. In the early 20th century, women rallied for suffrage, and in 1920, the 19th amendment was passed, granting women full voting rights. 2. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Margaret Sanger organized the Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights after being discriminated during a abolitionist convention. 3. Activists such as Upton Sinclair brought the unsanitary practices of meat packers and the unregulated practices of drug manufacturers, thus causing the passing of the Pure Food and Drug act. 4. A religious revival lead to believe in temperance due to the social malice that alcohol caused such as the destruction of families and inability to hold a job. 5. The 18th amendment lead to a temporary ban on alcohol in December, 1919 due to groups such as the anti-saloon league. Imperialism (see Documents Bank: “Graft, Reform and Empire”) Laura Underwood Question: “How, why and to what extent did America become an imperial nation between 1860 leading up to World War I?” 24. Thesis: The United States became imperialistic as foreign policy changed, due to new technologies and foreign economic crisis, by abandoning the Monroe Doctrine and using “the civilizing impulse” as justification for U.S intervention. Evidence: 1. Spanish-American-Cuba-Filipino War a. American supported Cuba in their quest for independence from Spain. b. McKinley believed that Spain should give up his colony i. Teller Amendment: “disclaimed any U.S intention to annex Cuba or control the island except to ensure its pacification. c. McKinley remained in Cuba as he felt that they were not yet ready for self-governing d. America aided the Philippines in their revolution against Madrid. e. Treaty of Paris 1898: America and Spain met and agreed on peace terms 1. Independence for Cuba from Spain 2. Cession of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the U.S. 3. American payment of $20,000,000 to Spain for its territories 2. Abandoning the Monroe Doctrine a. Venezuelan Crisis of 1895: Venezuela and Britain were fighting over the border between Venezuela, and the British territory, Guiana. The United States intervened against the bullying Britain. The United States then disregarded the Venezuelan people, and divided the disputed territory in 1896. b. McKinley Tariff of 1890 and the Organic Act of 1900: The tariff created an economic crisis for Hawaii because it undermined the original government; it proclaimed a duty-free status of all Hawaiian-sugar exports. Later, after Cleveland confirmed his belief that most Hawaiians opposed the annexation being sought after (in response to the tariff), the organic act was drafted. The Act, which was passed, proclaimed Hawaiian’s American citizens who had the right to vote in elections. c. Motives for war: McKinley said that it was a “humanitarian impulse to stop the bloodletting, a concern for commerce and property…” d. Seward: i. sent troops to the border with Mexico to fight off the French ii. Paid Russia for Alaska iii. Claimed the Midway Islands 3. Policy in China a. In 1895, Japan was victorious over China, Americans petitioned Washington to interfere in china before they were closed out b. Resumed the principal of Open Door- “ became an instrument first to pry open markets and then to dominate them, not just in china but throughout the world.” (Pg. 613, Norton) 4. Anti-Imperialist Sentiments (domestic) “ Offering liberty to the Cubans with one hand, cramming liberty down the throats of the Filipinos with the other, but with both feet plated firmly upon the neck of the Negro.”(Pg.609, Norton). a. Anti-Imperialistic League: i. Stopped Seward’s mission to buy the Virgin Islands 5. “The Civilizing Impulse” a. Missionaries in Africa and Asia: sought to bring civilization to these “primitive” areas 6. Navalism: “ expansionists embraced navalism-the campaign to build an imperial navy…they argued for a bigger, modernized navy adding the “blue water” command of the seas…”(Pg.604, Norton). a. The building up of a large navy to control foreign waters shows America’s new imperial views. Social and political impact of World War I (see Documents Bank: “World War I, 20’s and Depression) Meghan McCormick Question: WWI showed a decline in political idealism and had social implications for labor, immigrants, women and African Americans because war blended distinctions between sexes and classes while fostering hatred for the “enemy” race. Asses the validity of this statement. 25. Thesis: Although women and labor gained more equality due to their wartime contributions, the horrors of WWI caused a decline in idealism, racism and antiimmigrant sentiment as people wanted to blame the “enemy” for their losses. Decline in Idealism o Rejection of the League of Nations o Lodge’s Reservations o “Return to Normalcy” o “Death” of Progressivism Women’s Equality o Flapper culture o Passing of the 19th amendment Racism o Revival of the KKK Anti- Immigrant Sentiment o Sacco and Venzetti o Nativists o Espionage Acts o Reduction of European immigrants to U.S. Labor Equality o Heavy industry was developed during the war increasing factory jobs o Labor could bargain more easily o Fair Labor Standards Act “Return to Normalcy?”—society in the 1920’s (see Documents Bank: “World War I, 20’s and Depression) Addie Johnston The society of the 1920’s showed a return to conformity after the revolutionary entrance of the US into World War I. Assess the validity of this statement. 26. Thesis: Although consumerism created an increasingly homogeneous nation, American society diversified because racial, ethnic and gender struggles for equality challenged white supremacy and through progressive reform legislation forever altered society. Evidence: 1. Conformity – mass production and consumerism; an increase in competition drove down prices on commodities (i.e. cars – Model T Ford by 1926 was less than $300, transforming cars from a luxury to a necessity [Norton]). Clothes became a form of self-expression (new, brighter colors and untraditional styles) showing a lack of conformity and a turn away from “normalcy” resulting from industrialization. 2. Racial Struggle: Indians – rejected the “return to normalcy” a. Indian Rights/Defense Associations – worked to get justice and social services although they still retained their traditional, cultural attachment to land and wouldn’t migrate to cities. Document E (Indian Citizenship Act of 1924) = a legislative reform showing a new turn in society away from old Indian policy. 3. Gender Struggle: Women – rejection of conformity a. Document H (Excerpt from “The Blue Book”, 1917) was part of the women’s suffrage movement that succeeded in extending the vote to women in 1920. b. New tactics – lobbying legislators, publicized their causes. The Cable Act of 1922 allowed women to retain their US citizenship if they married a foreigner. c. Cars gave women a new independence as well as new responsibilities (family shopper, childrens’ chauffeur, etc.). 4. Immigration: Latin America a. Kept traditional customs and values. I.e. Puerto Ricans in NYC settled in barrios (essentially replanting thus introducing new cultural influences) and set up bodegas (social organizations). 5. Racial, Ethnic Struggles: a return to “normal” prejudices as well as a new acceptance a. Sacco/Vanzetti Supreme Court Case – two Italians charged with murder; although evidence failed to prove guilt, the judge sided with the prosecution, sentencing their execution (“normal” stigma against immigrants). Document F (Walter Lippmann) shows a new acceptance of the diverse face of America, as citizens took the side of Sacco/Vanzetti. b. Reemergence of the KKK – Document G is an excerpt from their Membership Requirements. Lasting racial hatred (return to “normalcy”. c. New political views that veered away from conventional American thought. Socialist and communist groups emerged – Document C (Workers Party Platform) – challenging capitalism. d. A new racial integration seen in Document D (Cotton Club). e. Harlem Renaissance, The Jazz Age (the 1920’s) – African American literature, music and art took a commanding role in shaping American culture. social effects of the Great Depression (see Documents Bank: “World War I, 20’s and Depression”) Erin Espe Question: How and why did government intervention in the everyday lives of the American people change throughout the period of the Great Depression? 27. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1928-1940 to construct your essay. Thesis: Government intervention greatly increased from 1928-1940 through presidential support and legislation because people realized a lassez-faire approach would fail as a means to counter the effects of the Great Depression. Evidence: In 1928, President Herbert Hoover spoke about “rugged individualism”, and believed that if the government were to become too hands-on, this sense of American workmanship would die down; therefore, if the government remains hands-off, the depression would work itself out (Doc A). President Franklin D. Roosevelt believed that “one of the duties of the stat is that of caring for those citizens who find themselves the victims of such adverse circumstances…” – he believed in an increased role for the government. (Doc B) In 1933, the National Industrial Recovery Act was employed, and stated “it is a policy of Congress to remove obstructions to the free flow of interstate and foreign commerce which tend to diminish the amount thereof”. In 1935, the Social Security Act was adapted, where the state governments are given federal funds to “make more adequate provision for” people in need of aid. The WPA took it upon themselves to “Americanize” immigrants through Literacy and Americanization classes; the government was concerned with the social lives of its people (Doc H). political effects of the Great Depression (see Documents Bank: “World War I, 20’s and Depression”) Kelsey Platt Question: Documents A-H reveal political actions taken in response to the Great Depression (1929-41). Using the documents and your knowledge of the period, (a) address how and why federal power expanded during the time period, and (b) evaluate the success and necessity of political measures taken. 28. Thesis: Despite Supreme Court opposition, Roosevelt pragmatically demonstrated liberal means to achieve conservative ends, immensely expanding federal power through the abandonment of laissez-faire policies, which proved necessary to enact mildly successful reforms after the Depression. Evidence: Necessary and Mildly Successful Reforms Agricultural Adjustment Act and Farm Credit ActHelped limit crop production and buy surpluses Tennessee Valley AuthorityBrought electricity to the poverty stricken South Federal Emergency Relief Administration in 1933, Civil Works Administration, Civil Conservation Corps, and Public Works AdministrationProvide work opportunities and “relief” for the unemployed Abandonment of laissez-faire Emergency Banking Relief ActReopened solvent banks National Industry Recovery Act and National Recovery AdministrationRegulated competition and held industry wide “codes” to stabilize prices and wages Social Security Act (1935)Provided pensions and welfare for the American people Supreme Court Opposition United States v. ButlerDeemed AAA unconstitutional Schechter v. United StatesSupreme Court under the leadership of Charles Evan Hughes ruled the NRA unconstitutional Judicial Reorganization Bill (1937)Roosevelt’s attempt to appoint new judges that would be more inclined to accept his policies “Isolationism” (see Documents Bank: “Isolationism and War: Cold War at Home and Abroad”—see also WW I documents bank) Rachel Vass How and why did United states Progress in both foreign and domestic policies during a presumably isolationist period? 29. Thesis: Because America’s National Security proved to be at high risk through the creation of the Atomic Bomb and threat of nuclear war, America overcame isolationism and took on realistic and policies of national involvement. Evidence: -US pulls out from Versailles treaty- (1919) congress refuses to ratify treaty… Monroe doctrine… no permanent entanglement - Good Neighbor Policy (1936)- try to deal more fairly with Latin America— withdraw troops from Nicuragua, Cuba, etc; modifies Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine -Neutrality Acts (1935-1941)- US fear of foreigners causes congress to limit immigration and make stricter laws and requirements to obtain citizenship as an immigrant. -Lend-Lease Act (1941)- US “lends” weapons with a disposable fate, free of charge, to allies in Great Britian and others to ensure homeland security without having to physically enter the war. -Japanese Bomb Pearl Harbor Naval base (December 7, 1941)- Put real fears in American people bbecuase it was an attack so close to their homeland and it took the country off guard. - US Drop atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagaski on August 6, 1945 in retaliation. We officially enter the war. Military impact of WW II (see Documents Bank: “Isolationism and War: Cold War at Home and Abroad”) Will Oldfather Question: Explain how and why the U.S. decision to enter into World War II affected the U.S. military and vaulted the country into the position of foremost world power, setting the stage for the Cold War arms race. 30. Thesis: The U.S.’s entry into WWII had a large impact because it swung the tide of the war, changed U.S. foreign policy and revamped the economy by ending isolationism and increasing the production of military goods. Evidence: The United States were able to combat Japan and keep them out of the European Theater while the rest of the Allied Powers struggled with Germany’s army The “Europe First” strategy aided the Allies, and in the fight over North Africa, the United States allowed the Allies to surround and force a retreat from Rommel United States began development of an atomic bomb with the Manhattan Project to race Germany and the Soviets, and became the first country to use it on August 6, 1945 In 1939 the U.S. Army ranked 45th in the world in terms of size, but after the war it was the most powerful nation in the world Entered America onto world stage, erasing League of Nations sentiments after American refusal to join, and helped to restore prosperity to Europe by mediating peacetime negotiations and instituting the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan Social impact of WW II (see Documents Bank: “Isolationism and War: Cold War at Home and Abroad”) Jessie Small [Question]: The Second World War was the impetus for social issues which stripped Americans of civil liberties and opened up a new work arena for women. 31. Assess the validity of this statement, in the light of your knowledge of the social issues between 1941 and 1948. Thesis: World War II led to the limitation of civil liberties to prevent potential threats on America, and offered a work arena for women because the lack of men during wartime increased opportunity outside the home. Women - Executive Order No. 8802- prohibited discrimination in war industries and in the government, thus allowing women to take on jobs - Women played an important role in the production front - “Rosie the Riveter”-> an inspiring image - Number of women working increased by 57% - 7,000,000 women moved to war-production areas - Baby boom Civil Liberties taken away - Labor Disputes (Smith-Connally) Act- gave the president authority to seize and operate any strike-bound plant deemed necessary to national security - Alien Registration (Smith) Act (1940)- made it unlawful to advocate the overthrow of the US government by force or violence or join organizations that did so - The Internment of Japanese Americans - Japanese living in California, Oregon, and Washington were forced to move to “relocation centers” - Korematsu v. US(1944)- Supreme Court upheld government’s action Segregated Military- US military segregated by race because didn’t want to worry about racial conflicts because had to defeat axis powers first Racial Conflicts - More opportunities available for home-front Americans, people of different backgrounds moving to the cities - Confrontation of different types of people through migration led to widespread racism - Zoot Suit Riots- City of Los Angeles outlawed zoot suits and arrested men who wore them - 32. Foreign policy impact of WW II (see Documents Bank: “Isolationism and War: Cold War at Home and Abroad”) Spencer Squire Question: How and why did emergence of the Soviet Union and the United States as the two competing world powers following World War Two impact United State’s foreign policy? Thesis: Due to the ideological split between a defensive Russia and an expansionistic United States, the US began a policy of containment, backed by both military and financial support for countries threatened by communism. Evidence #1: Russia wanted to prevent a third invasion of their relatively defenseless country where as the US wanted to take advantage of the newly decolonized countries as markets for their goods. Evidence #2: The ideological split (Communism vs. Capitalism), Stalin’s xenophobia, and Truman’s tough stance impeded the path of compromise leading to a policy of containment as proposed in Kennan’s Long Telegram. Evidence #3: The Truman Doctrine declared support for free people who resist control by armed minorities or outside pressure after Britain asked for help in defending the Grecian government. Evidence #4: US created the Marshall plan to reconstruct Europe to create support for capitalism and passed the National Security Act which created The Secretary of Defense, the National Security Council, and the Central Intelligence Agency. Evidence #5: US created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to unite other countries against communism (an attack on one is an attack on all) and sent troops to South Korea, placed Bao Dai in power in South Vietnam (to be later replaced by Ngo Dinh Diem), and withdrew support for the Aswan Dam but later forced the British, French, and Israeli troops to withdraw from Egypt. 33. Cold War foreign policy (see Documents Bank: “Isolationism and War: Cold War at Home and Abroad”—see also “America at the Crossroads”) Nantale Nsbirwa Question: “Because of a growing power struggle between the world’s two strongest countries, the Soviet Union and the United States, a rising fear of Communist expansion and a potential nuclear war, for the United State’s own protection, the nation became more involved in foreign affairs, abandoning its policy of isolationism.” Asses the validity of this statement in light of your knowledge of this period between the years 1945-1961; regarding U.S. participation in the Cold War. Thesis: The United States changed its foreign policy from isolationism to complete participation because of the increasing power struggle between itself and the Soviet Union, its fear of Communism, and fear of a nuclear war. Evidence: - Federal financial aid to the Eastern Hemisphere o The Truman Doctrine was designed to give 400 million dollars to Greece and Turkey to prevent them from welcoming Communism during Europe’s reconstruction. o The Marshall Plan gave 12.7 billion dollars to aid in Western Europe’s reconstruction. - The National Security Act o Created the Department of Defense and the CIA o Expanded the military and increased military spending to prepare for a potential nuclear war. - NATO o A collective defense system between North America and a collection of Western European countries that supported the North Atlantic Treaty creating permanent entangling alliances. (1949) - The Twin Shocks o When the Soviets detonated their first atomic bomb, Truman detonated the world’s first hydrogen bomb to demonstrate America’s might. - Berlin Blockade and Airlift o Truman airlifted food and fuel to Berlin when the Soviets blockaded land access to Berlin, supporting America’s promise to prevent the spread of Communism. 34. Cold War domestic issues (see Documents Bank: “Isolationism and War: Cold War at Home and Abroad”) Cameron Seiber Question: “In response to Cold War comparisons between Soviet and American society, US domestic policy changed to one of reform in order to fend off Soviet attacks on American society.” Thesis: In order to counter Soviet attacks on American society that could damage the US internationally, American officials reformed US domestic policy by giving rights to people of color, condemning unions and supporting aid for education. Evidence: Change from Black Codes and limited voting rights before the Cold War to Civil Rights acceptance: - 1949 – Truman’s Fair Deal is dismantled because of the amount of Federal “socialist aid” it attempted to give out. (Universal Health Insurance, Federal Aid for Education, Civil Rights “anti-lynching” legislation) Later: It becomes apparent that lack of equality for all is hurting the United States on the world stage: - G. L. Mehta Incident in 1955 in which the Indian Ambassador could not receive service in Houston International Airport, leading John Foster Dulles to declare racial discrimination, “a major international hazard.” o Us Attorney General called for desegregation of the schools because segregation “furnished grist for the Communist Propaganda Mills.” (Leads to support of Brown Vs. Board of Education in 1954) - 1964 – Civil Rights Act guarantees legal equality Change from support of unions to condemning them: - 1935 – National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) supports the rights of collective bargaining and Unions and outlawed “unfair labor policies” - 1946 – Taft Hartley Act- outlaws “closed shops” or shops or businesses that only hire Union workers. It is against Soviet idea of United workers Education: Change to support of math and science to counter the soviets: - Fair Deal Federal aid for education in 1949 did not pass through congress - 1958 – Eisenhower’s National Defense Education Act quickly receives support and funding Environmental and Consumer Activism (see Documents Bank: “America at the Crossroads: the Sixties to the Present”) Logan Greer [Question]: Assess the validity of the following statement: “Environmental Activism in the 1960’s reflected the revolutionary attitudes of the era” (Period 1960-`1975) 35. Thesis: Environmental Activism reflected the social and political attitudes of the 1960’s and 1970’s, because Johnson’s Great Society, Anti-war Protest, and the Civil Rights Movement, gave the public power to change and question the status quo. Background Evidence (Prior to 1960) Environmental Degradation (accompanying economic growth 1950’s) 1. New consumer Society of 1950’s, 2. Plastics and cheap products, newly developed to cut costs, were not biodegradable, 3. Rapid Middle class Growth, 4. Sub urbanization, relying on the automobile’s ability to transport American citizens into urban centers Evidence: 1. Johnson supports preservation legislation. Lady Bird Johnson wages war on billboards and junkyards along interstate highways. 2. 1962-Rachel Carson indicts DDT for the deaths of mammals, birds and fish 3. Water Quality Act, Air Quality Act, Clean Water Restoration Act (19651966) 4. 1969 Oil spill in Santa Barbara, California; Cuyahoga River catches fire in 1969 5. Oil Embargo, energy crisis 1970’s (Recognition that earth’s resources finite) 6. Public environmental activism in 70’s, Environmental Protection Agency 1970 (18 major laws enacted by congress) 7. Earth Day April 22, 1970 8. Barry Commoner “The present course of environmental degradation..is so serious, that, if continued, it will destroy the capability of the environment to support a reasonably civilized human society.” The Civil Right Movement (see Documents Bank: “America at the Crossroads: the Sixties to the Present”—see also “Cold War at Home”) Andrew Nassau During the Civil Rights Movement, the black community was divided between the use Non-violent protests versus standing up against the oppression. To what extent were both of these methods able to achieve their goals? 36. 1946-1966 Although the violent Black Power achieved few of its goals through publicity, terror and violence, they did compliment the non-violent movement, which through communal support and faith was able to achieve all of its goals. -Student Nonviolent Coordinating Communittee (SNCC) was created in 1960. However, in 1965 it kicked out all white members and decided it needed to “stand up and take over”. -Key Phrases: Emmett Till, Little Rock Nine, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Freedom Rides, SNCC, and SCLC. -1954 was Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka -Race Riots occurred from 1965 to 68 in much the same fashion as they did in France in 2005 -The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 LEGALLY ended discrimination. Duality of protest can be tied into the Revolution, when the upper class mainly had nonviolent and demonstrative protests, while the rabble had violent and fiery protests. 37. The Woman’s Rights Movement (see Documents Bank: “America at the Crossroads: the Sixties to the Present”) Trina Long [Question]: How, why, and to what degree was the Woman’s Rights Movement successful in achieving equality for women in the 1960s and 1970’s? Thesis: Women made great strides in achieving equality and received more rights under law by joining together and radically fighting for their cause, but did not fully succeed legally and met a good deal of opposition. Evidence: 1. In 1972 Congress approved the Equal Rights Amendment stating that the “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex” (Norton p.865). 2. Congress also passed Title IX of the Higher Education Act preventing funds from entering colleges or universities that discriminated against women. As a result more money went to women’s causes, namely sports. 3. In 1973 the Supreme Court decided in Roe v. Wade that women have the right to make choices about their pregnancies. 4. Women became more active in religious communities and a greater percent of women attended universities and got degrees in law and medicine. 5. Opposition to the Women’s Rights Movement existed, even from a large number of women. Women and many men felt that the movement threatened gender roles. The STOP-ERA movement led by Phyllis Schlafly opposed the movement for rights and prevented the Equal Rights Amendment from being ratified, so that it expired in 1982. Many black women also felt that the movement was a “white” movement that took time away from gaining rights for blacks. Vietnam (see Documents Bank: “America at the Crossroads: the Sixties to the Present”) Ross Godick 1. [Question]: Asses the validity of the following statement. Lyndon B. Johnson’s continued support of the war in Vietnam was necessary in light of foreign political alignments and his preoccupation with it deterred him from achieving his liberal “Great Society” goals at home. 38. Thesis Johnson was unable to fully achieve the social and economic goals of his “Great Society” because of the proven threat to the US by Vietnam, thus emphasizing foreign affairs over his domestic agenda. Evidence 1- 1964 Commencement Address at the University of Michigan Johnson stressed his vision for the new US. He foresaw, “ abundance and liberty for all… demanding an end to poverty and racial injustice. This shows Johnson’s desire to end the inequality that plagued the United States and thereby make it one of his top priorities. 2- Civil Rights Act 1964- ended legal discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, and sex in federal programs, voting, unemployment, and public accommodation. Shows he did vehemently try to promote his “Great Society” early on in his term before truly committing all his time and national focus to Vietnam. 3- Johnson saw the world in, “simple, bipolar terms-them against us- and he saw a lot of them.” Johnson saw that in order to protect the United States from possible communism he needed to work actively to protect his country. By the early 1960s the situation in Vietnam had escalated with “Ho Chi Minh’s North assisting Vietcong guerrillas in the South.” Attack on Tonkin Gulf fortified Johnson’s need to intervene and the resulting Tonkin Gulf Resolutions “opened the floodgates” which eventually took much of the focus from his domestic agenda. 4- Northern response to the new Civil Rights Act showed the large dissatisfaction within white society. White officer shot a black teenager in Harlem and numerous riots occurred between whites and blacks. -The Black Panther Party, “blending black separatism and revolutionary communism, dedicated themselves to destroying both capitalism and the military arms of the oppressors.” -Malcolm X urged blacks so seize freedom “by any means necessary.” 5- In 1964 only 23,300 troops in Vietnam, but by 1968-69 that number had reached 536,100. The war truly escalated at a frantic pace therefore adding to the need for total government support and focus. Many other countries also under communist influence: China, USSR. Ect. 39. Watergate (see Documents Bank: “America at the Crossroads: the Sixties to the Present”) Cliff Satell Question: “The Watergate affair proved to be the culminating event that ended the dominance of the executive branch, and led to an ‘increased level of cynicism about politics’”. (http://www.watergate.info/aftermath/) Asses the validity of this statement using the documents and your knowledge of the period from 1968-1975 to construct your essay. THESIS: Following the Watergate fiasco and concurrent strife over Vietnam, the American people lost faith in the executive branch, marking the end of an unprecedented period of government growth that had existed since WWII. Vietnam o Nixon continued war…increasing troop levels to nearly half a million o Cambodian Incursion: shocked Americans’ morality; hurt Nixon’s credibility and popularity o Pentagon Papers: leaked from Pentagon in 1971 in NY Times and Washington Post; showed US intent for war well before Tonkin Gulf o War Powers Resolution: greatly reduced executive power by limiting the President’s ability to commit troops (must have statutory authority, declaration of war, or imminent threat to the US) “…The President in every possible instance shall consult with Congress before introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities…” Watergate o Nixon recorded all his conversations and telephone calls, and is heard on tape conspiring with top aids the deceit necessary for the Watergate cover-up o Woodward and Bernstein: Washington Post writers who uncovered the Watergate scandal with the help of Deapthroat, a mysterious Washington insider, now known to be Mark Felt, the number two man at the FBI o Impeachment: articles of impeachment drawn up in 1974, alleging conspiracy, obstruction, perjury, and other covert activities Nixon resigns before impeachment, Gerald Ford pardons him