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Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Date: May 7, 2008
SOL 4th Block (May23 room 181 1st block)
Drill
1. Name the 6 Kingdoms
a. Plants
b. Fungi
c. Archebacteria
d. Eubacteria
e. Protists
f. Animals
2.
define the following
a. Gills-located on the bottom of mushrooms, spores are made here
b. Spores-haploid seed of fungi
c. Pseudopods-false feet of Sarcodina
d. Lynn Margules- Endosymbiotic Theory
e. Chitin-fungi cell wall is made of this
f. Hyphae-smallest unit of fungus, thread of fungus
g. Mycelium-net of hyphae
Cells
Use resources
Reproduce
Homeostasis
Grow a develop
Adapt to environment
Virus:
DNA virus
RNA virus- Retro Virus
I.
Virus
a. Structure DNA or RNA in a protein coat
b. DNA coat is 95% if the virus
Viruses are not plants, animals, or bacteria, but they are the quintessential parasites of the living kingdoms. Although
they may seem like living organisms because of their prodigious reproductive abilities, viruses are not living organisms
in the strict sense of the word. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html
i.
c. Shapes
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
HIV Virus
"Linear" viral capsids have RNA genomes that are encased in a helix of identical
protein subunits.
2) Classification
o Not living
o DNA or RNA virus
o Dorment until in a host cell
o Pathogenic –disease causing
Without a host cell, viruses cannot carry out their life-sustaining functions or reproduce. They cannot
synthesize proteins, because they lack ribosomes and must use the ribosomes of their host cells to translate
viral messenger RNA into viral proteins. Viruses cannot generate or store energy in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), but have to derive their energy, and all other metabolic functions, from the host cell.
They also parasitize the cell for basic building materials, such as amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids (fats).
Although viruses have been speculated as being a form of protolife, their inability to survive without living
organisms makes it highly unlikely that they preceded cellular life during the Earth's early evolution. Some
scientists speculate that viruses started as rogue segments of genetic code that adapted to a parasitic
existence.
All viruses contain nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA (but not both), and a protein coat, which encases the
nucleic acid. Some viruses are also enclosed by an envelope of fat and protein molecules. In its infective
form, outside the cell, a virus particle is called a virion. Each virion contains at least one unique protein
synthesized by specific genes in its nucleic acid. Viroids (meaning "viruslike") are disease-causing organisms
that contain only nucleic acid and have no structural proteins. Other viruslike particles called prions are
composed primarily of a protein tightly integrated with a small nucleic acid molecule.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html
The simplest virus consists of a protein shell and nucleic acid genome. The genome can either be single stranded or
double stranded RNA or DNA. The protein shell is a highly ordered structure and is called a capsid.
http://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors2000/group15/home_page.html
A. DNA Virus
1. Uses the hosts equipment to make proteins
i. Absorption virus attaches to the host
ii. Entry- virus injects it’s DNA into ost
iii. Replication host cells makes copies of itself along w/ viral DNA
1. Lysenogenic Cycle
iv. Assembly virus are put together
1. Lytic Cycle
v. Release-new virus breaks Free
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
LYTIC AND LYSOGENIC CYCLE
1. LYTIC - left hand side of diagram: here the DNA quickly replicates. Phage proteins can also be seen being
synthesised on bacterial ribosomes (the phage RNA is shown as yellow strings and the bacterial ribosomes are the
associated small red bodies). Some of these proteins assemble into new phage heads and tails. The replicating DNA is
then fed into new phage heads. Once the phage heads are full of viral DNA the tails are attached. The bacterium finally
breaks up (lyses - shown as a disruption of the bacterial cell at lower left) with the consequent release of progeny
virions.
2. LYSOGENIC - right hand side of diagram: here the DNA migrates to the bacterial chromosome (itself a circle of
DNA, drawn in green) and joins the bacterial DNA, a process called integration. The phage DNA, thus integrated, can
reproduce quietly along with the bacterial DNA during bacterial reproduction. This can go on for many generations. In
its integrated form, the viral genome is called a provirus (or prophage). Under certain conditions (which might threaten
the survival of the host bacterium) the integrated viral DNA frees itself from the bacterial DNA and proceeds quickly to
replicate and create new virus particles. This is illustrated as phage DNA moving to the left to join the lytic cycle.
http://www.rkm.com.au/VIRUS/BACTERIOPHAGE/phage-lambda-replication.html
During a lytic cycle, the bacteriophage uses the replicative machinery of the bacterial cell to make many
copies of its viral genome and to produce structural proteins of the phage tail and head. After phage DNA genomes are
packaged into phage particles, the cell lyses (ruptures), releasing progeny phage capable of infecting other bacteria.
During a lysogenic cycle, the phage inserts its genome into the circular bacterial chromosome. The viral genome
remains dormant in the bacterial genome, and whenever the bacterial DNA is replicated, the viral DNA insert is
replicated as well. When an appropriate extracelluar signal acts on the bacterium, such as an environmental stress or
ultraviolet light exposure, the viral plasmid genome is excised from the bacterial chromosome, and the phage initiates a
typical lytic cycle. http://www.clunet.edu/BioDev/omm/repressor/frames/434txlyt.htm
B. RNA Virus
Can go right to ribosomes to make proteins
1. Retro Virus
i. Inject RNA and Reverse Transcription
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
ii.
http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Chem101/hiv/HIV-1.html
1) Lysenogenic Cycle
2) Lytic Cycle





Name an example of each
Seedless Vascular Plant –
o ferns
Seeded Vascular Planto Pine Tree/Gymnosperms/Conifers/con bearers
o Tulip-Angiosperm/Flowering plant
Seeded non Vascular Planto Does not exist
Seedless non Vascular Plant
o
Vascular
o organized way to transport food & water
A Cladogram of Plant groups
All plants start with green algae or type of algae
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Bryophytes
A.
Groups of Bryophytes
1.
Mosses
2.
Liverworts
3.
Hornworts
B.
Life Cycle of Bryophytes
1.
Dependence on Water
2.
Life Cycle of a Moss
C.
Human Use of Mosses
Mosses and their relatives
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Mosses –nonvascular plants (15,000 species)
No seeds
No tubes for moving water and food
Seedless Vascular Plants
Vascular tissue
Xylem-carries water up
CO2 +H2OO2 +C6H12O6
Ferns and their relatives 11,000 species
Fiddlehead Fern
Phloem Carries food down
Seeded Vascular Plants 750 Species
-confers/gymnosperms
-cone bearing plant
Angiosperms 235,000 species
-flowering plants
Name an example of each

Seedless Vascular Plant –
o ferns

Seeded Vascular Planto Pine Tree/Gymnosperms/Conifers/con bearers
o Tulip-Angiosperm/Flowering plant

Seeded non Vascular Planto Does not exist

Seedless non Vascular Plant
o

Vascular
o organized way to transport food & water
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher

Xylem carries water from the roots up ( only one direction)

Phloem-carries food (glucose) from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Can go both directions
Adhesion –water sticking
Give examples of each of the folowing:
o Non-vascular plants
-mosses
-liverworts
-hornworts
Bryophytes
o
Seedless vascular plants
-Ferns
-clubmosses
horse tails
wisks ferns
Pterophyte
o
Gymnosperm
evergreens
-Pine
-Cedar
-spruce
o
1.
o
angiosperm
o Flowering plants
o Trees
o Normal plants
o Plants
Vascular
a. organized way to transport food & water
i. Xylem carries water from the roots up ( only one direction)
ii. Phloem-carries food (glucose) from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Can go both directions
Vascular
Seed
Monocot
Corn lilies
Angiosperms
Dicot
Other flowering
plant
Way they reproduce
Seedless
Ferns
Non
Vascular
Mosses
Gynosperms
evergreens
Do they have vascular
tissue?
size
Examples
Other facts
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Non vascular
plants
Bryophytes
-with water
sperm to swim to
egg
No
Developing vascular
tissue
No support because no
vascular tissue
Small & low to the ground
No vascular support
-mosses
-liverworts
-hornworts
Bryophytes
-No roots, stems, or
leaves,
-pioneer species
-prevent erosion
Seedless vascular
plants
Pterophyta
Need water
Spores under leaves
Groups of spores is
called a sori
yes
Not real large but bigger
than non-vascular
Still under a few feet
-Ferns
-clubmosses
horse tails
wisks ferns
Pterophyte
Shoots & roots
Underground stem
Rhizome
-first vascular
plants
Way they reproduce
Do they have vascular
tissue?
Yes
size
Examples
Other facts
Anywhere from a brush to
a large tree
evergreens
-Pine
-Cedar
-spruce
-fir
-holly
-conifirs
softwood grow fast
“naked seed”
no fruit
first seed plants
-needles for leaves
yes
Anywhere from grass to
large trees
Small bushes
Flowers
trees
Flowering plants
Trees
Normal plants
Monocot:
o Corn
o Grasses
o Lillies
o Orchids
o Palms
Dicot
o Maple
o daisy
o Cucumber
o beans
Insects help
pollination
Gymnosperms
Evergreens
-Seeds
embryo & food
source
-cones (male &
female)
pollen cone & seed
cone
Angiosperms
Flower
Pistil
Stamen
Anther
Pollen
Seed
Fruit
flowers
-Monocot (parallel
veins)
one seed leaf
Dicot
(net Veins)
apple, lettuce, oak
2 sead leafs not
veination
.
I.
Seedless Plants
a. Xylem water (up)
b. Phloem food (down)
i. Pterophyta
1. The Pterophyta are the second largest division of the plant kingdom. There are 20,000 species of ferns
compared to about 250,000 flowering plants alive today. Most ferns are herbaceous plants.
http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/svp2.htm
underground stem, rhizome
Produce spores under leaves, sori
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
fiddleheads
II.
o
o
o
Seed- Vascular Plants
1) Gymnosperms
o conifers/pine, holly, bushes
o male & female cones
2) Angiospers
o have vascular tissue
o fruit/flowers- you can eat it

o dispersal
o coevolved w/ pollenating insects
Pollination is the process whereby plants receive pollen from other plants of the same species so that they can reproduce by forming seeds. Some
plants are pollinated by the wind, and some are pollinated by insects or other small animals. When plants are pollinated by insects, it seems like
some kind of agreement was made whereby the plant will provide the insect with something, if the insect will pollinate the plant's flowers in
return. Although the plant and the insect may benefit because of their relationship with each other, the insect visiting a flower usually does not
purposefully pollinate the flower.
o
Honey bees are very important insect pollinators.
Most of the time, both honey bees and the
plants they visit are benefited. The honeybee gets some food and the plant gets pollinated. When a honey bee is collecting
pollen from the anthers (male reproductive part) of a flower, it puts the pollen in special pollen baskets on its hind legs.
All that pollen will be taken back to the hive for the bees' use. The honey bee is a messy gatherer of food, and some pollen
gets stuck on the hairs of its body. When the bee visits the next flower, some of that pollen brushes off onto the flower
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
and if it sticks to the stigma (female reproductive part) of the flower, pollination will take place. The bee does not make
any effort to put the pollen in the right place. http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/ythfacts/allyr/pollinat.htm
o
Petals- The petals (which are usually bright or bold in color) are the part of the flower that usually catch our eye when we first look at it. They
catch bees' eyes, too! They are what attract the bees to the flower.
Sepals- Parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud to protect the flower before it opens
Pistil- The pistil is the female part of the flower. It includes the stigma, the style, the ovary, and the ovules
stigma- the tip of the pistil that receives male pollen grains
style- the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of
ovary- has the seeds inside and turns into the fruit that we eat
ovules- the part of the ovary that becomes the seed
Stamen- The stamen is the male part of the flower. It is made up of the anther and the filament.
anther- yellow, pouch-like part inside of the flower that holds pollen grains. It is usually on top of a long stalk that looks like a fine
hair
filament- This is the fine hair-like stalk that the anther sits on top of.
i.
Monicots_
1. one seed part
2. parallel veination
a) grass, lilies, corn
ii. Dicots
1. 2 seed parts
2. net veination
a) maple, oak,dandelion
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Male and female cones
Trees spend more time as trees than seed.
Draw:
Ferns- Fronds sori(create the spores)
Spores are always 1n
Spori
Moss
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Archegonium
Anthneridium
Capsule
Angiosperms
Anther
Pollen
Pistol
Gymnosperms
Needle
Female cone scale
pollen
Biology 4th Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
This transport water throughtout a whole vascular plant.
a. Xyleom
This carries gluecose from the leaves down.
a. Phleom
This type of plant has needles for leaves.
a. Evergreen/gymnosperm
This type of plant has parallel veins.
a. Monocot
What is the scientific name for the group that mosses belong to.
a. Bryophyta
Scientific name that ferns belong to.
a. Pterophyta
Which type of plant gets its neutrients thru diffusion?
a. Non-vascular
List the two types of plants that need water to reproduce?
a. Non-vascular & seedless-vascular
Grass is an example of what kind of angiosperm?
a. Monocot
Which plants were the first vasdcular plants?
a. Seedless
The male part of the flower is called what?
a. Stamen
The part of themale reporductive section that produces or holds the pollen?
a. Anther
Any flowering plant would fall into this group!
a. Angiosperm