Download Ch 19 Directed Reading

Ch 19 Directed Reading (Pg. 582 – 603)
Section 1: Stars
1. What do scientists study to learn about stars?
a. gravity
c. space
b. starlight
d. colors
COLOR OF STARS
2. How do scientists tell if a star is warm or cool?
a. by its size
c. by its color
b. by its age
d. by its shape
3. Which star is a cool star?
a. a red star
c. a blue star
b. a white star
d. a purple star
4. Which star is warmest?
a. a red star
c. a blue star
b. a yellow star
d. an orange star
COMPOSITION OF STARS
5. What is a star made of?
a. many kinds of gases
c. both gases and solids
b. many kinds of solids
d. gases, solids, and liquids
6. What makes up a star’s inner layers?
a. cool gases
c. red gases
b. cool and dense gases
d. hot and dense gases
7. What makes up a star’s outer layers?
a. cool gases
c. hot gases
b. dense gases
d. hot and dense gases
The Colors of Light
emission lines
continuous
spectograph
spectrum
8. The band of colors that make up white light is called a(n) ______________________.
9. A spectrum that shows all the colors is called a(n) ______________________spectrum.
10. A tool that breaks a star’s light into colors is called a(n) ______________________.
11. Hot gases give off wavelengths of light that appear as ______________________.
Trapping the Light—Cosmic Detective Work
12. Why do lines appear in a star’s spectrum?
a. Its atmosphere absorbs some colors.
c. They show cool spots.
b. Its atmosphere gives off colors.
d. They show hot spots.
13. What color are the lines that appear in a star’s spectrum?
a. green
c. black
b. yellow
d. red
Identifying Elements Using Dark Lines
14. What kind of spectrum does a star have?
a. absorption spectrum
c. emission spectrum
b. continuous spectrum
d. nuclear spectrum
15. What do the patterns of color in a star’s spectrum show?
a. how hot the star is
c. some of its elements
b. how cool the star is
d. all of its elements
Classifying Stars
16. How did early scientists group stars?
a. by their size
c. by their temperature
b. by their age
d. by their elements
Differences in Temperature
17. How do scientists now group stars?
a. by their size
c. by their temperature
b. by their age
d. by their elements
18. Which color star is the hottest?
a. yellow
c. orange
b. blue
d. red
Differences in Brightness
19. What is a star’s magnitude?
a. its temperature
c. its size
b. its brightness
d. its age
20. Which of these stars is the brightest?
a. a first-magnitude star
c. a second-magnitude star
b. a third-magnitude star
d. a sixth-magnitude star
21. What is the magnitude of Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky?
a. 1.4
c. –9.8
b. –1.4
d. 9.8
HOW BRIGHT IS THAT STAR?
Apparent Magnitude
absolute magnitude
apparent magnitude
22. How bright a star seems to be is called _____________________________.
23. The actual brightness of a star is called _____________________________.
DISTANCE TO THE STARS
parallax
light-year
24. The distance that light travels in one year is a(n) _____________________________.
25. A star may seem to shift in place because of _____________________________.
MOTIONS OF STARS
The Apparent Motion of Stars
26. Why do the stars in the sky seem to circle the North Star?
a. because of Earth’s rotation
c. because the North Star moves
b. because of their orbits
d. because the sun moves
The Actual Motion of Stars
27. Why is it hard to see stars move?
a. They move too slow.
c. They are too far away.
b. They move too fast.
D. They do not move.
Section 2: The Life Cycle of Stars
THE BEGINNING AND END OF STARS
1. What keeps a star from breaking apart?
a. gravity
c. mass
b. energy
d. density
2. During which stage of the life cycle is a star a ball of gas and dust?
a. first stage
c. third stage
b. second stage
d. last stage
3. What gas does hydrogen change into as a star becomes hotter?
a. uranium
c. gravity
b. helium
d. carbon
DIFFERENT TYPES OF STARS
4. Which of the following is NOT a type of star?
a. main-sequence stars
c. white dwarf stars
b. supergiants
d. spectrum stars
Main-Sequence Stars
5. What is the longest stage of a star’s life cycle?
a. first
c. third
b. second, or main sequence
d. last
6. What type of star generates a lot of energy?
a. main sequence
c. white dwarf
b. red giant
d. supergiant
Giants and Supergiants
7. What type of star becomes large and cool as it loses hydrogen?
a. main sequence
c. white dwarf
b. red giant
d. red dwarf
White Dwarfs
8. What type of star is the leftover center of an old star?
a. main sequence
c. white dwarf
b. red giant
d. supergiant
9. Which of the following stars is the oldest?
a. main sequence
c. white dwarf
b. red giant
d. supergiant
A TOOL FOR STUDYING STARS
10. What two things are graphed on the H-R diagram?
a. a star’s temperature and brightness
b. a star’s temperature and color
c. a star’s temperature and age
d. a star’s temperature and size
Reading the H-R Diagram
11. What is the name of the band where most stars are found?
a. middle band
c. main sequence
b. absolute magnitude
d. star path
12. Where are most stars found on the H-R diagram?
a. top half
c. far corners
b. bottom half
d. middle
Read the description. Then, draw a line from the dot next to each description to the
matching phrase.
13. top of modern H-R diagram
14. bottom of modern H-R diagram
15. right side of modern H-R diagram
16. left side of modern H-R diagram
•
•
•
•
a. hot (blue) stars
b. cool (red) stars
c. dim stars
d. bright stars
WHEN STARS GET OLD
Supernovas
pulsar
supernova
black hole
neutron star
17. A huge explosion in which a large star dies is called a _____________________________.
18. A star made up of neutrons is called a _____________________________.
19. A spinning neutron star that emits pulses of energy is called a
_____________________________.
20. An object so massive and dense that light cannot escape its gravity is called a
_____________________________.
Section 3: Galaxies
Circle the letter of the best answer for each question.
1. Which of the following binds a galaxy together?
a. dust
c. stars
b. gravity
d. gas
TYPES OF GALAXIES
2. How are galaxies classified?
a. by size
c. by color
b. by age
d. by shape
Spiral Galaxies
3. Where are new stars found in a spiral galaxy?
a. the supernova
c. the spiral arms
b. the center bulge
d. the halo
The Milky Way
4. What is the Milky Way thought to be?
a. a spiral galaxy
c. a quasar
b. a round galaxy
d. an odd-shaped galaxy
Elliptical Galaxies
5. What is an elliptical galaxy made of?
a. huge clouds of dust
c. big blobs of stars
b. huge clouds of gas
d. large rings of stars
Irregular Galaxies
6. Where are irregular galaxies often found?
a. near large spiral galaxies
c. near other irregular galaxies
b. near dwarf elliptical galaxies
d. near giant elliptical galaxies
Read the description. Then, draw a line from the dot next to each description to the
matching picture.
7. elliptical galaxy
8. irregular galaxy
9. spiral galaxy
CONTENTS OF GALAXIES
Gas Clouds
10. What is a nebula?
a. large cloud of stars
c. group of closely grouped stars
b. large cloud of dust and gas
d. tight group of stars
Star Clusters
11. What is a globular cluster?
a. a large cloud of stars
c. a group of closely grouped stars
b. a large cloud of dust and gas
d. a tight group of stars
12. What is an open cluster?
a. a large cloud of stars
c. a group of closely grouped stars
b. a large cloud of dust and gas
d. a tight group of stars
ORIGIN OF GALAXIES
13. What do scientists study to learn about the early universe?
a. nearby galaxies
c. spiral galaxies
b. far galaxies
d. the sun
Quasars
14. Which of the following statements is true about quasars?
a. Quasars are close to Earth.
b. Quasars are powerful energy sources.
c. Quasars are very tiny.
d. Quasars come from old stars.
Section 4: Formation of the Universe
1. What does cosmology study?
a. the solar system
c. the makeup of stars
b. the universe’s origin, structure, and future
d. space travel
UNIVERSAL EXPANSION
A Raisin-Bread Model
2. How is the size of the universe changing?
a. It is expanding.
c. It is not changing.
b. It is shrinking.
d. No one knows.
3. How do most galaxies move as the universe grows?
a. They move closer.
c. They do not move.
b. They move apart.
d. They move back and forth.
THE BIG BANG THEORY
A Tremendous Explosion
4. According to the big bang theory, how did the universe begin?
a. as a cloud of gases
c. with a small explosion
b. as a sea of gases
d. with a big explosion
5. According to the big bang theory, how long ago did the universe begin?
a. 100 billion years ago
c. 1 billion years ago
b. 13.7 billion years ago
d. 1 million years ago
Cosmic Background Radiation
6. Which statement is true about cosmic background radiation?
a. It fills all of space.
c. It began in 1964.
b. It is shrinking.
d. It is getting weaker.
STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE
7. How are objects placed in space?
a. in a random pattern
c. in a loose pattern
b. in a rigid pattern
d. in no pattern
A Cosmic Repetition
8. What is every object in the universe a part of?
a. a larger system
c. a solar system
b. a smaller system
d. a planetary system
9. What is one system a galaxy belongs to?
a. a planet
c. a solar system
b. a cluster of galaxies
d. a planetary system
HOW OLD IS THE UNIVERSE?
10. What do scientists measure to tell how old the universe is?
a. distance to other planets
c. distance to other galaxies
b. distance to sun
d. distance to moon
A FOREVER EXPANDING UNIVERSE
11. What will the universe be like in the far-off future?
a. hot and bright
c. cold and bright
b. hot and dark
d. cold and dark